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Ethical conduct of artificial intelligence (AI) is undoubtedly becoming an ever more pressing issue considering the inevitable integration of these technologies into our lives. The literature so far discussed the responsibility domains of AI; this study asks the question of how to instil ethicality into AI technologies. Through a three-step review of the AI ethics literature, we find that (i) the literature is weak in identifying solutions in ensuring ethical conduct of AI, (ii) the role of professional conduct is underexplored, and (iii) based on the values extracted from studies about AI ethical breaches, we thus propose a conceptual framework that offers professionalism as a solution in ensuring ethical AI. The framework stipulates fairness, nonmaleficence, responsibility, freedom, and trust as values necessary for developers and operators, as well as transparency, privacy, fairness, trust, solidarity, and sustainability as organizational values to ensure sustainability in ethical development and operation of AI.

This article explores an examination of industry clusters from a systems perspective. We analyze Russia’s pharmaceutical clusters and India’s automobile clusters in terms of the systems concepts of holism, emergence, and open systems. We further consider the aspects of human capital investment and the availability of professional labor, infrastructure, private–public sector collaboration, support for funding and commercialization, as well as innovation corporate culture, when examining the institutional pillars supporting the development and growth of industry clusters within the national innovation ecosystems. The findings illustrate how industry clusters can be viewed from a systems perspective. We also highlight how the institutional pillars underpinning national innovation ecosystems can be applied to an industry cluster level, particularly in emerging countries. The article provides implications for theory and practice in the application of a systems perspective as a way to foster industry cluster innovation and promote a more effective national innovation ecosystem.

This paper examines the customer value creation framework and discusses the design of the key elements for product development in emerging markets. A scientometric/bibliometric scoping literature review identifies a clear gap in the current research in studying prerequisites for customer value creation in emerging market contexts. Observing experiences of Daikin and Renault in the context of India, the purpose of this paper is to identify value creation strategic choices following which comprehensive customer value offerings in products and services can be successfully created by firms across the four facets of the framework in emerging markets. Value creation strategies include having a nuanced understanding of the latent contextual needs to offer localized high-quality products that embody distinct functional attributes that provide a functional value and being responsive to specific emotional needs and epistemic experiences of the target customers in product and service offerings to deliver a greater experiential value. Furthermore, the products should adopt a localized operational excellence strategy throughout the value chain to reduce costs for competitive price offerings in order to deliver superior cost value and develop brand image and equity strategy, thereby allowing for the provision of a greater symbolic value. Experiences of successful firms demonstrate the need for extensive local research into the emerging market followed by localization of production and development of a distribution network to be able to offer customized products at competitive prices whilst maintaining the brand value. We thus extend the customer value creation framework by introducing localization as a necessary condition for successful organizational performance in emerging markets.

Proponents of neoliberalism stipulate the importance of market self-regulation, privatization, unrestricted free trade and reduction in government interference in the functions of markets. Institutional political economy proponents prescribe that economics cannot be divorced from the social and political context since the market itself is an institution, which is to say is politically constructed. Transition economies are economies that undergo structural transformations intended to develop market-based institutions. Out of all transition economies, Russia experienced a stark contrast between the sudden deregulation followed by the more gradual state-led transition to a market economy. This study finds that the shock therapy approach proposed by the neoliberal policy in the beginning of the Russian transition led to severe setbacks in the national innovation system of Russia in the 1990s due to inabilities of the society and organizations to function in a newly liberalized economy without strong institutional frameworks. In 2000s, the new government managed to centralize the power and established strong functional institutions that provided a more clear-cut business environment that supported firms. This resulted in alignment of business strategies from short-term-profit-seeking with a strategic path of trading in the newly liberalized economy towards more long-term investment strategies including vertical integration, modernization and R&D.

This study examines what capabilities are required by firms to create appropriate innovations for mass markets in emerging economies (EEs) focusing on the Indian automotive industry. Although prior research emphasizes the critical role of capabilities for innovation, the focus of these studies are on the needs of customers from developed country markets. However, EEs are often characterised by multilevel pyramid structures reflecting large income disparities and highly discerning price–performance conscious customers demanding affordable and functional products. The meagre purchasing power of mass customers implies firms attempting to serve these markets need to be driven by a frugal approach and deliberate restraint on resources. Hence, it is important to determine what should be the approach to orchestrate resources to cater to the underserved masses. The research has utilised a mixed method approach combining qualitative and quantitative methodology. The qualitative part used comprehensive empirical case studies of two emerging market firms (EMFs) and two auto MNCs coupled with a cross case analysis and validated the detailed processes of capability development for mass market innovations. The quantitative part entailed a multivariate analysis using 12 years of panel data from the Indian automotive industry to statistically validate the qualitative findings across industry population. The findings revealed the salience of linkage formation capabilities to leverage existing blocks of local resources, sharing costs and risks associated with developing products/technologies for untested mass markets with very thin profit margins. The study also observed the significance of combinative capabilities to reconfigure an established system in new ways and frugally recombine existing core technologies rather reinventing the wheel to achieve an altered price-performance package. Lastly, the study identified the significance of capability to modularize to achieve low cost le

Klarin, A., Sharmelly, R., & Suseno, Y. (2021). A systems perspective in examining industry clusters: Case studies of clusters in Russia and India. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(8), article 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14080367

Klarin, A., Ray, P., & Sharmelly, R. (2018). Industrial modernization and business strategies in transition economies. In the proceedings of the 2018 Australian and New Zealand International Business Academy Conference (ANZIBA). Available here