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4. A plastics hierarchy of fates: sustainable choices for a circular future

Author

Kortsen, Kristoffer, Kilbride, Siobhan, Lowe, Stephen R., Peirce, Adam, and Shaver, Michael P.

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society
Abstract

Plastics are ubiquitous in modern society, but the linear model of produce, use, and dispose results in massive amounts of resource consumption and pollution. Landfill and incineration of plastic waste is endemic, with no consensus on a clear path towards a more sustainable model. Progress is often hampered by a lack of clarity on what choices will enable a more sustainable circular plastics economy. Our Plastics Hierarchy of Fates tool addresses this by bringing together scattered information on the end-of-life fates of plastics in a more accessible format. This tool will support manufacturing, processing, and policy decisions in the push for a more sustainable future. Potential sorting and recycling decisions for plastics waste are discussed in the hierarchy and the consequences of different decisions are highlighted. The hierarchy is meant to inform potential outcomes but can also be used to help shape future interventions., Comment: to access the interactive tool, see https://lucid.app/documents/embedded/0ad93c05-0179-40bb-9468-63e25fc4dfae#

Published
2023

18. Antioxidant-Containing Polymeric Additives for Improved Mechanical Recycling of PET

Author

Wang, Yuyao, Shaver, Michael P., and De Hoe, Guilhem X.

Abstract

Functional additives such as antioxidants and chain extenders are important mitigators of the thermo-oxidative degradation that occurs during the high-temperature reprocessing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), yet leaching of these additives into packaged goods or the environment can pose risks to environmental or human health. In this work, we prepared a series of polymeric antioxidants with molar masses in the range of 3–12 kg/mol by free radical copolymerization of styrene (S) and 2.5–10 mol % of a phenol-containing methacrylate monomer (BHM). These additives were incorporated into PET via extrusion, and we investigated their ability to impart oxidative stability as well as their propensity to leach into solvents of different polarities. Additive performance was benchmarked against that of Irganox 1010, a commercially available phenolic antioxidant, and Joncryl ADR 4400, a polymeric chain extender that rebuilds polymer chains through cross-linking. Extrusion trials revealed similar performance between all polymeric additives and Irganox 1010, whereas oxidative induction time (OIT) tests revealed that the 5–10 mol % incorporation of BHMafforded similar or better performance than Irganox 1010, with little to no dependence on the polymer molar mass. Minimal leaching of the polymeric antioxidants was observed in methanol, whereas experiments in acetone revealed that ca. 3 kg/mol polymers leached between 2 and 5 times more than their ca. 12 kg/mol counterparts across all polymer compositions. This systematic study provides valuable insights for the design of future antioxidants that effectively stabilize recycled plastics without increasing risks to the environment or human health.

Published
2024
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22. Public Funding Resources for Alcohol and Other Drug Programs. [Revised.]

Author

Rutgers, The State Univ., Piscataway, NJ. Center of Alcohol Studies. and Shaver, Michael

Abstract

In recent years there has been a remarkable increase in the number of alcohol and other drug education, prevention, and treatment programs in higher education and funding has not kept pace with program development. The purpose of this document is to help those unfamiliar with the process of funding development to identify possible resources and to gain basic ideas about how to begin the process of searching for support. It includes a simplified explanation of how to understand the "Federal Register" and the "Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA)," two large and often confusing documents where the process of seeking public funding begins. The guide covers only public funding sources (those available from government entities), although there are many other sources such as private foundations and trusts. For readers interested in exploring private funding, some helpful resources in this area are included. Following descriptions of the "Federal Register" and the CFDA are half-page descriptions of 19 public program resources and of 11 public research resources. A resource bibliography concludes the document. The Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments of 1989 are appended. (NB)

Published
1993

23. Alcohol and Other Drugs: Policy Development for Trustees of New Jersey Colleges and Universities. Resource File.

Author

Rutgers, The State Univ., Piscataway, NJ. Center of Alcohol Studies. and Shaver, Michael

Abstract

There is a great deal of disagreement about what it means to have a comprehensive policy dealing with alcohol and other drugs. This publication is designed to address the very basic issues of policy development, to offer broad guidelines in policy development, to provide resources in this area, and to encourage the development of comprehensive policies that feature strong educational components. Chapters include the following: (1) Introduction; (2) The Policy Development Committee; (3) Elements of Risk Management; (4) Key Policy Elements; (5) Presentation of the Policy; (6) Education; (7) Summary of Action Steps; (8) References and Footnotes; and (9) Additional Information Resources. The important aspects of policy stressed are: (1) having support from the highest level of the institution; (2) involving everyone on campus; (3) designing a policy to meet specific institutional requirements and applicable laws (risk management); and (4) continuing education on the impacts of alcohol use. The lack of agreement in what constitutes abusive consumption, what an alcohol-related problem is, or even what "moderation" or "responsible use" really means makes the creation of policy necessary and difficult. (KM)

Published
1992

37. Using Low-Tech Interactions in the Chemistry Classroom to Engage Students in Active Learning

Author

Shaver, Michael P.

Abstract

Two complementary techniques to gauge student understanding and inspire interactive learning in the chemistry classroom are presented. Specifically, this article explores the use of student responses with their thumbs as an alternative to electronic-response systems and complementing these experiences with longer, task-based questions in an activity called "cue-card gambling". Specific examples are provided of the application of these techniques to a second-year inorganic chemistry course focusing on coordination chemistry; however, these general tools can be readily applied to any area of chemistry and science education. (Contains 1 table.)

Published
2010
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43. Directed Evolution of an Efficient and Thermostable PET Depolymerase

Author

Bell, Elizabeth, primary, Smithson, Ross, additional, Kilbride, Siobhan, additional, Foster, Jake, additional, Hardy, Florence, additional, Ramachandran, Saranarayanan, additional, Tedstone, Aleksander, additional, Haigh, Sarah, additional, Garforth, Arthur, additional, Day, Philip, additional, Levy, Colin, additional, Shaver, Michael, additional, and Green, Anthony, additional

Published
2022
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47. Directed Evolution of an Efficient and Thermostable PET Depolymerase

Author

Bell, Elizabeth, primary, Smithson, Ross, additional, Kilbride, Siobhan, additional, Foster, Jake, additional, Hardy, Florence, additional, Ramachandran, Saranarayanan, additional, Tedstone, Aleksander, additional, Haigh, Sarah, additional, Garforth, Arthur, additional, Day, Philip, additional, Levy, Colin, additional, Shaver, Michael, additional, and Green, Anthony, additional

Published
2021
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50. Alkyne-Tagged PLGA Allows Direct Visualization of Nanoparticles In Vitro and Ex Vivo by Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy

Author

Vanden-hehir, Sally, Cairns, Stefan A., Lee, Martin, Zoupi, Lida, Shaver, Michael Patrick, Brunton, Valerie G., Williams, Anna, and Hulme, Alison Nicola

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Drug Carriers, Nonlinear Optical Microscopy, fungi, technology, industry, and agriculture, food and beverages, Article, Rats, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Drug Delivery Systems, Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer, Alkynes, Animals, Nanoparticles, Microglia, Polyglycolic Acid
Abstract

Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are attractive candidates for the controlled and targeted delivery of therapeutics in vitro and in vivo. However, detailed understanding of the uptake, location and ultimate cellular fate of the NPs is necessary in order to satisfy safety concerns, which is difficult because of the nanoscale size of these carriers. In this work, we show how small chemical labels can be appended to poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in order to synthesise NPs that can then be imaged by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, a vibrational imaging technique which can elucidate bond specific information in biological environments, such as the identification of alkyne signatures in modified PLGA terpolymers. We show that both deuterium and alkyne labelled NPs can be imaged within primary rat microglia, and the alkyne NPs can also be imaged ex vivo cortical mouse brain tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis confirms that the NPs localize in microglia in the mouse brain tissue, demonstrating that these NPs have the potential to deliver therapeutics selectively to microglia.

Published
2019
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