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M. tuberculosis is the contributive factor to tuberculosis (TB), which is the foremost death reason attributable to a sole communicable agent and has claimed the lives of millions of people in the past decade. Therefore, it is crucial to discover this bacterial infection as soon as possible to receive quick and proper treatment for patients, as well as for preventing illness propagation. Around 98% of cases of TB are verified in underdeveloped nations, and the development of reliable biosensor-based diagnostic approaches is critical because of the unavailability of well-equipped detecting laboratories for this bacterium. The time between infection and treatment for tuberculosis (TB) is reduced if the disease is detected early. The bulk of traditional Mtb detection technologies, on the other hand, fall short of the parameters for real TB detection. To address these restrictions, newly developing point-of-care devices called biosensors are necessary. Various biosensors that detect the Mtb are summarised in this review having numerous advantages such as low cost, early detection, rapid, simple, no expensive instruments are required, no need for experts, easy to handle, sensitive, specific, portable, reliable, affordable, etc. In this review, first section is all about the introduction and second part depicts the M. tuberculosis (Mtb) based traditional detection methods along with their advantages and disadvantages. The last portion of this review summarised the recently developed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) based biosensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical devices have progressed from their initial bulky forms to smart devices. However, their rigidity hampers their seamless integration into everyday life. The fields of stretchable, textile, and flexible electronics are emerging research areas with the potential to drive significant technological progress. This research presents a laboratory-based technique to produce highly sensitive and flexible biosensors for detecting the chikungunya virus. These biosensors are based on 0D nanomaterials and demonstrate significant advancements in voltammetry. The electrochemical platform was created utilizing the stencil printing (StPE) technique. Adapting the biosensor setup involved the selection of aptamer as the biorecognition element bound with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This biosensor was employed in the voltammetric identification of the Chikungunya virus antigen (CHIKV-Ag) within a solution containing 0.5 mM potassium ferro/ferri cyanide, a redox pair. The biosensor was employed to evaluate CHIKV-Ag within a human serum sample. It demonstrated a linear detection span ranging from 0.1 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL, with a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL for CHIKV-Ag. The proposed approach, due to its flexibility in production and the electrocatalytic attributes displayed by the zero-dimensional nanostructure, presents innovative opportunities for cost-effective and tailored aptamer-based bioelectronics, thereby broadening the scope of this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is currently a lot of interest in the construction of point-of-care devices stemming from paper-based origami biosensors. These devices demonstrate how paper's foldability permits the construction of sensitive, selective, user-friendly, intelligent, and maintainable analytical devices for the detection of several ailments. Herein, the first example of the electrochemical aptasensor-based polyvalent dengue viral antigen detection using the origami paper-folding method is presented. Coupling it with an aptamer leads to the development of a new notation known as OBAs, or origami-based aptasensor, that presents a multitude of advantages to the developed platform, such as assisting in safeguarding the sample from air-dust particles, providing confidentiality, and providing a closed chamber to the electrodes. In this paper, gold-decorated nanocomposites of zinc and graphene oxide (Au/ZnO/GO) were synthesized via the chemical method, and characterization was conducted by Scanning Electron Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, UV-Vis, and XRD which reveals the successful formation of nanocomposites, mainly helping to enhance the signal and specificity of the sensor by employing aptamers, since isolation and purification procedures are not required. The biosensor that is being demonstrated here is affordable, simple, and efficient. The reported biosensor is an OBA detection of polyvalent antigens of the dengue virus in human serum, presenting a good range from 0.0001 to 0.1 mg/mL with a limit of detection of 0.0001 mg/mL. The reported single-folding ori-aptasensor demonstrates exceptional sensitivity, specificity, and performance in human serum assays, and can also be used for the POC testing of various viral infections in remote areas and underdeveloped countries, as well as being potentially effective during outbreaks. Highlights: (1) First report on origami-based aptasensors for the detection of polyvalent antigens of DENV; (2) In-house construction of low-cost origami-based setup; (3) Gold-decorated zinc/graphene nanocomposite characterization was confirmed via FESEM/UV-Vis/FTIR; (4) Cross-reactivity of dengue-aptamer has been deduced; (5) Electrochemical validation was conducted through CV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present, for the very first time, the fabrication and electrochemical characterization of a paper-based experimental platform for dengue virus analysis. The paper-based device incorporates a screen-printing technology with the help of black carbon conductive ink. The paper-based device utilizes two styles of electrode setups, i.e., the two-electrode system and three-electrode system, and both setups effectively detected the dengue virus with an LOD of 0.1 µg/mL; however, these paper electrodes exhibit various current ranges, and the created sensor was encompassed and compared in this research based on current response. It is observed that the three-electrode system has a substantially higher current range, ranging from 55.53 µA to 322.21 µA, as compared to the two-electrode system, which has a current range of 0.85 µA to 4.54 µA. According to this study, the three-electrode system displayed a good range of current amplification that is roughly 50 times higher than the two-electrode system, which had a weak current response. As a result, the three-electrode method has emerged as a viable option for the very sensitive detection of the dengue virus, as well as for the diagnosis of other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]