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The current study investigates the Specific Combining Ability (SCA) effects of various hybrid combinations in a plant breeding experiment to identify promising hybrids for yield-related traits. The hybrids were evaluated across multiple traits, including days to an thesis, internodal length, vine length, fruit weight, and fruit yield per vine. Significant variations in SCA effects were observed, with some hybrids displaying predominantly positive SCA effects, indicating strong performance, while others exhibited negative effects, suggesting poor performance. Notably, the hybrid combinations VRCU 23-22 × VRCU 23-15-A and VRCU 22-16 × VRCU 22-39 showed promise for improving yield-related traits. Conversely, hybrids such as VRCU 23-23 × VRCU 23-15-A and VRCU 23-22 × VRCU 22-39 demonstrated less potential. These findings align with previous studies and provide critical in sights for selecting the best hybrid combinations in breeding programs aimed at enhancing specific traits in the plant population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of Nano Urea on the growth and yield attributes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) in a field study conducted in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, during the 2023-24, growing season. A randomized block design (RBD) was employed, comparing three treatments: Nano Urea, traditional urea and a control with no fertilizer. Parameters measured included germination percentage, flowering time, pod characteristics and yield components. Results indicated significant improvements in growth and yield with Nano Urea, highlighting its potential as a sustainable alternative to traditional urea. According to the study, yields of Arkel have increased dramatically (15.61 t/ha) when 100% nano urea is applied during vegetative growth stages, compared to farmers' practices or controls. The greater cost of cultivation in T7, T6 and T4. The lowest cost of cultivation found in T8 (210183.30 Rs/ha). The highest Gross income (Rs/ha) was recorded in T2 (702600.00Rs/ha). The highest Net income (Rs/ha) was recorded in T2 (447648.00 Rs/ha). The highest benefit cost-ratio was found in T8 (1.90). The lowest benefit cost-ratio observed in T7 (0.98). Therefore, three treatments, T8, T2, T3 can be recommended for commercial cultivation of Arkel variety of pea. Therefore, it can be suggested to apply nano urea foliar application to increase pea production and it is possible to do additional research to get more practical results in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation entitled "Impact of vermicompost and mustard oil cake on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) var. Kufri Khyati under Gwalior region" was conducted at Research Field CRC-3, Turari, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.). Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) known as 'The king of vegetables' is a significant food crop grown worldwide. It is a crop of great importance for the densely populated regions of Asia, yielding higher quantities of dry matter food, protein that is well-balanced and caloriesthan other main food crops, both in terms of time and land area per unit. Synthetic fertilizers and organic manures combined with an integrated strategy to nutrient supply is becoming more and more important, particularly for heavy feeder crops. Furthermore, when organic and synthetic fertilizers are used together, the quantity and quality of a comprehensive and responsive crop, such as potatoes have been shown to significantly improve when compared to the recommended dose of nutrients applied with synthetic fertilizers alone. Three replications of the experiment were set up by using a Randomized Block Design. Each replication having ten treatment combinations of mustard oil cake and vermicompost and applied prescribed doses of fertilizer in potato variety Kufri Khyati. The findings showed that the growth, yield and quality characteristics of potatoes at different growth stages were strongly impacted by the various treatments of vermicompost and mustard oil cake with varying recommended doses of fertilizers. The treatment T10-100% RDF + Vermicompost+ Mustard oil cake was noted the best treatment as contrast to rest of treatments and it also provided the utmost growth, yield and quality traits of potato. Maximum net returns (' 267434/ha) was recorded in treatment T10-100% RDF + Vermicompost+ Mustard oil cake, while the utmost benefit: cost ratio (4.0) was observed in treatment T4-50% RDF + Vermicompost + Mustard oil cake, T7-75% RDF + Vermicompost + Mustard oil cake and T10-100% RDF + Vermicompost + Mustard oil cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research study was carried out at the Research Field CRC-3, Turari, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.), India. The experiment was organized using a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Each replication included eleven treatment combinations of Gibberellic acid, Azotobacter and Neem cake, along with varying recommended doses of fertilizers applied to the potato variety Kufri Pukhraj. The findings indicated that the various treatments involving Gibberellic acid, Azotobacter, and Neem cake, along with different fertilizer doses, had a significant impact on the growth, yield, and quality parameters of potatoes at different growth stages. The treatment T7-75% RDF + 25% FYM + Azotobacter (10g/kg tuber) + GA3 (100ppm) emerged as the most effective treatment compared to the others, yielding the highest growth, yield and quality parameters for the potatoes. This treatment also resulted in the highest net returns (Rs 265393/ha). The highest benefitcost ratio (2.53) was observed in treatments T8-75%RDF + 25% Neem cake + Azotobacter (10g/kg) + GA3 (100ppm) and T7 - 75% RDF + 25% FYM + Azotobacter (10g/kg) + GA3 (100ppm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research study titled "Effect of different bio fertilizers on yield and quality attributes of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) under Gwalior condition" was carried out at the Research Field CRC-3, Turari, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P), India. As a member of the Brassicaceae family of plants, broccoli belongs to a wide variety of agricultural plants that originated in the Mediterranean Sea and have evolved throughout time via breeding and selection. Broccoli is a major crop within its genus, with its compact flower head forming what we commonly eat as the green curd, which quickly develops into a mass of fertile flower buds. China produces the most broccoli globally, followed by India, which is the second-largest producer. The experiment was organized using a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Each replication comprised twelve treatments with different concentrations of RDF fertilizers administered to Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria. The findings indicated that the various treatments involving Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, along with different fertilizer doses, had a significant impact on the growth, yield and quality parameters of broccoli at different growth stages. The treatment T4 (100% RDF + PSB + Azotobacter) emerged as the best treatment among all, yielding the highest growth, yield and quality parameters for the broccolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the General Combining Ability (GCA) effects of six parental lines of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) BG-1, BG-2, BG-6, BG-7, BG-8 and BG-15 to identify their potential for hybrid breeding programs. Bitter gourd, a widely cultivated crop in the Cucurbitaceae family, exhibits significant variability in fruit traits and regional preferences across India. The research, conducted at the Crop Research Centre -3, School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior, followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on key agronomic and morphological traits, including flowering time, vine characteristics, fruit morphology, and yield components. GCA effects were estimated using Griffing's method 2, model 1 (fixed model) for diallel analysis. Results indicated that BG-7 exhibited consistently positive GCA effects for several yield-related traits, such as the number of fruits per vine, fruit weight and marketable yield per hectare, making it a superior parent for hybrid breeding. Conversely, BG-1 showed negative GCA effects for traits like vine length and number of fruits per vine, which might be advantageous for specific breeding goals such as early maturity and compact plant structure. The findings underscore the importance of GCA in selecting parental lines for developing high-yielding hybrids. Parental lines with positive GCA effects for key traits can enhance hybrid performance, contributing to improved productivity and quality in bitter gourd cultivation. These insights are crucial for optimizing breeding strategies and achieving sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), integral to human culture and agriculture are celebrated for their versatility and health benefits. This study was conducted in 2023-24 at ITM University, Gwalior. The experiment involved nine treatments with three replications using fully matured, disease-free grapes. Packaging materials tested included cotton bags, HDPE, polyethylene bags, brown paper, transparent boxes, food wrapping paper, CFB boxes, tissue paper and a control. Physiological parameters measured were fruit volume and spoilage percentage, while biochemical parameters included fruit pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content. Results indicated significant differences among treatments. HDPE packaging excelled in minimizing weight loss and spoilage, and in maintaining quality attributes such as pH, TSS, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid content. Transparent boxes initially preserved fruit volume best, but HDPE out performed in later stages. Control treatments consistently showed the poorest results. The study highlights the importance of specialized packaging in extending grape shelf life by reducing metabolic activity and maintaining an optimal environment. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing storage conditions to preserve grape quality and suggest future research directions to further improve postharvest preservation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To calculate yield contributing characteristics, genetic progress, variability, and heritability in tomato genotypes, thirty genotypes were analyzed. In all attributes, the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was greater in magnitude than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). In terms of the number of fruits/plant, number of fruits/clusters, plant height, average fruit wt, days to first fruit harvest, days to 1st fruit setting, fruit yield/plant, plant height and number of clusters/plant, high genotypic variation was observed along with high PCV, GCV and heritability as a percentage of mean. For every attribute, including the no. of fruits/plants, average fruit wt, days until first fruit harvest, and days until first fruit setting, these estimations showed strong heritability (broad sense) values. The plant height, number of clusters/plant and fruit output/plant were found to have the highest estimated genetic advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted at the Horticulture Research Farm, [CRC-1] Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.), India. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is most important root crop is grown widely all over the India, especially near the city markets. It is a popular vegetable in the tropical as well as temperate regions. Radish can cultivated under poly house or glass house for early market but large scale production in field is more common in India. Among various factors responsible for low production of radish, nutrient management is of prime importance for maintaining higher yield and soil fertility. The increasing use of chemical fertilizers to increase vegetable production has been widely recognized but in long run it had detrimental effect on soil health, ecology, natural resources, living organisms including beneficial soil microorganism and human being. Biofertilizers in combination with organic manures found as effective component in organic farming for reliable and cheap supply of nutrients. The experiment was laid out in the Randomized Block Design with three replications. Each replication was comprised of ten treatments consisting phosphate solubilizing bacteria with different RDF doses of fertilizers were applied in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Result concluded that the different RDF doses of fertilizers with use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria were significantly influence different vegetative and yield parameters of radish. The treatment T7 (30gm/kg P.S.B. + 50:90:50) was found the significantly superior treatment as compared to all other treatments and it also gave the maximum vegetative, yield and economical parameters, whereas the treatment T0 (50:100:50-Control) observed the minimum vegetative, yield and economical parameters rest of all treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at Post Graduate Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture, ITM University Gwalior (M.P.) during the year 2022-2023. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different packaging materials viz. newspaper, tissue papers, gunny bag, CFB Box, banana leaf, butter paper and paddy straw at room temperature (9.98°C - 25.99°C) on shelf life and physio-bio-chemical characteristics of Guava fruit. Data pertaining to the studies on different types of packaging material to extend shelf life of guava at i.e., 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days on bio-chemical changes of guava. The maximum fruit weight was observed in T4(CFB Box) i.e., 122.44 gm and minimum was observed in T0(Control) on 3rd day of trial, Maximum physiological loss in weight was found in T1(Newspaper) 18.31% and minimum PLW was found in T4(CFB Box) 119.39 gm and minimum was observed in T0(Control) on 3rd day of trial, Maximum physiological loss in weight was found in T0(control) 18.31% and minimum PLW was found in T4(CFB Box) 1.36% on 6th day of experiment, maximum specific gravity was measured on 12th day of experiment was in T4(CFB Box) i.e., 1.05 g/ml³ and minimum was measured in T3(Gunny bag) 1.00 g/ml³ land T5(Banana leaf) 1.00 g/ml³. The bio-chemical parameters was taken for the experiments are TSS, Acidity and Ascorbic acid. The maximum TSS was found in T3(Gunny bag) 12.80 °Brix and minimum was recorded in T0(Control) 7.10 °Brix at the 9th day of storage, maximum acidity was found in T4(CFB Box) 0.44% and minimum was found in T0(Control) 0.26% at the 12th day of storage, maximum Ascorbic acid was found in T4(CFB Box) 197.17 mg/100g and minimum was found in T0(Control) 181.10 mg/100g at the 15th day of storage. After all the physical and bio-chemical analysis done from 0 to 15 days of experiment the result reveled that T4(CFB Box) was found statistically best over all other packaging materials till the 15th day of shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation entitled "Studies on shelf life of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under different organic packaging materials" was conducted at the Research lab, ITM University, Gwalior (M.P.). Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important and indigenous vegetable crop of India. Brinjal or eggplant belongs to the family of Solanaceae is one of the most common popular and principle vegetable crops grown in India and other parts of the world. Brinjals or eggplants are rich sources of vitamins, minerals and antioxidant capacity. Eggplant is also a natural source of vitamin A; thus, it plays an important role for vision and eye health. Lack of appropriate postharvest storage management practices are reported to cause up to 50% of yield losses of vegetable crops between harvesting and consumption. Packaging is a co-ordinated system of preparing goods for transport, and good for shelf life, distribution, storage, retailing and end use. The experiment was laid out in the Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Each replication was comprised of ten treatment consisting of different packing material viz., news paper, tissue paper, paddy straw, gunny bag, butter paper, banana leaf, CFB, craft paper and caster leaf were used for induced the shelf life of brinjal. Result concluded that the different packing materials viz., newspaper, tissue paper, paddy straw, gunny bag, butter paper, banana leaf, CFB (10 x 10 cm²), craft paper and caster leaf were significantly influenced the shelf life of brinjal. The treatment T3 (Paddy straw) was found the best packing material treatment among all packing material treatments for enhancing shelf life of brinjal and it gave the maximum physical parameters. However, the minimum physical parameters were recorded in treatment T0 (Control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at crop research centre-1 of ITM University, Sithouli campus, Gwalior during 2023 and the observations were taken at various growth and yield attributing parameters to study the "Influence of Mulching on growth and yield of Radish Crop". The experiment consisted seven different mulching treatments. The total 7 treatments (T1-control, T2-Mulching with paddy straw, T3-Mulching with neem leaves, T4-Mulching with sorghum straw, T5-Mulching with FYM, T6-Black polythene mulch and T7-White polythene mulch) were laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The experimental results revealed that in growth parameters the Black mulch recorded significantly higher plant height at 30 days and 45 days, number of leaves per plant at 45 days, length of leaves at 30 days and 45 days. Further in yield parameters results revealed that again the black polythene mulch recorded significantly higher length and diameter of the roots, fresh weight of the roots, average weight of root per plant, total root yield per plot over rest of other treatments. Finally, the quality parameter results revealed that Black mulch recorded significantly higher Total soluble solids over rest of other treatments. The white polythene mulch showed the highest number of leaves at 30 days over the rest of other parameters. And the paddy straw treatment showed the highest dry weight of the root over rest of other treatments. However, black polythene mulch registered statistically at par with white polythene mulch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present scenario, researchers focus upon plants world wide, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (A. marmelos) is a medicinal plant belongs to the Rutaceae family and generally known by wood apple tree. It has lots of medicinal properties to cure many diseases. All part of A. marmelos have been utilized in remedy for its therapeutic values such as anti- microbial activity, antidepressant activity, analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-convulsant, anti-fungal activity, antifertility, anxiolytic, radio and protective activity etc. Motive of present study is to examine the hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of A. marmelos fruit at different doses that persuaded toxicity in rats. Various blood and tissue biochemical parameters such as AST, ALT, SALP, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, LPO, GSH, ATPase, G-6-Pase, SOD and CAT were altered after the administration of CCl4. These parameters are significantly recovered with the therapy of A. marmelos aqueous extract at all 4 doses in dose dependant manner. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of A. marmelos may able to cure the hepatic damage against CCl4 induced toxicity in rats. It is also likely to be mediated through its antioxidant activities, to be suggested from all the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful therapy and present diagnosis are very important to enjoy a healthy life when suffering from the diseases. Nanotechnology has the application where the matter may be control at the molecular level. Aptamers may call as the multi-talented molecule. The polymeric nanoparticles have high mobility in the smallest capillaries permit the efficiency of uptake and accumulation of selective drug at the targeted sites for therapy of cancer. The important role is played by nanotechnology in many more technologies. Current progress has opened up applied frontiers and novel fundamental in engineering and materials science in nanotechnology. This review focused on the recent success in the development of drug delivery and targeted drug delivery with the help of polymeric nanoparticles for an efficient anti-cancer therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotic and abiotic stresses like temperature, drought, herbivores, salinity, chemical pollutants, pathogens etc affect or interfere in the normal growth of maize growth, leading to yield reduction. Series of molecular responses shows by maize to these stresses. Because of elevated temperature exposure the induction and production of heat-shock protein (HSP) are common phenomena in crop plant like maize (Zea mays). Heat-shock proteins are ubiquitous protein present within all studied cell organisms. Expression of a family of genes together with other stresses induces by heat referred as the HSP genes. Heat tolerance in maize include comprehensively an orderly, complex and dynamic regulatory system of other groups of HSPs, data are present on the connection maintenance and induction of HSPs under high temperature with improved heat tolerance in maize. Plants experiencing high-temperature stress is well known expressed as HSPs. HSPs called so due to their expression behavior or similarity of sequence to other HSP genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While defining the information audit is a tool that can be used to not only identifying strategically significant information resources, but also to identify those tasks and activities that create knowledge and those that rely on the transfer of knowledge from the other area of the organization. This article firstly describes the relationship between the information audit process and knowledge management. Secondly, introduces the seven stage information audit models. It discusses each stage of the model in terms of its contribution to the process and the desired outcomes. Concludes by examining the potential benefits of using the information audit as a foundation that can be built on as the knowledge management strategy is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review explores various biliary tract diseases caused by different organisms, in-cluding cholelithiasis, hepatolithiasis, and choledocholithiasis. The biliary tract's primary func-tions include collecting, storing, concentrating, and delivering bile juice produced by the liver. Neurohormonal systems involving the vagus and splanchnic nerves, alongside cholecystokinin, regulate gallbladder movement during fasting and digestion. Under normal conditions, bile acids play a crucial role, with approximately 95% being reabsorbed by the intestinal epithelium and returned to the liver via the portal vein system. The liver, often hailed as a miracle worker, de-toxifies, purifies, and regenerates, performing essential functions in the body. Recent research indicates that the gallbladder, akin to the intestine, harbors a diverse microbiota. Additionally, the biliary mucosa features chemical, mechanical, and immunological barriers that promote im-munological tolerance. Hepatotoxicity remains a significant global health concern and a leading cause of mortality. Providing clear and accurate information on liver toxicity is critical, especially in the context of medication safety and public health. By refining these elements, this review can effectively convey the complexity and importance of biliary tract diseases and liver function in health and disease contexts., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Background and Objective: Bacitracin was discovered and named after a 7 year old American girl, Margaret Tracey in 1943 as Bacillus was isolated from her wounds. Bacillus licheniformis is usually present in soil and bird feathers. This bacterium is most commonly present around back plumage and chest of birds. There are different types of bacitracin but the one most potent is Bacitracin A. Bacitracin induced proteins are localized in bacterial membrane. Production of antibiotic initially stopped, resumed by induction of bacitracin induced protein but after few mitotic divisions microbes reverted to their vulnerable state. Induction of protein ceases after 4th hour of stationary phase. Immobilization is necessary for economic, process convenience and stability of the cell. Moreover, immobilization increases the ability of the cell to produce product in high quantity., Conclusion: Maximum production of antibiotic was noted at pH 8 after 4 hours of incubation at various glucose concentrations in shake flask fermentation at 30°C when immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. Increase in antibiotic activity was also found with increase in use of cells. Efforts have been made to alter heterocyclic metal binding subunit of bacitracin by synthesizing heterocyclic building blocks that can be coupled to linear decapeptide and consequently cyclization by PCPTE biodomain of bacitracin. Derivatives of bacitracin showed antimicrobial activities indicating the possibility of overcoming existing limitations just by altering their heterocyclic subunit. Bioactivity and stability can be increased by modifying peptide backbone of compounds., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)