Search

The Experiment was conducted during June-December, 2022 at Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiolgy, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Rewa, NDVSU, Jabalpur, M.P. India. to attribute the possible risk of poultry and its product as an increasing cause for food borne Salmonellosis, a cross sectional study was carried out in poultry samples from Rewa city of Madhya Pradesh. A total of 300 sample (Poultry and environment) were collected and processed for isolation and identification of Salmonellae by culture, biochemical methods and molecular methods. Only poultry samples were found positive while all the environmental sample were negative. A total of 5.5% occurrence of Salmonella was found in poultry samples with 5% positivity in meat sample and 6% in the caecum. Two serotype Salmonella Typhimurium (4%) and Salmonella. Infantis (1.5%) were detected. Drug resistance pattern of isolated Salmonella indicated a very high resistance towards many of antibiotics which are critical for clinical use for animal, birds and humans as well. All the isolates were positive for Virulence marker invA, spiA, and drug resistance gene, blaTEM, while ampC and tetA were detected only in S. Typhimurium with 23 and 50% positivity and spvR and spvC virulence genes were not detected in any isolated salmonella. As Non typhoidal Salmonella are of zoonotic importance, their presence in poultry meat and fecal samples, indicating the need to implement effective prevention and control measures throughout food chain that is from farm to fork level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted during October to January, 2018 at Gir Cattle Farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India to evaluate the effect of hydroponic maize fodder with and without supplementation of probiotics on rumen fermentation. A feeding trial of 120 days was conducted on 36 male Gir calves of same age group (6-12 months) and randomly allotted to nine dietary treatments. All the animals were offered basal feed ad lib. The T1 i.e. control group were fed concentrate mixture as per requirement. For calves in T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of crude protein (CP) supplied through concentrate mixture was replaced by hydroponics maize green fodder, respectively. Whereas, in T6, T7, T8, T9 groups, 25% 50%, 75% and 100% of crude protein (CP) supplied through concentrate mixture was replaced by hydroponics maize green fodder along with probiotics, respectively. All the rumen parameters viz. pH, Total protozoal count (105 ml-1), Total Volatile Fatty Acids (meq l-1), Ammonia nitrogen (mg dl-1), Total nitrogen (mg dl-1), TCA-precipitable nitrogen (mg dl-1), and Non protein nitrogen (mg dl-1), were estimated according to treatment and time intervals. There was non-significant effect of treatments on rumen pH but due to time intervals were found to be highly significant (p<0.01). The concentration of Total protozoal count, Total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), Total ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), Total nitrogen, TCA-Precipitable N and Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) were highly significant (p<0.01) effect due to treatments and time intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein repeats are a source of rapid evolutionary and functional novelty. Repeats are crucial in development, neurogenesis, immunity, and disease. Repeat length variability and purity can alter the outcome of a pathway by altering the protein structure and affecting the protein−protein interaction affinity. Such rampant alterations can facilitate species to rapidly adapt to new environments or acquire various morphological/physiological features. With more than 11000 species, the avian clade is one of the most speciose vertebrate clades, with near-ubiquitous distribution globally. Explosive adaptive radiation and functional diversification facilitated the birds to occupy various habitats. High diversity in morphology, physiology, flight pattern, behavior, coloration, and life histories make birds ideal for studying protein repeats' role in evolutionary novelty. Our results demonstrate a similar repeat diversity and proportion of repeats across all the avian orders considered, implying an essential role of repeats in necessary pathways. We detected positively selected sites (PSS) in the polyQ repeat of RUNX2 in the avian clade; and considerable repeat length contraction in the Psittacopasserae. The repeats show a species-wide bias towards a contraction in Galloanseriformes. Interestingly, we detected the length contrast of polyS repeat in PCDH20 between Galliformes and Anseriformes. We speculate the length variability of serine repeat and its interaction with β-catenin in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway could have facilitated fowls to adapt to their respective environmental conditions. We believe our study emphasizes the role of protein repeats in functional/morphological diversification in birds. We also provide an extensive list of genes with considerable repeat length contrast to further explore the role of length volatility in evolutionary novelty and rapid functional diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deployment of long-term evolution systems in an unauthorized spectrum provided a credible solution to manage accelerating network data traffic. Meanwhile, the distribution of spectrum on unlicensed bands creates severe interaction issues. Therefore, this paper proposed a novel listen-and-talk-based MAC (LAT-MAC) protocol to enhance secondary users' (SUs') access performance by implementing a full-duplex mechanism. The application of full-duplex methods efficiently neglects collision and improves spectrum utilization of unlicensed bands. For cognitive radio networks, utilizing these benefits of a full duplex, the proposed LAT-MAC protocol simultaneously executes transmission processes and spectrum sensing. The cognitive network users sense spectrum utilizing energy detectors. For enhanced energy detection, the type 2 fuzzy cooperative spectrum sensing (T2FCSS) technique is implemented. Moreover, to attain enhanced spectrum sensing performances with the negligence of power-throughput tradeoff and self-interference, the switching algorithm-based cognitive radio network (SA-CRN) is employed. The performances of the proposed protocol are analyzed using different metrics, and evaluation results illustrate that it achieves enhanced performance compared with existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we intend to extend the investigation for statistical boundedness of sequences and study Δ-deferred Cesàro and deferred Riesz statistical bounded sequences of order γ. Some interesting inclusion relations are presented. Further, with the aid of interesting examples, we investigate some relationships among these concepts. Some characterizations of Δ-deferred weighted statistical boundedness are developed in this paper. Finally, we apply the notion of Δ-deferred weighted statistical boundedness with a view to prove the decomposition theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progressive damage of kidney function and structure exhibits a high risk of cardiovascular disease and is the leading cause of life-threatening chronic kidney disease (CKD). Early diagnosing is the only way to prevent CKD from worsening. Different data mining and machine learning approaches are implemented for predicting chronic kidney disease; however, the extraction of hidden details from the clinical data is a difficult challenge. To overcome this situation, a new model for accurate prediction of chronic kidney disease is proposed in this article. This work evaluated the proposed predictive model using a CKD dataset. The raw chronic kidney disease dataset is initially preprocessed using data cleaning, data reduction as well as data transformation steps. These steps make the classification system easier to predict diseased and normal classes by enhancing the data quality. The features are then selected using a hybrid flash butterfly optimization algorithm. Here, the weight functions of the kernel soft plus extreme learning machine (KSELM) method are optimally tuned using the hybrid flash butterfly optimization (HFBO) algorithm to increase prediction accuracy. The efficiency of the proposed HFBO-KSELM algorithm is examined using different evaluation measures namely precision, accuracy, and specificity, recall, F1-score, and computation time. The results of the experimental analysis display superior performance of the proposed HFBO-KSELM algorithm over other existing methods, particularly with an accuracy of 97.8%, precision of 97.4%, recall of 96.9%, specificity of 97.5%, F1-score of 97.1%, computational time of 2.3 s, training accuracy of 0.978, testing accuracy of 0.94 and ROC/AUC of 0.97. Finally, the KSELM algorithm accurately predicts and classifies them into benign and malignant classes. The experimental result showed that the proposed HFBO-KSELM algorithm provides the effectiveness and robustness to detect chronic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aim is to find correlation between 2D-gamma passing rate and 3D-DVHbased pre-treatment patient-specific quality assurance. Materials and Methods: 21 head and neck and 21 pelvis patients, treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) were selected for this study. All patients were planned with Elekta VersaHD linear accelerator using Monaco (5.11) treatment planning system. 2D-planar dose measurements were performed with IBA-I'matriXX evolution detector-array using My-QA-Patients software. For 2D-Gamma index evaluation, 3%/3mm and 2%/2mm criteria were used. 3D-dose measurements were performed using the IBA-COMPASS system. For 3D measurement, Monaco and COMPASS doses were compared in terms of percentage dose differences to PTV and organs at risk. For PTV D95, D2, and D50 (dose received by 95%, 2%, and 50% volume), similarly for OARs D2 and D50 were noted. 3D Gamma index was also noted. Correlation coefficient and its corresponding two-tailed p-value (=0.05, for statistically significant) were calculated for 2D-gamma passing rate and 3D Gamma index & percentage dose differences of 3D-DVH based metrics (Monaco calculated versus COMPASS measured). Strength of correlation will be considered weak or strong based on the r -value. Results: 2D-Gamma index passing rate was 98.6±1.8%, 92.1±7.1% and 98.5±1.3%, 93.5±4.4% for head-neck and pelvis patients (3%/3mm, 2%/2mm criteria) respectively. Percentage dose-differences for PTV D95, D2, D50 for head-neck and pelvis were: 4.22±2.09%, 4.25±2.23%, 3.93±1.59 & 0.60±1.96%, 1.53±1.64%, 1.59±1.20% respectively. Spine and brainstem D2 were - 0.84±6.10%, 0.77±2.70%, bladder and rectum D50 were 3.75±3.31%, -2.19±3.60%. Conclusion: No strong correlation was observed between the 2D Gamma passing rate and 3D measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a unique approach to addressing the conversion of power requirements for standalone photovoltaic (PV) systems through the development of a multiport multi-bus power converter with partial power processing (PPP) capability. The primary objective is to improve the overall performance and efficiency of the PV system by effectively integrating multiple energy sources and loads. Maximum PPP method is applied by connecting one of the primary converter ports in series between the input and output. The aim is to optimize the converter's performance and achieve maximum power conversion efficiency. The performance of the converter is studied for various solar intensities. The effects of duty ratio of the converter are examined, and the optimum modulation index to maintain AC output constant for different intensities is identified. The results are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous plants such as lemongrass and celery are rich sources of nutrients. There is a need to test their efficacy for ameliorating nephrotoxicity. Plant-derived drugs have emerged as alternative medicine. Previous studies have focused only on the formulation of detoxifying drinks but its in vivo studies were not performed. The present research was conducted to formulate and evaluate the nutritional composition and antioxidant potential of detoxifying drink variants and to assess their ameliorative effect on the renal toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at 0.5ml/kg/day i.p in Wistar albino rats. Different detoxifying drink variants were prepared by adding 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of lemongrass powder (LG5, LG10 and LG15) and celery powder (CL5, CL10 and CL15) respectively to the standard drink SD. These additions resulted in a significant increase (p=0.05) in all the nutritional parameters. In vivo data revealed that CCl4 induced toxicity by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) (6.87nmoles/ml RBC lysate), decreased glutathione concentration (3.44µmole/ml RBC lysate) and attenuated antioxidant enzymes activity (U/mg protein) of SOD (0.82), GPx (5.83) and CAT (1.66). Detoxifying drinks significantly (p=0.05) corrected urea, uric acid and creatinine levels in plasma. Group VI and VIII receiving LG15 and CL15 variants of detoxifying drink restored the enzymatic (SOD, GPx and CAT) activity (p=0.05) and non-enzymatic parameters (GSH) and attenuated the lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte lysate. The detoxifying drink variant with 1.5% celery powder was equivalent to silymarin (herbal medicine) in protecting the kidney against CCL4-induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain size driven effects on electronic excitation-induced structural modifications have been investigated in nanocrystalline (NC) Nd2Zr2O7 on irradiation with 100 MeV iodine ions. Characterizations have been performed with in situ x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and plane-view high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. NC-powders of Nd2Zr2O7 were synthesized by auto gel-combustion and sintered at different temperatures to obtain different grain-sized samples. XRD analysis of the smallest grain-sized sample reveals the highest order–disorder transition (from pyrochlore to a more radiation-resistant phase; anion-deficient fluorite) rate at initial ion fluences followed by least amorphization at higher ion fluences. A strong correlation of the transformation build-up with the double ion impact model confirms the two step amorphization process in NC-Nd2Zr2O7 with the disordered anion-deficient fluorite structure as an intermediate phase. TEM result supports the formation of circular ion track consisting of randomly distributed regions (anion-deficient fluorite structure and amorphous regions), surrounded by a microstrain induced defect-rich pyrochlore superstructure. Lesser ordering at cationic sites and a relatively larger number of grain boundaries are responsible for the highest radiation tolerance exhibited by the smallest grain-sized sample. The present study reports a relatively higher radiation stability of NC-ternary pyrochlore oxide, Nd2Zr2O7, with a grain size of a few tens of nm, which establishes its application as a potential inert matrix for nuclear applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-known plant components for their anti-diabetic properties are Azadirachta indica leaves, Pterocarpus marsupium heartwood, Picrorhiza kurroa rhizomes and Withania coagulans berries and fruit coat. The current study's objective was to create a polyherbal dosage form and assess its effectiveness and stability. The various methanolic extracts of all four medicines were combined in the 1:1:1:1 ratios to create the polyherbal extract. Both in vitro antioxidant and in vitro antidiabetic activity of the extract were evaluated. For their preformulation investigations, a total of six polyherbal compositions were examined. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis, the phytochemicals present were identified. The medication was then put into capsules with a 0 size and evaluated for every aspect of a capsule. The stability of the most recent medicine was examined under diverse circumstances. The 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl half maximal inhibitory concentration value for the polyherbal extract was 60.56 µg/ml indicating in vitro antioxidant activity. The anti-diabetic action was equivalent to the industry standard and dose-dependent, with an half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 59.82 µg/ml for inhibiting alpha-amylase and 67.28 µg/ml for inhibiting alpha-glucosidase. The polyherbal formulation 1 displayed the best flow qualities. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic data, granules may include terpenes, tannins, phenols and flavonoids. In 30 min, the capsules with polyherbal formulation 1 had a 95.77 % cumulative drug release value. The capsules were discovered to be stable under many types of lighting, however they disintegrate above 70 % humidity and over 55°. As a result, it was discovered that the polyherbal capsules were stable and effective in treating hyperglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Jagiellonian Positron Emission Tomograph is the 3-layer prototype of the first scanner based on plastic scintillators, consisting of 192 half-metre-long strips with readouts at both ends. Compared to crystal-based detectors, plastic scintillators are several times cheaper and could be considered as a more economical alternative to crystal scintillators in future PETs. JPET is also a first multi-photon PET prototype. For the development of multi-photon detection, with photon characterized by the continuous energy spectrum, it is important to estimate the efficiency of J-PET as a function of energy deposition. The aim of this work is to determine the registration efficiency of the J-PET tomograph as a function of energy deposition by incident photons and the intrinsic efficiency of the J-PET scanner in detecting photons of different incident energies. In this study, 3-hit events are investigated, where 2-hits are caused by 511 keV photons emitted in e + e - annihilations, while the third hit is caused by one of the scattered photons. The scattered photon is used to accurately measure the scattering angle and thus the energy deposition. Two hits by a primary and a scattered photon are sufficient to calculate the scattering angle of a photon, while the third hit ensures the precise labeling of the 511 keV photons. Results: By comparing experimental and simulated energy distribution spectra, the registration efficiency of the J-PET scanner was determined in the energy deposition range of 70–270 keV, where it varies between 20 and 100 % . In addition, the intrinsic efficiency of the J-PET was also determined as a function of the energy of the incident photons. Conclusion: A method for determining registration efficiency as a function of energy deposition and intrinsic efficiency as a function of incident photon energy of the J-PET scanner was demonstrated. This study is crucial for evaluating the performance of the scanner based on plastic scintillators and its applications as a standard and multi-photon PET systems. The method may be also used in the calibration of Compton-cameras developed for the ion−beam therapy monitoring and simultaneous multi-radionuclide imaging in nuclear medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important rabi crop raised under rainfed areas of Haryana. Optimum time of sowing plays an important role in augmenting the productivity of Indian mustard. There is a need to find out the optimum time of sowing of Indian mustard to overcome the yield gap under present scenario of climatic conditions. Different cultivars may respond differently to different sowing time. The current study aimed to study the effect of date of sowing on growth, seed yield and economics of Indian mustard varieties under rainfed conditions. Methods: In this field experiments were conducted during rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Dryland Agriculture Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment comprising of 3 dates of sowing (16 October, 23 October and 30 October) and 4 varieties of Indian mustard (RH 30, RH 406, RH 725 and RH 761) was laid out in split plot design with three replications. Result: Crop sown on 23th October produced significantly taller plants over 30th October sowing. However, yield attributes viz., number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per siliqua and test weight was successively decreased with delayed sowing of the crop. Seed yield was highest (2499 kg/ha) when sown on 16th October as compared to 23th October and 30th October sowing. Highest net returns (' 92674/-) and BC ratio (5.23) was recorded in 16th October sowing over other dates of sowing. Among varieties, RH 725 produced significantly higher seed (2583 kg/ha) and stover yield (7415 kg/ha) over RH 30, RH 406 and RH 761. Variety RH 725 also recorded higher net returns of ' 95940/- and B:C ratio of 5.38 compared to other varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PLK1 is the key target for dealing with different cancer because it plays an important role in cell proliferation. According to the regulation of OECD, a QSAR model was developed from a dataset of 68 tetrahydropteridin derivatives. Three descriptors (maxHaaCH, ATSC7i, AATS7m) were considered for the development of the QSAR model. The reliability and predictability of the developed QSAR model were evaluated by various statistical parameters (r2 = 0.8213, r2ext = 0.8771 and CCCext = 0.9364). The maxHaaCH descriptor is positively correlated to pIC50 whereas, the ATSC7i and AATS7m are negatively correlated with pIC50. The QSAR model explains all the structural features and shows a good correlation with the activity. Based on molecular modelling techniques, five compounds (D1-D5) were designed. Molecular docking and dynamics studies of the most active compound were performed with PDB ID: 2RKU. The results of the present investigation may be employed to identify and develop effective inhibitors for the treatment of PLK1-related pathophysiological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Query expansion is an important approach utilized to improve the efficiency of data retrieval tasks. Numerous works are carried out by the researchers to generate fair constructive results; however, they do not provide acceptable results for all kinds of queries particularly phrase and individual queries. The utilization of identical data sources and weighting strategies for expanding such terms are the major cause of this issue which leads the model unable to capture the comprehensive relationship between the query terms. In order to tackle this issue, we developed a novel approach for query expansion technique to analyze the different data sources namely WordNet, Wikipedia, and Text REtrieval Conference. This paper presents an Improved Aquila Optimization-based COOT(IAOCOOT) algorithm for query expansion which retrieves the semantic aspects that match the query term. The semantic heterogeneity associated with document retrieval mainly impacts the relevance matching between the query and the document. The main cause of this issue is that the similarity among the words is not evaluated correctly. To overcome this problem, we are using a Modified Needleman Wunsch algorithm algorithm to deal with the problems of uncertainty, imprecision in the information retrieval process, and semantic ambiguity of indexed terms in both the local and global perspectives. The k most similar word is determined and returned from a candidate set through the top-k words selection technique and it is widely utilized in different tasks. The proposed IAOCOOT model is evaluated using different standard Information Retrieval performance metrics to compute the validity of the proposed work by comparing it with other state-of-art techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study unusual presentations of coronavirus-associated mucormycosis that are rarely seen in sinonasal mucormycosis cases. Method: The data of 400 rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis patients admitted to Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur, from May 2021 to June 2021, were retrospectively collected. The diagnosis of mucormycosis was made by histological examination of biopsy samples. Results: Out of 400 patients, 62 had symptoms other than common symptoms of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. Thirty-four patients had facial palsy, 19 complained of gum ulcers, 6 developed a cheek abscess, 2 complained of maggots in the nose along with common rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis symptoms, and 1 had a cerebellar infarct. Conclusion: Mucormycosis is a disease with various presentations, and coronavirus-associated mucormycosis has added unusual presentations to the existing list of manifestations of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. In this coronavirus disease era, mucormycosis should always be considered as a diagnosis in patients with these unusual presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radial profiles of ion current density are measured using a combination of two techniques—fixed parallel wires and a Faraday cup array—in a ring cusp ion source. These measurements are carried out for Ar+ ion beam current in the range of 20–90 mA and energy in the range of 850–1650 eV. Current density profiles near the extraction plane of the ion source are obtained by Abel inversion of the profiles of current measured using the parallel wires. In addition, the Faraday cup array provides radial profiles of ion current density at two different locations along the beam axis. A numerical model is developed and utilized for estimating the beam divergence and focal length from the profiles of ion current density measured using the two techniques. A fixed parallel wire array is established as an effective method for monitoring the ion beam profiles close to the ion source's extraction plane when the ion beam is utilized for other applications. The performance of the two measurement techniques is compared by estimating the ion beam current from the measurement of ion current density with the beam current measured from the power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The security of a watermarking scheme is mainly categorised as either robust or fragile. The former can withstand an authorised alteration/attack, primarily used in copyright protection. The latter follows a zero tolerance towards any modification, used primarily in content authentication processes. The existing literature in the field projects that two separate watermarks are required to make a watermarking scheme robust and fragile, thus making the overall process cumbersome and complex. A novel image watermarking scheme that uses only one watermark while achieving both goals of copyright protection and authentication of identities is presented. An unconventional concept of checkpointing is introduced, which equips the proposed scheme to be either robust or fragile, making it superior in its application versatility. First, watermark embedding within the host/original image is achieved by a combination of transform domain techniques along with a novel median‐based embedding block selection procedure. Second, checkpointing is performed in the spatial domain. The watermarked image in the absence of an attack is correlated to the one that is being attacked, using the template energy comparison‐based approach. In the case of the robust watermark, such checkpointing can establish whether the carried out attack is authorised or not, determining the successful recovery of the watermark or vice‐versa. Moreover, in the case of the fragile watermark, a sole confirmation of the occurrence of an attack is sufficient to make the watermark recovery impossible. Finally, the experimental analysis of the proposed scheme illustrates its excellent performance and superiority over state‐of‐the‐art methods within the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of irradiation temperature on microstructural evolution of Indian RPV steel is reported. This study, by virtue of helium ion irradiation at 77, 300 and 573 K, could bring out the effect of the irradiation induced defects on microstructural and mechanical property changes at different stages of their existence starting from the state of cascade damage till the point of their free migration. Irradiation experiments were performed with varying ion energies to achieve nearly uniform irradiation damage of 0.05, 0.2 and 3 dpa in a ~ 300 nm wide region. Irradiated samples were characterized using GIXRD, PAS, TEM and nanoindentation. Unirradiated samples showed predominant presence of a combination of di- and tri-vacancy type of defects. Most of the dislocations present in unirradiated samples were screw dislocations, while mixed type was noticed upon irradiation irrespective of the irradiation temperature. PAS study showed formation of distinct defect types at different irradiation temperatures. TEM study confirmed formation of dislocation loops and defect clusters on irradiation. Higher irradiation temperatures resulted in the extension of the width of the damage region owing to increased migration of defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimally processed onion rings in different packages treated with gamma irradiation (0.5–2.5 kGy) were studied for shelf‐life extension under low temperature (Temp 4–5°C, RH 60%–70%). An untreated sample at 0 kGy was considered as the control sample. The quality, sensory, and microbial attributes of minimally processed onion rings were recorded at 5 days intervals for 30 days. Both gamma irradiation and packaging treatments significantly (p <.01) effect the firmness, color, physiological loss in weight, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, pyruvic acid, and total plate count. Losses in weight and texture were found to be higher in vacuum packaged onion rings and increased with an increase in storage duration. The TSSs content in onion rings increased with an increase in storage period with the highest increase in vacuum packages. The lowest microbial load in onion rings was maintained in polypropylene packages with perforations in all the gamma‐irradiation treatments but physio‐chemical quality decreased at the dose level of 2.5 kGy. Overall acceptability of onion rings irradiated at 1.5 kGy obtained the highest scores irrespective of packaging treatment. Thus, polypropylene packaging with perforations and a gamma dose of 1.5 kGy was found to be most suitable for maintaining the shelf life of minimally processed onion rings. Practical applications: Minimally processed onion rings packed in perforated polypropylene packs and treated with gamma irradiation is cost‐effective and safe and convenient to use as there is no application of chemical and preservatives. Besides, the shelf life of this product is maintained best for 20 days (with good overall acceptability) at refrigerated storage. These minimally processed onion rings could encourage several food industries to utilize them in various food products. This will also allow the onion processing industry to flourish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entanglement of photons originating from electron--positron annihilation has not been experimentally proven. owever, the independent experiments performed so far unanimously confirm that the correlation between the linear polarizations of back-to-back photons from electron--positron annihilation is consistent with the assumption that these photons are entangled in the polarization. Yet, unexpectedly, recent experiments differ as regards the correlation of polarization direction of back-to-back photons after the decoherence induced by the scattering of one of these photons on the electron in the scattering material. In one of the experiments, the correlation before and after the decoherence of the photon state is the same, and in the other experiment, the scattering of one photon leads to a significant decrease in this correlation. Here we discuss this puzzle. Decoherent states were ensured provided by forcing one of the annihilation photons to scatter earlier before measuring the polarization correlation based on Compton kinematics. The comparison is made between the experimental setups used for the different measurements, and the results obtained are briefly discussed, highlighting the parameters that are important in performing such measurements. Finally, the main features of the J-PET detector are presented, along with the schemes for performing similar studies, so that the conclusive results can be used as remarks to solve the puzzle in question. Solving the decoherence puzzle will have crucial consequences for basic studies of entanglement, as well as for the proposed application of the photon polarization in positron emission tomography. If the correlation of the polarization of back-to-back photons from the electron--positron annihilation is the same before and after the scattering of these photons, then it will not be useful for the reduction of scatter fraction in positron emission tomography diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a set of monogamy constraints on one-tangle, two-tangles, three-tangles, and four-way correlations of a general four-qubit pure state. It is found that given a two-qubit marginal state ρ of a four-qubit pure state Ψ 4 , the non-Hermitian matrix ρ ρ ~ where ρ ~ = σ y ⊗ σ y ρ ∗ σ y ⊗ σ y , contains information not only about the entanglement properties of the two-qubits in state ρ but also about three-tangles involving the selected pair as well as four-way correlations of the pair of qubits in Ψ 4 . To extract information about tangles of a four-qubit state Ψ 4 , the coefficients in the characteristic polynomial of matrix ρ ρ ~ are analytically expressed in terms of 2 × 2 matrices of state coefficients. Four-tangles distinguish between different types of entangled four-qubit pure states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let D be the open unit disc in the complex plane C. A sandwich weighted composition operator SΨ, ψ, takes an analytic map f on the open unit disc D to the map (Ψ, f' ψ)', where is an analytic map of D into itself and Ψ is an analytic map on D. In this paper, we compute the adjoint of a sandwich weighted composition operator SΨ,ψ on weighted Hardy spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate semantic illustrations of text data and conclusive information extraction are major strides towards correct computation of sentence meaning, particularly for figurative languages like humor, irony, and sarcasm. We propose an encoder model called LMTweets, trained on 500 k tweets scraped from Twitter and social media. LMTweets are used to extract the dataset's features, namely SemEval 2018 Task 3. An (Irony), SARC (Sarcasm), and Riloff (Sarcasm). The extracted features are passed as input to the convolution neural network model to classify the text as sarcastic/non-sarcastic and irony/non-irony. We also apply five classification algorithms for the detection of sarcasm/irony, namely Naive Bayes (NB), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), six deep learning algorithms, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), GRU-Pooling, LSTM-Attention Mechanism (AM), GRU-AM and six transformer models namely BERT, RoBERTa, ELECTRA, XLNet, XLM-RoBERTa, and ULMFIT. For the implementation purpose, Keras API is used with Tensorflow as the backend with Python. The performance parameters considered are precision, recall, accuracy, AUC, and f1-score. Experimental results show that LMTweets + CNN model performs better among all models used and gives around 6% better performance on SemEval 2018 Task 3. A dataset, 2–3% on Rillof and SARC datasets shows the results obtained by applying various models are statistically different. The results are validated by applying the ANOVA one-way statistical test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on automatic translation of sign language to verbal languages has been progressively explored in recent years to assist speech and hearing-impaired people in communicating with non-signers. In this paper, a tiny machine learning (TinyML) solution is proposed for sign language recognition using a low-cost, wearable, internet-of things (IoT) device. A lightweight deep neural network is deployed on the edge device to interpret isolated signs from the Indian sign language using the time-series data collected from the motion sensors of the device. The scarcity of labeled training data is addressed by employing the deep transfer learning approach. Here, the knowledge gained from the data collected using the motion sensors of a different device is used to initialize the model parameters. The performance of the model is assessed in terms of classification accuracy and prediction time for different sampling rates and transferring schemes. The model achieves an average accuracy of 87.18% when all the parameters are retrained with just 4 observations of each sign recorded from the motion sensors of the proposed IoT device. The recognized sign is transmitted to a cloud platform in real-time. A mobile application, SignTalk , is also developed, which wirelessly receives the predicted signs from the cloud and displays it as text. Additionally, text-to-speech conversion is also provided on SignTalk to vocalize the predicted sign for better communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies based on imaging the annihilation of the electron (e −) and its antiparticle positron (e +) open up several interesting applications in nuclear medicine and fundamental research. The annihilation process involves both the direct conversion of e + e − into photons and the formation of their atomically bound state, the positronium atom (Ps), which can be used as a probe for fundamental studies. With the ability to produce large quantities of Ps, manipulate them in a long-lived Ps states, and image their annihilations after a free fall or after passing through atomic interferometers, this purely leptonic antimatter system can be used to perform inertial sensing studies in view of a direct test of Einstein's equivalence principle. It is envisioned that modular multi-strip detectors can be exploited as potential detection units for this kind of studies. In this work, we report the results of the first feasibility study performed on a e + beamline using two detection modules to evaluate their reconstruction performance and spatial resolution for imaging e + e − annihilations and thus their applicability for gravitational studies of Ps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Dialysis patients have compromised bone health that increases their fracture risk due to low bone mass and deterioration in bone microarchitecture. Through meta-analyses of published studies, we conclude that dialysis patients suffer from impaired compartmental bone parameters compared with healthy controls. Introduction: We performed meta-analyses to determine the effect of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients under dialysis on the trabecular and cortical parameters of radius and tibia. Methods: This is a meta-analysis of cross-sectional and prospective clinical studies. PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched using various permutation combinations. Dialysis patients were compared with non-CKD healthy controls using quantitative computed tomography. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) and pQCT data of dialysis patients were dissected from eligible studies for pooled analysis of each parameter. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria that included data from 457 dialysis patients and 2134 controls. Pooled analysis showed a significant decrease (a) in total vBMD at distal radius [standard deviation of the mean (SDM) = −0.842, p = 0.000] and tibia (SMD = −0.705, p = 0.000) and (b) in cortical vBMD (SDM = −1.037, p = 0.000) at radius of dialysis patients compared with control. There were strong correlations between total vBMD and microarchitecture parameters at tibia in dialysis patients. Conclusions: At radius and tibia, bone mass, microarchitecture, and geometry at trabecular and cortical envelopes displayed impairments in dialysis patients compared with control. Tibial vBMD may have diagnostic value in dialysis. HR-pQCT and pQCT may be used to further understand the compartmental bones response to CKD-induced loss at different stages of CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical study has been undertaken on the influence of neutral collision frequency and viscous force on Jeans instability in radiative magnetized quantum plasma. A study was conducted using linearized quantum magneto-hydrodynamic equations. A general dispersion relation is acquired employing the normal mode analysis technique and the dispersion relation is discussed for longitudinal and transverse propagation. The altered general dispersion relation is derived and discussed to acquire Jean's state of instability by containing the magnetic field and quantum correction. The numerical findings are provided to demonstrate the impact of these changes on the rate of expansion of Jeans instability. The figure captions include too many details in this paper which represent that all considered parameters have a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on the growth rate of instability. The present study is suitable to understand the phenomena of acoustic waves in astronomical space plasma science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthesis is a process highly sensitive to various abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Among them, the major abiotic stress, waterlogging, affects the crop's growth and productivity. Under waterlogging, the photosynthetic apparatus of plants was destroyed. Waterlogging reduced chlorophyll content and the net photosynthetic rate. Therefore, this updated review summarized the effect of waterlogging on chloroplast ultrastructure, photosynthetic characteristics, and chlorophyll fluorescence attributes of plant species. By studying various research papers, we found that intercellular concentration of available carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells, assimilation of carbon, and the net photosynthetic ratio declined under waterlogging. The chlorophyll fluorescence efficiency of plants decreased under waterlogging. Thus, the study of photosynthesis in plants under waterlogging should be done with respect to changing climate. Moreover, the recognition of photosynthetic characteristics present in tolerant species will be beneficial for designing the waterlogging-tolerant crop plant in changing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myocardial infarction, generally known as 'heart attack' occurs predominantly during the early morning hours and a cause of millions of death worldwide. Hydrochlorothiazide is the recommended drug for the prevention of heart disease, but the commercial market lacks its long action (>4 h) formulation. The endeavor of the present research was to develop a quality product profile of hydrochlorothiazide modified release tablets (~14 h release) by applying computational quality by design approach. Three independent factors were identified by qualitative and quantitative risk assessment. Selected dependent variables were cumulative percent of dissolved hydrochlorothiazide in 2, 5, 8 and 12 h. Graphical tools like half normal, normal and Pareto charts were used to manage model selection. The graphical relationship among the critical, independent variables was represented using contour plot and three-dimensional surface plot. Design space was identified by plotting overlay plot using three factors, two-level full factorial design. Outstanding correlation was observed between predicted and actual values. Similarity factor (F2) of reproducible trials was 78 and 79, and content uniformity was 100.9 % and 100.4 %. Average weight, hardness, thickness, diameter and friability were within acceptable limits. Quality by design approach, along with quality risk management tool furnished an efficient and effective paradigm to structure quality modified release tablets of hydrochlorothiazide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of microbiome research through metagenomics promise to generate microbiome manipulation strategies for improved larval survival in aquaculture. However, existing lacunae on the effects of sample preservation methods in metagenome profiles hinder the successful application of this technique. In this context, four preservation methods were scrutinized to identify reliable methods for fish larval microbiome research. The results showed that a total of ten metagenomics metrics, including DNA yield, taxonomic and functional microbiome profiles, and diversity measures, were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the preservation method. Activity ranking based on the performance and reproducibility showed that three methods, namely immediate direct freezing, room temperature preservation in absolute ethanol, and preservation at − 20 °C in lysis, storage, and transportation buffer, could be recommended for larval microbiome research. Furthermore, as there was an apparent deviation of the microbiome profiles of ethanol preserved samples at room temperature, the other methods are preferred. Detailed analysis showed that this deviation was due to the bias towards Vibrionales and Rhodobacterales. The microbial taxa responsible for the dissimilarity across different methods were identified. Altogether, the paper sheds light on the preservation protocols of fish larval microbiome research for the first time. The results can help in cross-comparison of future and past larval microbiome studies. Furthermore, this is the first report on the activity ranking of preservation methods based on metagenomics metrics. Apart from methodological perspectives, the paper provides for the first time certain insights into larval microbial profiles of Rachycentron canadum, a potential marine aquaculture species. Key points: • First report on effects of preservation methods on fish larval microbiome profiles. • First report on activity ranking of preservation methods based on metagenomics metrics. • Storage methods influenced DNA yield, taxonomic and functional microbiome profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rice, maize and Bt cotton are the predominant crops which are either grown solely or in rotation with other crops in Telangana state. As all these crops are exhaustive, non leguminous in nature and may lead to fast soil degradation. Therefore, a major agricultural research priority is needed to sustain soil productivity through carbon sequestration by including legume component in cropping systems. The present study was undertaken to investigate effect of cropping systems on carbon sequestration in the ongoing long-term field trial. Methods: This field investigation was initiated during the year 2017 at an experimental farm located at College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The surface soil samples were collected at 0-15 cm depth in various treatments within different cropping systems after harvest of Kharif and Rabi crops, 2019-2020 at the completion of third year of the experiment and analysed for soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) status by following standard procedures. Data were subjected to statistical analysis by adopting RBD statistical tool and analysis of variance was worked by adopting operational statistics (OP STAT) software programme.  Result: The results indicated the improvement in soil organic carbon over the initial status due to the effect of efficient cropping systems. Significantly highest build-up of organic carbon was noticed in the following cropping sequence: CS5: maize + pigeon pea (1:3) (1.25 Mg ha-1) and CS4: pigeon pea + green gram (1:3) - sesame (1.22 Mg ha-1) but the lowest value of SOC was recorded in CS1: rice-maize (7.51 Mg ha-1) and CS2: Bt cotton-fallow (7.24 Mg ha-1), respectively. During the study, it was also observed that in one of the cropping systems i.e., CS10: bhendi-marigold-beetroot showed the negative impact on the level of SOC stock (6.77 Mg ha-1) fell below the initial value (7.53 Mg ha-1) after third year of trial. However, the highest carbon sequestration rate was recorded in CS5: maize + pigeon pea (0.42 Mg ha-1 yr-1) and CS4: pigeon pea + green gram (1:3) - sesame (0.41 Mg ha-1 yr-1). The salient findings of this study showed that cropping systems involving legumes and fodder crops had improved soil organic carbon on long term basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) exert beneficial actions in the gut; nevertheless, information about the effect of SCFA on physiological responses in the small intestine of chickens is rare. 2. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 1) different molar acetate:butyrate ratios (Ac:But; Experiment 1; 78.5% acetate and 7.3% butyrate versus 71.4% acetate and 14.0% butyrate) and 2) SCFA concentrations (Experiment 2; final concentration in chambers: 70.5 versus 141 µmol SCFA/ml buffer) on the jejunal and caecal contractibility and jejunal barrier function in laying hens. The change in muscle contractibility due to the SCFA was measured in mid-jejunal and caecal segments (n = 4 each per hen) from four laying hens using the organ bath system after precontraction with acetylcholine for 15 min. Changes in short-circuit current (ISC) and transepithelial tissue conductivity (GT) as indicators for net ion flux and barrier function, respectively, were measured in mid-jejunal tissue (n = 3/hen and treatment), mounted into Ussing chambers. 3. In Experiment 1, the addition of SCFA, irrespective of the Ac:But ratio, decreased jejunal muscle tension (P < 0.05), jejunal GT as well as caused a less negative ISC (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, the increasing SCFA concentrations increased the caecal muscle contraction and jejunal ISC by 75.6% while decreasing the GT by up to 19.6% (P < 0.05). 4. In conclusion, results demonstrate that increasing butyrate proportions and SCFA concentrations stimulate caecal muscle contraction, thereby increasing caecal mixing and emptying in vivo. Jejunal ISC and GT support a strong SCFA sensing capacity in the jejunum, as both, more butyrate and higher SCFA, increased mucosal ion uptake and barrier function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In legumes, waterlogging is a major detrimental factor leading to huge yield losses. Generally, legumes lack tolerance to submergence, and conventional breeding to develop tolerant varieties are limited due to the lack of tolerant germplasm and potential target genes. Moreover, our understanding of the various signalling cascades, their interactions and key pathways induced during waterlogging is limited. Here, we focus on the role of two important plant signalling molecules, viz. hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO), during waterlogging stress in legumes. Plants and soil microbes produce these signalling molecules both endogenously and exogenously under various stresses, including waterlogging. NO and H2S are known to regulate key physiological pathways, such as stomatal closure, leaf senescence and regulation of numerous stress signalling pathways, while NO plays a pivotal role in adventitious root formation during waterlogging. The crosstalk between H2S and NO is synergistic because of the resemblance of their physiological effects and proteomic functions, which mainly operate through cysteine‐dependent post‐translational modifications via S‐nitrosation and persulfidation. Such knowledge has provided novel platforms for researchers to unravel the complexity associated with H2S–NO signalling and interactions with plant stress hormones. This review provides an overall summary on H2S and NO, including biosynthesis, biological importance, crosstalk, transporter regulation as well as understanding their role during waterlogging using 'multi‐omics' approach. Understanding H2S and NO signalling will help in deciphering the metabolic interactions and identifying key regulatory genes that could be used for developing waterlogging tolerance in legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the immediate and long-term (1 to 6weeks) effects of Whole-body vibration on sports performances such as Jump, Agility, and Sprint in Athletes/Physically active individuals. Studies searched in electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane library, and Google scholar. Articles excluded if it has 1) older population, 2) Recently injured and post-surgical cases, 3) Studies that are not RCT, 4) Grey literature, 5) Pedro score < 5. Thirteen articles were included in this review after the removal of duplicates and applying exclusion criteria. A random-effect model was performed, and SMD with a 95% CI was used to calculate the effect size. No statistically significant improvement was observed in both immediate (SMD-0.04; 95% CI: −0.31, 0.40; P –0.81) and long-term effect of WBV (SMD– −0.45; 95% CI: −1.91, 1.00; P – 0.54) on jump performance. Immediate effect of WBV on agility (SMD– −0.25; 95% CI: −0.60, 0.11; P – 0.18) was insignificant. For sprint performance, immediate (SMD– 0.04; 95% CI: −0.35, 0.44; P – 0.84) as well as long-term effect of WBV (SMD– 0.26; 95% CI: −0.49, 1.01; P – 0.49) was also not statistically significant. Future research with a large sample size is recommended to confirm the findings of the present study. According to our meta-analysis, no statistically significant effect of WBV has been observed in any performance variable. The data obtained from the result does not support the use of WBV for enhancing sports performance. However, the qualitative analysis of this study recommends the use of WBV with a frequency of 25–40 Hz and amplitude of 4–6 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The half-life of the superallowed Fermi β + emitter 14 O was determined to high precision via a direct β counting experiment performed at the Isotope Separator and Accelerator (ISAC) facility at TRIUMF. The result, T 1 / 2 ( 14 O) = 70619.2(76) ms, is consistent with, but is more precise than, the world average obtained from 11 previous measurements. Combining the 14 O half-life deduced in the present work with the previous most precise measurements of this quantity leads to a reduction in the overall uncertainty, by nearly a factor of 2. The new world average is T 1 / 2 ( 14 O) = 70619.6(63) ms with a reduced χ 2 value of 0.87 obtained from 8 degrees of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of long-term stable nanofluids are very crucial for their industrial applications. Also utilization of coils is beneficial for industries as it provides a high rate of heat transfer and is compact in size too. So, the main focus of this study is to investigate the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of long-term stable f-CNT nanofluids when flowing inside a coil-based heat exchanger. f-CNT nanofluids were prepared by utilizing modified two-step method. To analyze the effect of different parameters on hydrodynamic and convective heat transfer characteristics, f-CNT concentration, D c , and Re were varied from 0 to 0.048 vol%, 95 to 175 mm, and 2300 to 9500, respectively. According to results, f-CNT concentration, D c , and Re substantially influenced the hydrodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of f-CNT nanofluids. It was found that improvement in h (152%) was much higher than the enhancement in friction factor (49%) when f-CNT nanofluid at 0.048 vol% was flowing through the coil of 95 mm diameter. Based on the heat transfer and hydrodynamic data, performance index was evaluated. The maximum performance index was calculated ⁓ 2.5, suggesting that the utilization of helical coils and f-CNT nanofluids is an excellent choice in industrial applications. Based on the experimental data, empirical correlations have been proposed to calculate the friction factor and Nusselt number for f-CNT nanofluids when flowing inside coils of different diameters and at different f-CNT concentrations. The proposed correlations explain the present experimental data within ± 15% and ± 20%, for friction factor and Nu, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to prepare and characterize eggplant peel extract (EPE) with suitability for application in the food industry. EPE was prepared via ultrasound-assisted extraction method employing ethanol as an extraction solvent, then reconstituted in water. The total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity of EPE in an organic and aqueous solvent were determined. In EPE, the major anthocyanin, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, was quantified via LC-MS/MS. The agar well diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination method were used to analyze the antibacterial activity of EPE against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the total phenolic content, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity of EPE when reconstituted in water. The inhibition zones of EPE (at 100 mg/mL concentration) ranged from 15.6 to 21.6 mm, whereas MIC ranged from 2.34 to 4.68 mg/mL against all tested bacteria. The lower values of MIC for B. cereus and S. aureus indicated that EPE was more effective for gram-positive bacterial strains. The water-reconstituted EPE with significant antioxidant and antibacterial activity would have potential food industrial applications, like food packaging, nutraceuticals, and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colic is an important disease of horses. It is a multifactorial and complex disorder. Colic remains one of the common causes of death in horses therefore in present investigation, clinical and haemato-biochemical changes associated with GI colic in horses were studied. Methods: Total 105 horses were examined to study the clinical and haemato-biochemical parameters in colicky horses in southern part of Rajasthan. Result: Mean respiration rate, pulse rate and capillary refill time was found to be significantly increased in horses affected with colic than healthy control animals (P<0.05). In haematological indices, mean packed cell volume was signif icantly increased in colic affected horses (P<0.05) whereas mean total platelet count and mean lymphocyte count was found to be significantly decreased (P<0.05). In serum biochemical indices, serum aspartate amino transferase, serum alanine amino transferase, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum glucose, serum albumin, serum total protein, serum alkaline phosphate and blood lactate were found to be significantly increased in horses affected with colic than healthy control group (P<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of leaf, bark, flower and fruit pulp of C. fistula were determined in male wistar albino rats. Methods: Antipyretic activity was assessed by E. coli endotoxin induced pyrexia. Analgesic activity was assessed by hot plate, tail immersion and acetic acid induced writhing test. Anti-inf lammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. Result: Significant (p<0.05) antipyretic activity was exhibited from 2 h onwards by bark extract @ 200 mg/kg and from 3h onwards by bark extract @100 mg/kg and leaves extract @ 200 mg/kg as compared to control group. Significant (p<0.05) analgesic activity was shown by extract of bark @ 200 mg/kg as it is evident by increase in reflex time in hot plate (90,120,180 min), tail immersion test (120,180 min) and inhibition of writhing (32.12%). Significant (p<0.05) anti-inf lammatory activity was exhibited from 3 h post administration by bark @ 200 and leaves @ 100 and 200 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]