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Endophyte-host interactions lead to the production of various bioactive compounds. Thus, endophytes from a medicinal plant such as Momordica charantia, can be promising candidates for producing pharmacological compounds. Our study therefore aims to evaluate these endophytes as sustainable sources of potential low-cost lung cancer drugs. We determined the endophytes associated with M. charantia (fruit and leaf) and assessed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative potential against NCI-H23 lung cancer cells. LC-Q-TOF-MS of the endophyte extracts was conducted to determine the metabolite profile. Leaf endophyte F. circinatum showed anti-inflammatory (114.29 %), antioxidant (IC 50 =27.39 µg/ml) and antiproliferative activity (IC 50 =98.62 µl/ml) with decreased Beclin1 expression (autophagy regulator) in NCI-H23 cells. It produced five anticancer compounds namely linamarin, xestoaminol C, phytosphingosine, cucurbitacin E and margarolic acid. Fruit endophyte E. fergusonii also showed significant antiproliferative potential (IC 50 =170.8 µl/ml) with upregulated apoptosis regulator Bcl2 expression. It produced compounds such as eplerenone, kuguacin C and H. With the production of triterpenoids momordicine I, cucurbitacin E and kuguaglycoside A, leaf endophyte A. faecalis showed antioxidant potential (IC 50 =29.65 µg/ml) but limited antiproliferative activity. This is the first report of endophytes-mediated biosynthesis of host-specific compounds in M. charantia including momordicine I, cucurbitacin E and kuguacins, which are known to have anti-cancer properties. Thus, these medicinal plant endophytes can be low-cost sustainable candidates with anti-cancerous potential, especially against lung cancer. [Display omitted] • Culturable endophytes density in Momordica charantia fruit was higher than leaf. • Promising antiproliferative and antioxidant activity by M. charantia endophytes. • Fusarium circinatum and Escherichia fergusonii promoted apoptosis in NCI-H23 cells. • M. charantia endophytes produced momordicine I, cucurbitacin E, kuguacin C and H. • Phytochemical biosynthesis varied with endophyte type and plant part interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The non-toxic self-crosslinked hydrogel films designed from biocompatible materials allow for controlled drug release and have gathered remarkable attention from healthcare professionals as wound dressing materials. Thus, in the current study the chitosan (CS) film is infused with oil-in-water Pickering emulsion (PE) loaded with bioactive compound quercetin (Qu) and stabilized by dialdehyde cellulose nanocrystal-silver nanoparticles (DCNC-AgNPs). The DCNC-AgNPs play a dual role in stabilizing PE and are involved in the self-crosslinking with CS films. Also, this film could combine the advantage of the controlled release and synergistic wound-healing effect of Qu and AgNPs. Results: The DCNC-AgNPs were synthesized using sodium periodate oxidation of CNC. The DCNC-AgNPs were used to stabilize oil-in-water PE loaded with Qu in its oil phase by high speed homogenization. Stable PEs were prepared by 20% v/v oil: water ratio with maximum encapsulation of Qu in the oil phase. The Qu-loaded PE was then added to CS solution (50% v/v) to prepare self-crosslinked films (CS-PE-Qu). After grafting CS films with PE, the surface and cross-sectional SEM images show an inter-penetrated network within the matrix between DCNC and CS due to the formation of a Schiff base bond between the reactive aldehyde groups of DCNC-AgNPs and amino groups of CS. Further, the addition of glycerol influenced the extensibility, swelling ratio, and drug release of the films. The fabricated CS-PE-Qu films were analyzed for their wound healing and tissue regeneration potential using cell scratch assay and full-thickness excisional skin wound model in mice. The as-fabricated CS-PE-Qu films showed great biocompatibility, increased HaCat cell migration, and promoted collagen synthesis in HDFa cells. In addition, the CS-PE-Qu films exhibited non-hemolysis and improved wound closure rate in mice compared to CS, CS-Qu, and CS-blank PE. The H&E staining of the wounded skin tissue indicated the wounded tissue regeneration in CS-PE-Qu films treated mice. Conclusion: Results obtained here confirm the wound healing benefits of CS-PE-Qu films and project them as promising biocompatible material and well suited for full-thickness wound healing in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, meloxicam (MXM) chewable tablets were formulated and evaluated with an aim of improving its solubility, bioavailability and masking its bitter taste in order to create an effective oral drug delivery system. Meloxicam (BCS class II drug), non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties, acts by inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase leading to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. MXM chewable tablets were made by three different techniques: AG (aqueous granulation), NAG (non-aqueous granulation) and DC (direct compression). The chewable tablets of MXM so prepared were assessed for various parameters, namely, palatability test, hardness, weight variation, mechanical strength, disintegration, friability, percent assay and in vitro testing for dissolution profile. The variation found in dissolution profile for all prepared batches was in the order: DC>NAG>AG. The percent assay was found within the range (90-110%). Observations from palatability study showed good overall tolerance levels for DC and AG and moderate tolerance levels for NAG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Phenanthrene (PHE) is one of the most abundant Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in urban soil. So far, majority of microbe-mediated degradation approaches have relied on microbes isolated from polluted or mined soils. These microbes, if introduced into non-native soil, may not able to establish themselves, or alter the native microbiome of soil, making their commercial use a challenge. Therefore, this study was conducted to screen and isolate bacteria, from urban soil that degrade PHE. Degradation of 50 mg/L PHE by day 4 was highest in Providencia rettgeri VMP5 (98.63%) followed by Bacillus tropicus VMP4 (89.9%), Bacillus sp. VMP2 (82.63%), P. stuartii VMP3 (39.72%) and least Dellaglioa algida VMP1 (3.32%). Besides, VMP5, showed the presence of several fatty acid ethyl esters that act as biosurfactants and anti-microbial agent, which may play a crucial role in increasing its adaptability and degradation potential. VMP4 and VMP2 were also found to produce more defense compounds which may be crucial for their adaptability to PAH rich environment. Thus, VMP5, VMP4 and VMP2 showed promising remediation potential that can be further explored to develop commercially viable consortia for PHE mitigation in urban soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesize temperature- and oxidation-responsive poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-phenyl vinyl sulfide) (P(HEA-co-PVS)) cryogel for the delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). We observed that the cloud point temperature (CPT) of P(HEA-co-PVS) copolymer decreased with increasing PVS. The NIR treatment increased the temperature of the polymer above its CPT, resulting in the dissolution of the polymer. With increasing PVS content, the minimum interfacial activity of the copolymers was increased, indicating increase in their amphiphilicity. The H2O2 treatment oxidized the sulfide group of PVS reducing the hydrophobicity of the copolymer, decreasing its amphiphilicity, and releasing the drug. The SEM micrographs showed a continuous polymer matrix cryogel produced from P(HEA-co-PVS). The cryogel showed a more swelling ratio when the PVS content is less due to less intermolecular hydrophobic interaction. The release of DOX was responsive to the temperature, ROS, and NIR irradiation, suggesting that the cryogels could be a suitable anticancer drug delivery carrier to tumor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature and oxidation-sensitive liposomes were prepared by stabilizing dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) bilayers with the ion pair of poly(ethyleneimine)/(phenylthio)acetic acid (PEI/PTA). An upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior was observed when PEI/PTA ion pair was suspended in an aqueous solution. It was observed that the UCST increased with increasing PTA content. The ion pair was self-assembled into nanospheres owing to its amphiphilic property which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The FT-IR spectroscopic spectrum showed that the ion pair formed a salt bridge between the amino group and the carboxyl group and the PTA content in the ion pair was readily oxidized by H2O2. Further, DOPE liposomal membranes could be stabilized with PEI/PTA ion pair. Due to the amphiphilic property, the ion pair played a role as a stabilizer for the formation of DOPE liposomes. The liposome released its payload in a temperature-responsive manner, possibly because when the temperature is raised, the ion pair loses its amphiphilic property and can be detached from the liposomal membrane. The liposome was also oxidation-responsive in terms of release, possibly because the amphiphilic property of the ion pair disappears when the PTA is oxidized. The schematic diagram of temperature and oxidation-sensitive DOPE liposome incorporating PEI/PTA ion pair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last few decades, endophytes have attracted increased attention due to their ability to produce a plethora of bioactive secondary metabolites. These compounds not only help the endophytes to outcompete other plant-associated microbes or pathogens through quorum sensing, but also enable them to surmount the plant immune system. However, only a very few studies have described the interlink between various biochemical and molecular factors of host-microbe interactions involved in the production of these pharmacological metabolites. The peculiar mechanisms by which endophytes modulate plant physiology and metabolism through elicitors, as well as how they use transitional compounds of primary and secondary metabolism as nutrients and precursors for the synthesis of new compounds or enhancing existing metabolites, are still less understood. This study thus attempts to address the aspects of synthesis of such metabolites used in therapeutics by the endophytes in the light of their ecological significance, adaptation, and intercommunity interactions. Our study explores how endophytes adapt to the specific host environment, especially in medicinal plants that produce metabolites with pharmacological potential and simultaneously modulate host gene expression for the biosynthesis of these metabolites. We also discuss the differential interactions of fungal and bacterial endophytes with their hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental illness among physicians is an increasingly recognized concern. Global data on mental health conditions (MHCs) among cardiologists are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the global prevalence of MHCs among cardiologists and its relationships to professional life. The American College of Cardiology conducted an online survey with 5,931 cardiologists globally in 2019. Data on demographics, practice, MHC, and association with professional activities were analyzed. The P values were calculated using the chi-square, Fischer exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis determined the association of characteristics with MHC. Globally, 1 in 4 cardiologists experience any self-reported MHC, including psychological distress, or major or other psychiatric disorder. There is significant geographic variation in MHCs, with highest and lowest prevalences in South America (39.3%) and Asia (20.1%) (P < 0.001). Predictors of MHCs included experiencing emotional harassment (OR: 2.81; 95% CI: 2.46-3.20), discrimination (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.61-2.12), being divorced (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.27-2.36), and age <55 years (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.24-1.66). Women were more likely to consider suicide within the past 12 months (3.8% vs 2.3%), but were also more likely to seek help (42.3% vs 31.1%) as compared with men (all P < 0.001). Nearly one-half of cardiologists reporting MHCs (44%) felt dissatisfied on at least one professional metric including feeling valued, treated fairly, and adequate compensation. More than 1 in 4 cardiologists experience self-reported MHCs globally, and the association with adverse experiences in professional life is substantial. Dedicated efforts toward prevention and treatment are needed to maximize the contributions of affected cardiologists. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To compare the insights obtained about the experience of individuals with presbyopia (age-related impaired near vision) across three different sources of qualitative data: a structured targeted literature review, a social media listening (SML) review, and qualitative concept elicitation (CE) interviews with individuals with presbyopia and healthcare professionals (HCPs). The number of concepts identified, depth of data, cost and time implications, and value of the patient insights generated were explored and compared for each method. Methods: Keyword searches in bibliographic databases and review of abstracts identified 120 relevant publications; in-depth targeted literature review of the qualitative studies identified key symptoms/functioning concepts. SML was conducted using publicly accessible social media sources with focus on ophthalmologic diseases using a pre-defined search string. Relevant posts from individuals with presbyopia (n = 270) were analysed and key concepts identified. Semi-structured CE interviews were conducted with individuals with presbyopia (US n = 30, Germany n = 10, France n = 10), and HCPs (US = 3, France n = 2, Germany n = 1, Japan n = 1) who were experienced in treating presbyopia. Verbatim transcripts were coded using thematic analysis. A conceptual model summarised concepts identified across sources Results: Out of the total of 158 concepts identified across the three sources, qualitative CE interviews yielded the highest number of concepts (n = 151/158, 96%), with SML yielding a third of the concepts (n = 51/158, 32%) and the literature review yielding the fewest concepts (n = 33/158, 21%). Qualitative CE interviews provided greater depth of data than SML and literature reviews. SML and literature reviews were less costly and quicker to run than qualitative CE interviews and also were less burdensome for participants. Conclusion: Qualitative CE interviews are considered the gold standard in providing greater depth of understanding of the patient experience, and more robust data. However, research requirements, budget, and available time should be considered when choosing the most appropriate research method. More time and cost-effective SML and literature review methods can be used to supplement qualitative CE interview data and provide early identification of measurement concepts. More research and regulatory guidance into less traditional qualitative methods, however, are needed to increase the value of SML and literature review data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) play an important role in the pharmacological and food industry due to their therapeutic and nutritional properties. Being the most abundant eusocial insects in the world, ants also serve as a repository of bioactive compounds, which are utilized for their ecological interactions and defense. Ants have been used for the treatment of various diseases including asthma, cancer, arthritis, and other microbial infections in both modern and ethnic medicine. This is attributed to various compounds, such as antimicrobial peptides, biogenic amines, alkaloids, and flavonoids obtained from ant venom as well as whole‐body extracts. However, most of these compounds have not been characterized till date. Ant endosymbionts are also known to contribute to some of these properties and to play a crucial role in digestion, protection from enemies, nutritional upgrading, nitrogen recycling, and reproductive manipulation of their host. Hence, they have been used in pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to their ability to produce various bioactive compounds. In contrast, ectosymbionts specifically help in pathogen defense. However, the potential of ant symbionts in the welfare and production of therapeutic compounds is not extensively studied. This review mainly focuses on the role of ants and their symbiotic microbes as a potential source of bioactive compounds in therapeutic interventions for exploring future possibilities in drug development research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laminarin is a promising marine biopolymer that is abundant, non-toxic, and biodegradable. However, laminarin has a weak reduction potential for metal ions, resulting in the synthesis of a lower content of large-sized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Here, we showed that after the introduction of aldehyde groups, the reduction potential of laminarin increased, decreasing the synthesis time and increasing the density of AgNPs. 1H NMR and FT-IR confirmed the addition of aldehyde groups on laminarin. The dialdehyde-modified laminarin (DLAM) showed in situ , simple, and rapid synthesis of ultrasmall-sized spherical AgNPs (<10 nm), as revealed by TEM images. The aldehyde and carboxyl groups of DLAM act as synchronized reducing and anchoring agents. The conversion of Ag ions into AgNPs-DLAM was confirmed by UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, and XPS analysis. The AgNPs-DLAM showed significantly enhanced antibacterial activities than silver ions against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus via causing morphological changes and pore formations in bacterial cells. The AgNPs-DLAM also inhibited bacterial biofilm formation. In contrast, the AgNPs-DLAM showed negligible toxicity toward human keratinocytes. Furthermore, AgNPs-DLAM increased the migration of human keratinocytes, indicating efficient wound healing properties. Thus, signifying the importance of AgNPs-DLAM in clinical applications. • Laminarin has a weak reduction potential to reduce silver ions into AgNPs. • Dialdehyde modification of Laminarin increased its Ag+ reducing ability. • DLAM can rapidly reduce Ag+ into ultrasmall AgNPs by avoiding toxic chemicals and high temperatures. • Biofabricated AgNPs-DLAM exhibited potential antibacterial and wound healing properties. • AgNPs-DLAM might serve as a biocompatible dressing for the treatment of wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural world has been polluted. The water we use every day comes from rivers and lakes. On Earth, water is the single most important substance. The quality of available water has a direct impact on people's health and ability to make a living. Water pollution is a leading cause of death worldwide. Human activity ruins water. The pollution of Man Sagar Lake is also caused by the entry of partially treated and untreated effluent. Wastewater created this difficulty. The 130-km2 lake is near Jaipur in Rajasthan, India. Raja Man Singh created it in 1610 by damming the Dravayavathi River. Lake pollution stems from untreated wastewater as well as other polluting components such industrial effluents, household garbage disposals, and agricultural waste. Increases in harmful emissions. They all accumulate heavy metals and contribute to water contamination while also altering the water's physicochemical qualities. This causes eutrophication and slits decomposition in this body of water, reducing its quality. All living species that rely on water must adapt when water quality degrades. Total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, total acidity, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and other parameters were all influenced by the physiochemical studies of water quality. The amount of oxygen required in the body was altered by this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a leading cause of disability and disease worldwide, stress and depression is of public health concern and specially for the breast cancer patient cause short & long term determental effects to the women and her family. This article describe a conceptual framework about the complex relationship between stress, depression & health outcomes in breast patient and mindfulness therapy for depression, stress control of these cancer patient may be helpful for adding depth to the body of knowledge about the use of mind-body therapies. Mindfulness questionnaire used as a reliable and valid comprehensive for assessing different aspects of mindfulness in breast cancer patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thecurrent research investigates the quality of ten different surface water sites in and around Jodhpur using water quality ratings. This paper gives insight into water pollution's qualitative and quantitative extent. The water quality index (WQI)is usedfor assessing and comparing water quality. In each study region, a five-point grading scale was adopted to classify water quality as a single understandable value. Twelveparameters were employed for determining the WQI of different sites: turbidity, TSS, TDS, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, and nitrate. Multivariate analysis of the samplesrevealed that most of the individual parameters are not in harmony with the standard values prescribed by the regulating authorities. According to the study, seasonal fluctuations play a significant effect in the hydrochemistry of surface water, indicating a change in WQI. Thesamples showed less pollution in the pre-monsoonseason as compared to post-monsoon. Overall, this paper lays forth a strategy for proper utilization and protection, as well as assesses the quality of surface water to determine its suitability for various uses and its impact on groundwater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the significant threats to human life. Although various latest technologies are currently available to treat cancer, it still accounts for millions of death each year worldwide. Thus, creating a need for more developed and novel technologies to combat this deadly condition. Nanoparticles-based cancer therapeutics have offered a promising approach to treat cancer effectively while minimizing adverse events. Among various nanoparticles, nanogold (AuNPs) are biocompatible and have proved their efficiency in treating cancer because they can reach tumors via enhanced permeability and retention effect. The size and shape of the AuNPs are responsible for their diverse therapeutic behavior. Thus, to modulate their therapeutic values, the AuNPs can be synthesized in various shapes, such as spheres, cages, flowers, shells, prisms, rods, clusters, etc. Also, attaching AuNPs with single or multiple targeting agents can facilitate the active targeting of AuNPs to the tumor tissue. The AuNPs have been much explored for photothermal therapy (PTT) to treat cancer. In addition to PTT, AuNPs-based nanoplatforms have been investigated for combinational multimodal therapies in the last few years, including photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, etc., to ablate cancer cells. Thus, the present review focuses on the recent advancements in the functionalization of AuNPs-based nanoconstructs for cancer imaging and therapy using combinatorial multimodal approaches to treat various cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is one of the significant threats to human life. Although various latest technologies are currently available to treat cancer, it still accounts for millions of death each year worldwide. Thus, creating a need for more developed and novel technologies to combat this deadly condition. Nanoparticles-based cancer therapeutics have offered a promising approach to treat cancer effectively while minimizing adverse events. Among various nanoparticles, nanogold (AuNPs) are biocompatible and have proved their efficiency in treating cancer because they can reach tumors via enhanced permeability and retention effect. The size and shape of the AuNPs are responsible for their diverse therapeutic behavior. Thus, to modulate their therapeutic values, the AuNPs can be synthesized in various shapes, such as spheres, cages, flowers, shells, prisms, rods, clusters, etc. Also, attaching AuNPs with single or multiple targeting agents can facilitate the active targeting of AuNPs to the tumor tissue. The AuNPs have been much explored for photothermal therapy (PTT) to treat cancer. In addition to PTT, AuNPs-based nanoplatforms have been investigated for combinational multimodal therapies in the last few years, including photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, etc., to ablate cancer cells. Thus, the present review focuses on the recent advancements in the functionalization of AuNPs-based nanoconstructs for cancer imaging and therapy using combinatorial multimodal approaches to treat various cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Degradation of repairable components may not be similar after each maintenance activity; thus, the classic (traditional-time based) maintenance policies, which consider preventive maintenance (PM), age-based maintenance and overhauls to be done at fixed time interval, may fail to monitor the exact condition of the component. Thus, a progressive maintenance policy (PMP) may be more appropriate for the industries that deal with large, complex and critical repairable systems (RS) such as aerospace industries, nuclear power plants, etc. Design/methodology/approach: A progressive maintenance policy is developed, in which hard life, PM scheduled time and overhaul period of the system are revised after each service activity by adjusting PM interval and mean residual life (MRL) such that the risk of failure is not increased. Findings: A comparative study is then carried out between the classic PM policy and developed PMP, and the improvement in availability, mean time between failures and reduction in maintenance cost is registered. Originality/value: The proposed PMP takes care of the equipment degradation more efficiently than any other existing maintenance policies and is also flexible in its application as the policy can be continuously amended as per the failure profile of the equipment. Similar maintenance policies assuming lifetime distributions are available in the literature, but to ascertain that the proposed PMP is more suitable and applicable to the industries, this paper uses Kijima-based imperfect maintenance models. The proposed PMP is demonstrated through a real-time data set example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Osteoporosis is regarded as a silent disorder affecting bone slowly, leading to an increased risk of fractures. Lately, selenium has been found to be associated with the acquisition and maintenance of bone health by affecting the bone remodeling process. However, the mechanism of action of selenium on bone is poorly understood. Here, the objective of this study is to examine the protective effects and mechanism of sodium selenite on the differentiation process of osteoblasts as well as under oxidative stress-induced conditions by evaluating the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers in the sodium selenite and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated MC3T3-E1 cell line. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, we confirmed the inducible osteogenic effect of sodium selenite on MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, we investigated the recovery of expression levels of osteogenic markers of sodium selenite in H2O2-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Results: It was observed that sodium selenite could promote alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and collagen synthesis in pre-osteoblasts. Also, sodium selenite enhanced the mRNA expression levels of osteogenic transcriptional factors, like osterix (OSX) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). In addition, the terminal differentiation markers, such as osteocalcin (OCN) and collagen 1α (Col1α) were also increased after the treatment of sodium selenite. Also treatment of sodium selenite recused the H2O2-induced inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation of pre-osteoblasts cells via the WNT signaling pathway, implicating its antioxidant activity. Furthermore, sodium selenite restored the H2O2 repressed β-catenin stability and axin-2 reporter activity in MC3T3-E1 cells. Conclusion: It may be concluded that sodium selenite can stimulate bone formation and rescue the oxidative repression of osteogenesis by activating WNT signaling pathways. Further detailed studies on the role of selenium and its ability to stimulate bone formation via the WNT signaling pathway may project it as a potential therapeutic intervention for osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, monoolein cubic phases (MO CP) were prepared for the pH-responsive and salt-responsive release of fructose diphosphate (FDP). The salt-responsive MO CP was synthesized by the Ca2+-mediated ionic gelation of hydrophobically modified alginate (HmAlg) in the water channel of the cubic phase. In addition, the HmAlg were electrostatically interacted with hydrophobically modified gelatin (HmGel) on the surface of MO CP to render pH responsiveness. It was found that both HmAlg and HmGel had surface-active properties that attributed to their immobilization in the MO CP. The loading of HmAlg and HmGel onto the MO CP decreased the phase transition temperature of MO CP due to alterations in the fluidity of the double layer of the MO CP water channel. However, TEM images revealed no alterations in the structure of MO CP after the addition of polymers. It was found that in the presence of salt (NaCl), the loaded FDP was released from the water channel due to the de-gelation and opening of the aqueous channel. Similarly, at pH above the isoelectric point of gelatin, the FDP is released from the aqueous channels because of the breakdown of the HmGel/HmAlg complex. Moreover, the higher skin permeation of FDP-loaded MO CP was also observed, suggesting that the MO CP can assist FDP in permeating the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study we synthesized thermo-responsive amphiphilic P(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-Methyl methacrylate) (P(VP-co-MMA)) polymers at varying ratios (100/0, 95/5, 94/6, and 92.5/7.5), which were used further for the synthesis of thermo-responsive micelles. The 1H-NMR results revealed the successful copolymerization of VP with MMA without any chemical deterioration. Further, it was observed that the variations in monomers molar ratio showed no prominent effect on the critical micelle concentration of any copolymeric solution. Although micellar self-assembly was observed in all the monomers molar ratio, the degree of self-assembly was directly proportional to the content of MMA monomer. Moreover, the formation of micelles is favored from all the prepared copolymers due to the high hydrophilic monomeric content in the copolymers. In addition, as-synthesized micelles were spherical and had almost similar diameter, that is, 70–90 nm. Moreover, the loading % of Nile red was also similar in all the self-assembled micelles. It was observed that the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the polymer decreases with an increase in MMA content, and at 95/5 molar ratio the LCST of P(VP-co-MMA) was around 40 °C, which is suitable for in vivo drug delivery system. Moreover, high payload release, that is, 44%, was measured from P(VP-co-MMA) (95/5) at 45 °C, as compared to 33% payload release at 37 °C, suggesting that micelles formed from P(VP-co-MMA) (95/5) could be suitable for in vivo drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Takayasu's arteritis (TKA) is a chronic, granulomatous, systemic vasculitis affecting the aorta and its branches. Ocular manifestations in patients with TKA play an important role in determining the visual prognosis. We describe a case of a young female with complaints of painless, progressive loss of vision in both eyes for 6 months who was clinically diagnosed with TKA. Her laboratory and radiological investigations confirmed the diagnosis. She had a bilateral cataract and operated for cataract in the right eye with guarded visual prognosis. This case report highlights the importance of creating awareness among ophthalmologists for early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management in cases of TKA for the prevention of blindness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, for the first time, we have developed a novel green synthesis method where chitosan acts as a reducing agent and as a colloidal stabilizer, together with polyquaternium for the synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). It was observed that only chitosan-stabilized PtNPs (Ch@PtNPs) were stable up to pH 5, with a diameter of around 89 nm. The diameter of the Ch@PtNPs increased with the increase in pH, indicating the instability of Ch@PtNPs at neutral and alkaline mediums. However, when polyquaternium (PQ) (a cationic polymer) was added as a stabilizer along with chitosan, the diameter of chitosan/polyquaternium stabilized PtNPs (Ch/PQ@PtNPs), i.e. 87 nm, remained almost constant up to pH 9. Similarly, the pH-dependent decrease in the surface charge of Ch@PtNPs was also attenuated with the addition of polyquaternium. This indicates high colloidal stability of Ch/PQ@PtNPs in acidic, neutral, as well as alkaline mediums. It was observed that Ch/PQ@PtNPs exhibited high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, as compared to uncapped PtNPs and Ch@PtNPs. Thus, the addition of PQ increases the antibacterial properties of Ch/PQ@PtNPs against Staphylococcus aureus by enhancing the stability of PtNPs at neutral pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States has the highest maternal mortality rates among developed countries, and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause. Therefore, the American Heart Association has a unique role in advocating for efforts to improve maternal health and to enhance access to and delivery of care before, during, and after pregnancy. Several initiatives have shaped the time course of major milestones in advancing maternal and reproductive health equity in the United States. There have been significant strides in improving the timeliness of data reporting in maternal mortality surveillance and epidemiological programs in maternal and child health, yet more policy reforms are necessary. To make a sustainable and systemic impact on maternal health, further efforts are necessary at the societal, institutional, stakeholder, and regulatory levels to address the racial and ethnic disparities in maternal health, to effectively reduce inequities in care, and to mitigate maternal morbidity and mortality. In alignment with American Heart Association's mission "to be a relentless force for longer, healthier lives," this policy statement outlines the inequities that influence disparities in maternal outcomes and current policy approaches to improving maternal health and suggests additional potentially impactful actions to improve maternal outcomes and ultimately save mothers' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the food demand of the increasing world population, improved food production is crucial. Sustained supply of food and nutrients by a plant source organ during growth and development can affect the final plant yield. Sucrose transfer from source organ to sink organ via source-sink communication has a key role in regulation of carbon assimilation and partitioning that determine carbohydrate allocation throughout the plant and has a prime role in determining crop productivity. Micronutrients play an important role in the plant life cycle. Efficient nutrient supply is of vital importance to validate cellular homeostasis to encourage source activity and further sink strength. Agronomic application of nanotechnology has potentially altered the conventional plant production system by controlled release of agrochemicals. Chitosan as an excellent nano delivery system provide slow sustained supply of micronutrients and bioactive compounds. This review discusses the application of chitosan as a nanofertilizer in plant and its potential in promoting source activity in plant for higher crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transdermal drug delivery system is an exceptionally safe and well-tolerable therapeutic approach that has immense potential for delivering active components against bone-related pathologies. However, its use is limited in the current clinical practices due to the low skin permeability of most active drugs in the formulation. Thus, innovations in the methodologies of skin permeation enhancement techniques are suggested to overcome this limitation. Although various transdermal drug delivery systems are studied to date, there are insufficient studies comparing the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal delivery systems to oral delivery systems. Thus, creating a decision-making dilemma between oral or transdermal therapies. Therefore, a timely review is inevitable to develop a platform for future researchers to develop next-generation transdermal drug delivery strategies against skeletal diseases that must be convenient and cost-effective for the patients with improved therapeutic efficacy. Here, we will outline the most recent strategies that can overcome the choice limitation of the drug and enhance the transdermal adsorption of various types of drugs to treat bone disorders. For the first time, in this review paper, we will highlight the preclinical and clinical studies on the different transdermal delivery methods. Thus, providing insight into the current therapeutic approaches and suggesting new directions for the advancements in transdermal drug delivery systems against bone disorders. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Discrimination and emotional and sexual harassment create a hostile work environment (HWE). The global prevalence of HWE in cardiology is unknown, as is its impact.Objectives: This study sought to evaluate emotional harassment, discrimination, and sexual harassment experienced by cardiologists and its impact on professional satisfaction and patient interactions worldwide.Methods: The American College of Cardiology surveyed cardiologists from Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Eastern Europe, the European Union, the Middle East, Oceana, and North, Central, and South America. Demographics, practice information, and HWE were tabulated and compared, and their impact was assessed. The p values were calculated using the chi-square, Fisher exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis determined the association of characteristics with HWE and its subtypes.Results: Of 5,931 cardiologists (77% men; 23% women), 44% reported HWE. Higher rates were found among women (68% vs. 37%; odds ratio [OR]: 3.58 vs. men), Blacks (53% vs. 43%; OR: 1.46 vs. Whites), and North Americans (54% vs. 38%; OR: 1.90 vs. South Americans). Components of HWE included emotional harassment (29%; n = 1,743), discrimination (30%; n = 1,750), and sexual harassment (4%; n = 221), and they were more prevalent among women: emotional harassment (43% vs. 26%), discrimination (56% vs. 22%), and sexual harassment (12% vs. 1%). Gender was the most frequent cause of discrimination (44%), followed by age (37%), race (24%), religion (15%), and sexual orientation (5%). HWE adversely affected professional activities with colleagues (75%) and patients (53%). Multivariate analysis showed that women (OR: 3.39; 95% confidence interval: 2.97 to 3.86; p < 0.001) and cardiologists early in their career (OR: 1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.14 to 1.43; p < 0.001) had the highest odds of experiencing HWE.Conclusions: There is a high global prevalence of HWE in cardiology, including discrimination, emotional harassment, and sexual harassment. HWE has an adverse effect on professional and patient interactions, thus confirming concerns about well-being and optimizing patient care. Institutions and practices should prioritize combating HWE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carvedilol, the anti-hypertensive drug, has poor bioavailability when administered orally. Ethosomes-mediated transdermal delivery is considered a potential route of administration to increase the bioavailability of carvedilol. The central composite design could be used as a tool to optimize ethosomal formulation. Thus, this study aims to optimize carvedilol-loaded ethosomes using central composite design, followed by incorporation of synthesized ethosomes into hydrogels for transdermal delivery of carvedilol. Results: The optimized carvedilol-loaded ethosomes were spherical in shape. The optimized ethosomes had mean particle size of 130 ± 1.72 nm, entrapment efficiency of 99.12 ± 2.96%, cumulative drug release of 97.89 ± 3.7%, zeta potential of − 31 ± 1.8 mV, and polydispersity index of 0.230 ± 0.03. The in-vitro drug release showed sustained release of carvedilol from ethosomes and ethosomal hydrogel. Compared to free carvedilol-loaded hydrogel, the ethosomal gel showed increased penetration of carvedilol through the skin. Moreover, ethosomal hydrogels showed a gradual reduction in blood pressure for 24 h in rats. Conclusions: Taken together, central composite design can be used for successful optimization of carvedilol-loaded ethosomes formulation, which can serve as the promising transdermal delivery system for carvedilol. Moreover the carvedilol-loaded ethosomal gel can extend the anti-hypertensive effect of carvedilol for a longer time, as compared to free carvedilol, suggesting its therapeutic potential in future clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During herbivory, insects recognize their host plant based on specific chemical cues, whereas the plants induce various chemical and morphological defense responses to resist this attack. However, the seemingly bidirectional insect–plant interaction involves various confounding aspects that influence the performance and fitness of the two participants. These interactions are often mediated by associated microbiota, competitors, predators, and parasitoids that interact in either obligate or facultative manner. Insect endosymbionts play a crucial role in the perception, nutrition, metabolism as well as reproduction of their host, which together determine its survival and fitness on the plant. Endosymbionts also help their host to overcome plant defenses by detoxifying plant metabolites. On the contrary, plant-associated microbes contribute in induced systemic plant resistance by enhancing chemical and morphological defense. These interactions determine the association of insect and plant, not only with the high trophic levels but also with the ecosystem as a whole. Thus, insect–plant interaction is a multilayered relationship extending to various micro- and macro-organisms associated either temporally or spatially. All these relationships may be considered to obtain a wholesome perspective of the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health issue. In India, access to medicines is poorly regulated and therefore antibiotics in dairy cattle are commonly used by farmers without consulting with veterinarians. This study was conducted to understand practices and knowledge related to antibiotic use and AMR among dairy farmers and veterinary professionals in selected urban and peri-urban areas of India. A total of 28 focus group discussions with farmers and 53 interviews with veterinary professionals were carried out. Mastitiswas identified as the main animal health challenge. Antibiotic consultation behavior of farmers depended on the availability of veterinarians. Except in Bangalore, farmers were found to often treat animals on their own. They were found unaware of the concept of AMR, but knew the importance of vaccination. Veterinarians included in the study had a good understanding of antibiotics, AMR, and zoonotic diseases. The knowledge level and practices observed in the study related to the use/abuse of antibiotics can potentially increase the risk of development of AMR and its transfer in the community. Our findings can help support AMR – mitigation efforts in the country, including the design of better policies on antibiotic use in dairy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Livestock production, particularly the dairy sector, is important for food and nutritional wellbeing of communities in India, it supports livelihoods of many farmers, and contributes to the economy of the country. India is a high consumer of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria are a major public health concern. Objectives: Our objectives were to identify animal health and drug use practices that may contribute to emergence and spread of AMR in the country, review previous AMR- mitigation strategies, and discuss "theory of change" as an approach to informing the choice of interventions. Methods: We undertook a desk review of literature to identify practices with potential to contribute to emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in India. Searches were done in PubMed, Google scholar, and Google. Data were synthesized and discussed by themes. Results: Animal disease surveillance is less developed and infrastructure to support delivery of services is inadequate. Several groups are known to offer animal health services. The untrained "animal health workers" and para-veterinarians are more popular with farmers as they charge less for consultations (compared to veterinarians who are few and charge more). Over-the-counter access of antibiotics, without prescription, and direct marketing of drugs to farmers are common. Because of this, farmers are able to treat their animals and only consult when cases become non- responsive to treatment. Antibiotics are mostly used in management of mastitis cases. Drug withdrawal periods are rarely observed and occurrence of antibiotic- contaminated milk has been reported. Awareness on AMR is low and antimicrobial stewardship in livestock is yet to be developed. Initiatives such as the National programme for containment of AMR, National Action Plan on AMR, and the National Health policy point to government's commitment in addressing the problem of AMR in the country. Conclusion: Several animal health and drug use practices, with potential to cause AMR, have been described, and their contribution can be discussed further by engaging stakeholders in a "theory of change" exercise. Interventions that address AMR from the animal health perspective should be promoted, and incentives to increase their adoption explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the current study was to isolate and identify the strain having broad spectrum antibacterial and antibiofilm activity and characterize its antimicrobial substance. Methods: Lactic acid bacteria isolated from the raw milk of Indian goat species Babri and Sirohi (Capra aegagrus hircus) were screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococccus luteus, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli. The selected strains were also analysed for anti-biofilm activity on S. epidermidis. The potential bacterial strain was characterized at molecular level by 16S rDNA sequencing. The antimicrobial substance produced by P. acidilactici was precipitated by 90% ammonium sulphate and subsequently ultra filtered. It was analysed for size, stability under various pH, temperature, chemicals and enzymatic conditions. Its mechanism of killing was determined by ML35p assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The 16S rDNA sequence of the potential isolate, possessing broad spectrum antibacterial activity and antibiofilm activity against S. epidermidis, was deposited to Genbank under accession no. KP671843 and was identified as Pediococcus acidilactici. The partially purified bacteriocin ran at approximately 3500 Da on tris-tricine SDS-PAGE and showed antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis by In-gel assay. Partially purified bacteriocin was stable at wide pH and high temperature and also to the treatment of lipase, amylase, catalase and various detergents/organic solvents. However, it was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes indicating its proteinaceous nature. Results of membrane permeability assay revealed that the bacteriocin targets bacterial cell membrane as its bactericidal action. Conclusion: The bacteriocin from P. acidilactici has the potential to be used as broad spectrum antibacterial and antibiofilm agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We, herein, report the effect of chitosan nanofertilizer comprising of copper (Cu) and salicylic acid (SA) on source activity in maize. Seed treatment and foliar application of chitosan nanofertilizer significantly up-regulated the source activity in developing maize plants. Seed treatment with nanofertilizer induced 1.6 folds higher seedling vigour index, 1.7–3.0 folds higher activities of reserve food mobilizing enzymes in seedlings as compared with control. Foliar application of nanofertilizer (0.01–0.16%) statistically significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (1.06–1.91 folds), reduced malondialdehyde content and enhanced chlorophyll contents (2 folds) in leaves. Application of nanofertilizer remarkably induced sucrose translocation (2.5–3.5 folds) in internodes which gives subtle clue of higher remobilization of nutrients towards growing cob. The elusive bioactivities of nanofertilizer can be attributed to slow release and synergistic effects of Cu and SA. We claim that chitosan nanofertilizer has immense potential to promote source activity in maize for higher crop yield. Unlabelled Image • Chitosan nanofertilizer comprising of copper and salicylic acid • Porous chitosan nanofertilizer slowly releases co-encapsulated copper and salicylic acid. • Chitosan nanofertilizer boosts store food remobilization. • Chitosan nanofertilizer boosts source activity in maize plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current literature on parent aspirations has not empirically explored the factors that may lead to differences in aspirations among similar types of parents. Additionally, little is known about the gendered nature of these differences. In this study, we seek to understand factors shaping mothers' aspirations in regards to education, marriage, and careers of their daughters and sons, and to explore why differences may be found for mothers from similar socioeconomic backgrounds. Using a case study approach, we conduct in-depth interviews with 28 mothers in the Indian town of Forbesganj, Bihar. We use a conceptual framework based on the capabilities approach, and draw on theories of social learning, or learning from one's peers, through which to understand differences in aspirations. Findings suggest that mothers desire lives for their children that are different from their own, and that conceptions of such lives are influenced by exposure to role models in their communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Ghrelin is an orexigenic gut hormone expressed by the gastric fundus. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) procedure involves resection of the gastric fundus leading to a decreased appetite and weight loss. This study was undertaken to determine the levels of plasma ghrelin after sleeve gastrectomy in obese patients. Methods: The study was conducted on 90 morbidly obese patients [body mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m2] and severely obese patients (BMI >35/kg/m2) who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. The patients were followed up for six months. Weight loss parameters and plasma ghrelin levels were assessed pre- and postoperatively. Results: A significant weight loss and decrease in BMI were observed at three and six months postoperatively. A significant decrease in plasma ghrelin levels over six months of follow up postoperatively was also seen. Interpretation & conclusions: These preliminary findings indicated inhibition of ghrelin production after LSG leading to a decrease in the plasma ghrelin levels within a few days of surgery and sustainable weight loss in obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract The blood brain barrier (BBB) offers protection to the central nervous system (CNS) by maintaining homeostasis. Besides restricting the entry of harmful xenobiotics and endogenous molecules to CNS, BBB also limits the entry of therapeutic agents. Nanotechnology offers the possibility to deliver small molecules/drugs against CNS disorders across BBB. Recently, due to excellent biocompatibility, functional versatility and unique surface electrostatics properties nanodiamonds are also being explored for their drug delivery potential against BBB. Although, studies has been done to understand the mechanisms involved in drug delivery across BBB, but still, progress in the development of any functional drug delivery systems across BBB is in juvenile stages. For this purpose, the strategic developments of more potent drug delivery systems to CNS via endocytic pathways appears to be the most promising approach. Endocytic pathways are essential for communication and transport of nutrients across BBB in endothelial cells. Moreover, modifications of the nanotherapeutic agents with specific brain capillary endothelial cells targeting molecules or ligands have recently shown impressive results of successful delivery of drugs to the brain via receptor-mediated transcytosis. The current review provides a comprehensive insight in the advancements made in nanocarriers-based successful drug delivery to the CNS and their availability in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]