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Escribir un artículo científico no es fácil, muchos investigadores hacen su investigación, pero no pueden convertirla en un artículo científico. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de este artículo fue exponer una estructura para la redacción de un artículo científico, mostrando y discutiendo cada tema de la estructura, así como identificando y cuantificando artículos científicos que enseñan el paso a paso (o tips de redacción académica) para escribir un buen artículo. Se seleccionaron estudios publicados en dos bases de datos: Google Scholar y el Directorio de Revistas de Acceso Abierto (DOAJ) teniendo en cuenta los últimos 10 años (2011-2021), buscando resultados utilizando el estado del arte sobre cómo escribir un artículo científico. También se observó que hay más revistas de acceso cerrado que revistas abiertas en todo Brasil y que la investigación debe continuar para discutir y difundir conocimientos sobre el tema abordado en otras bases de datos. A escrita de artigo científico não é fácil, muitos pesquisadores fazem suas pesquisas, mas não conseguem transformá-los em um artigo científico. Por este motivo, objetivou-se neste artigo expor uma estrutura para a escrita de artigo científico, mostrando e discutindo cada tópico da estrutura, assim como identificar e quantificar artigos científicos que ensinam o passo a passo (ou dicas de escrita acadêmicas) para escrever um bom artigo. Foram selecionados os estudos divulgados em duas bases de dados: Google Scholar e o Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) levando em consideração os últimos 10 anos (2011-2021), buscando resultados utilizando o estado da arte acerca de como escrever um artigo científico. Observou-se ainda que existem mais revistas de acesso fechado que abertos em todo o Brasil e que deve ser continuada a pesquisa para discutir e disseminar o conhecimento acerca da temática abordada em outras bases de dados. Writing a scientific article is not easy, many researchers do their research, but cannot turn it into a scientific article. For this reason, the objective of this article was to expose a structure for writing a scientific article, showing and discussing each topic of the structure, as well as identifying and quantifying scientific articles that teach the step by step (or academic writing tips) to write a good article. Studies published in two databases were selected: Google Scholar and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) taking into account the last 10 years (2011-2021), seeking results using the state of the art on how to write a scientific article. It was also observed that there are more closed access journals than open journals throughout Brazil and that research should be continued to discuss and disseminate knowledge about the topic addressed in other databases.

O presente artigo teve como finalidade mostrar a relevância da família no âmbito escolar, principalmente, nos dias atuais que teve uma grande fundamentação para que processo e aprendizagem aconteça de forma eficiente, ao longo dos tempos a família com fundadora principal da educação dos filhos, tem se tornando cada vez mais importante no contexto escolar contribuindo diretamente na formação dos educandos. O tema surgiu da necessidade de facilitar esse processo de ensino e aprendizagem, percebemos que esse processo exige uma participação ativa da família dentro da escola, para ter ensino satisfatório. O trabalho foi fundamentado através de pesquisa de campo e bibliográfica. Ao analisarmos alguns teóricos como, Silva e Araújo, Santos e Serrano, Krauss, Orth e Robins, entre outros, que se dedicaram com o presente tema, só reforçou o quão é importante a relação da família – escola, na construção de indivíduos nos aspectos intelectual, emocional e social. Conclui-se, que a relação entre escola e família é muito importante para a aprendizagem dos educandos, a família precisa participar ativamente das reuniões escolar, e ter esse acompanhamento no processo educativo dos seus filhos, diante da pesquisa feita, os pais são fundamentais para o ensino satisfatório e de qualidade. El propósito de este artículo fue mostrar la relevancia de la familia en el ámbito escolar, principalmente, en la actualidad que tuvo un gran fundamento para que el proceso y aprendizaje sucediera de manera eficiente, siendo en el tiempo la familia el principal artífice de la educación de los niños. , ha cobrado cada vez más importancia en el contexto escolar, contribuyendo directamente a la formación de los alumnos. El tema surgió de la necesidad de facilitar este proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, nos dimos cuenta que este proceso requiere de una participación activa de la familia dentro de la escuela, para tener una enseñanza satisfactoria. El trabajo se basó en la investigación de campo y la literatura. Al analizar algunos teóricos como Silva y Araújo, Santos y Serrano, Krauss, Orth y Robins, entre otros, que se han dedicado al presente tema, no hizo más que reforzar cuán importante es la relación familia-escuela, en construcción de los individuos en los aspectos intelectual, afectivo y social. Se concluye que la relación escuela familia es muy importante para el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, la familia necesita participar activamente en las reuniones escolares, y tener este acompañamiento en el proceso educativo de sus hijos, en vista de la investigación realizada, los padres son fundamentales para una enseñanza satisfactoria y de calidad. The purpose of this article was to show the relevance of the family in the school environment, mainly, in the present day that had a great foundation for the process and learning to happen efficiently, over time the family with the main founder of the children's education, has becoming increasingly important in the school context, contributing directly to the education of students. The theme arose from the need to facilitate this teaching and learning process, we realized that this process requires an active participation of the family within the school, to have satisfactory teaching. The work was based on field research and literature. When analyzing some theorists such as Silva and Araújo, Santos and Serrano, Krauss, Orth and Robins, among others, who have dedicated themselves to the present theme, it only reinforced how important the family-school relationship is, in construction of individuals in the intellectual, emotional and social aspects. It is concluded that the relationship between school and family is very important for the learning of students, the family needs to participate actively in school meetings, and to have this follow-up in the educational process of their children, given the research carried out, parents are fundamental to satisfactory and quality teaching.

A escrita de artigo científico não é fácil, muitos pesquisadores fazem suas pesquisas, mas não conseguem transformá-los em um artigo científico. Por este motivo, objetivou-se neste artigo expor uma estrutura para a escrita de artigo científico, mostrando e discutindo cada tópico da estrutura, assim como identificar e quantificar artigos científicos que ensinam o passo a passo (ou dicas de escrita acadêmicas) para escrever um bom artigo. Foram selecionados os estudos divulgados em duas bases de dados: Google Scholar e o Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) levando em consideração os últimos 10 anos (2011-2021), buscando resultados utilizando o estado da arte acerca de como escrever um artigo científico. Observou-se ainda que existem mais revistas de acesso fechado que abertos em todo o Brasil e que deve ser continuada a pesquisa para discutir e disseminar o conhecimento acerca da temática abordada em outras bases de dados.

O presente artigo teve como finalidade mostrar a relevância da família no âmbito escolar, principalmente, nos dias atuais que teve uma grande fundamentação para que processo e aprendizagem aconteça de forma eficiente, ao longo dos tempos a família com fundadora principal da educação dos filhos, tem se tornando cada vez mais importante no contexto escolar contribuindo diretamente na formação dos educandos. O tema surgiu da necessidade de facilitar esse processo de ensino e aprendizagem, percebemos que esse processo exige uma participação ativa da família dentro da escola, para ter ensino satisfatório. O trabalho foi fundamentado através de pesquisa de campo e bibliográfica. Ao analisarmos alguns teóricos como, Silva e Araújo, Santos e Serrano, Krauss, Orth e Robins, entre outros, que se dedicaram com o presente tema, só reforçou o quão é importante a relação da família – escola, na construção de indivíduos nos aspectos intelectual, emocional e social. Conclui-se, que a relação entre escola e família é muito importante para a aprendizagem dos educandos, a família precisa participar ativamente das reuniões escolar, e ter esse acompanhamento no processo educativo dos seus filhos, diante da pesquisa feita, os pais são fundamentais para o ensino satisfatório e de qualidade.

Resumo: São diversas as classificações e tipos de pesquisas, de acordo com a área a ser investigada, bem como sobre qual contexto ideológico um determinado fenômeno será investigado. Dessa forma, levando em consideração os diversos elementos que compõe a Educação, este estudo busca analisar e comentar quais as abordagens mais indicadas às pesquisas científicas em educação, de modo a possibilitar transformações nos campos e sujeitos envolvidos. Os resultados levaram a crer que a pesquisa científica é fundamental para o progresso das bases epistemológicas, seja ela qualitativa ou quantitativa. O mais importante é que os objetivos que se pretende sejam claros e bem especificados, assim como a delimitação do mesmo e sua metodologia. Dessa forma, os resultados terão maior credibilidade científica e técnica, o que possibilitará uma real contribuição social e acadêmica. Palavras-chave: Tipos de pesquisa, Credibilidade acadêmica, Metodologia científica.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-06-23T00:21:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-11-06 The inclusion of the person with Special Educational Needs in the regular teaching room, despite being duly substantiated by the legislation, still consists of a web with many nodes. A web that intertwines threads from the areas of health and education, and in this intertwining lies the nodes. Contemplated in numerous legal provisions, the issue of inclusion is still the subject of many studies of different public policies. In this scenario, The Health at School Program (PSE), instituted by Decree 6. 286 of December 5, 2007, emerges, an interministerial action between the Ministries of Education and the Ministry of Health and brings an intersectoral proposal: the articulation between the teams of family health and school communities, the municipality of Picos signed up to the Program through the Municipal Health Program Program (PSE) - No. 022080012176. A program that interweaves health and education refers to one of the issues most addressed today, inclusion. This study aims to analyze the contribution of the Health at School Program to the inclusion of students with special educational needs in school spaces. To this end, it was necessary, in addition to the survey of the theoretical and legal framework that underlies the PSE, an exploratory field research, with a qualitative approach, using the techniques of semi-structured interviews and focus group with discussions about the theme. Due to Pandemia Covid 19, the meetings took place in virtual mode through the Meet platform. Bardin's Content Analysis was used as a basis for comparing the information obtained in the analysis of the data with the functionality of the program within a school institution. The results point to the realization that the actions of this intersectoral policy have not contributed to inclusion, as presupposed part of the school collective. Based on the information obtained in the data analysis, the reality of the Program's counterproductive actions became evident. In the focus group discussions, the conceptual and operational uncertainty that permeates the teachers' understanding was revealed. The speeches of the teachers sometimes sounded like regret, sometimes like a cry for help, expressing disappointments and frustrations. A inclusão da pessoa com Necessidades Educacionais Especiais na sala de ensino regular, apesar de devidamente fundamentada pela legislação, ainda consiste em uma teia com muitos nós. Uma teia que entrelaça fios das áreas da saúde e educação, e, neste entrelaçamento, residem os nós. Contemplada em inúmeros dispositivos legais, a questão da inclusão ainda é objeto de muitos estudos de diversas políticas públicas. Neste cenário, desponta O Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE), instituído pelo Decreto 6. 286 de 5 de dezembro de 2007, uma ação interministerial, entre os Ministérios da Educação e o da Saúde, que traz uma proposta intersetorial: a articulação entre as equipes de saúde da família e as comunidades escolares. O município de Picos firmou a adesão ao Programa por meio do Termo de Compromisso Municipal do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) - Nº 022080012176. Um programa que entrelaça saúde e educação remete a uma das questões mais abordadas na atualidade, a inclusão. Esse estudo objetiva analisar a contribuição do Programa Saúde na Escola na inclusão de estudantes com necessidades educacionais especiais nos espaços escolares. Para tanto, fez-se necessário, além do levantamento do arcabouço teórico e legal que fundamenta o PSE, uma pesquisa de campo exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, utilizando as técnicas de entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupo focal com discussões acerca da temática. Em virtude da Pandemia Covid 19, as reuniões se deram na modalidade virtual por meio da Plataforma Meet. A Ana¿lise de Conteu¿do da Bardin foi utilizada como base para proceder o cotejo das informações obtidas na análise dos dados com a funcionalidade do programa no interior de uma instituição escolar. Os resultados apontam para a constatação de que as ações dessa política intersetorial não têm contribuído para inclusão, como pressupunha parte do coletivo da escola. Partindo das informações obtidas na análise dos dados, a realidade das ações contraproducentes do Programa se tornou evidente. Nas discussões dos grupos focais foi revelada a incerteza conceitual e operacional que permeia o entendimento dos docentes. As falas dos professores soaram ora como lamento, ora como pedido de socorro, expressando desapontamentos e frustações.

To maintain momentum towards improved malaria control and elimination, a vaccine would be a key addition to the intervention toolkit. Two approaches are recommended: (1) promote the development and short to medium term deployment of first generation vaccine candidates and (2) support innovation and discovery to identify and develop highly effective, long-lasting and affordable next generation malaria vaccines.

We conducted a survey to determine the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of measles in Zimbabwe. Between December 1996 and February 1997, we collected blood samples and clinical and demographic information from a sample of 105 children with a clinical diagnosis of measles. A clinical case of measles was defined as a person with a history of fever, rash for three or more days, and either cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis. A laboratory-confirmed case of measles or rubella had IgM antibodies against measles virus or rubella virus respectively. A total of 91% of children met the clinical case definition. Among those who met the clinical case definition for measles, 72% were IgM-positive for measles virus only, 23% were IgM-positive for rubella virus only, 3% were IgM-positive for both measles and rubella viruses, and 2% were IgM-negative for both viruses. This study demonstrates the importance of considering selective laboratory confirmation of measles in periods of high disease incidence when the effectiveness of the vaccine is questioned.

The vaccination of children against childhood illnesses not only carries the obvious medical and economic benefits, but there exists numerous indirect and often far reaching added societal benefits. In developing countries, vaccination forms the basis of village operated primary health care (PHC) activities leading to a sustained PHC programme. Vaccination programmes provide an opportunity for the provision of other primary care services, as it can be the only recurring activity in primary care, that brings mother and child into contact with health services on a predictable and frequent basis. Vaccination leads to a direct and measurable reduction of child mortality rates and this has been proven to families and communities, resulting in families choosing to have fewer children. Vaccination becomes an opportunity for a higher standard of living as it encourages smaller families and in this way contributes to successes In family planning programmes. The vaccination of children has a great impact on the lives of women in developing countries as they are the principle carers of children. Protecting the lives of children directly through vaccination and through other PHC activities is a major strategy towards improving the lives of women as it liberates their time, energy and resources. The opportunity and provision of vaccination empowers women to protect their own health and that of their children through their own actions, giving an added psychological feeling of control and empowerment in their lives. Therefore, while vaccination services can be delivered alone, they are best delivered along with other services needed by children in their first year of life and by pregnant women: the persons who constitute the priority groups for primary health care services in the developing world. In addition to the monitoring of the growth of the child, the use of oral re-hydration to treat diarrhoea and the promotion of breast-feeding, these services may include malaria treatment and prophylaxis, and counselling with respect to child spacing, nutrition during pregnancy, weaning practices, and clean water and sanitation.The vaccination of children against childhood diseases carries obvious medical and economic benefits as well as numerous indirect and often far-reaching added societal benefits. In developing countries, vaccination forms the basis of village-operated primary health care (PHC) activities leading to a sustained PHC program. Vaccination programs provide an opportunity for the provision of other primary care services. It also leads to a direct and measurable reduction of child mortality rates and becomes an opportunity for a higher standard of living as it encourages small families and, in this way, contributes in the family planning programs' success. The vaccination of children has a great impact on the lives of women in developing countries. Protecting the lives of children through vaccination and through other PHC activities is a major strategy towards improving the lives of women. The opportunity and provision of vaccination empowers women to protect their own health and that of their children through their own actions, giving an added psychological feeling of control and empowerment in their lives. Therefore, while vaccination services can be delivered alone, they are best delivered along with other services that are needed by children in their first year of life and by pregnant women. These services may include, among others, child growth monitoring, use of oral rehydration to treat diarrhea, promotion of breast-feeding, malaria treatment and chemoprophylaxis, and maternal and child health services.

No Abstract. Central African Journal of Medicine Vol. 45 (12) 1999: pp. 330-334

Measles is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable death in Africa. Regional measles elimination is considered feasible using current vaccines and a series of WHO-recommended strategies. We aimed to interrupt transmission of measles, and to use case-based surveillance to show the effect of such interruption.In southern Africa from 1996, seven countries with a total population of approximately 70 million and with relatively high routine vaccination coverage implemented measles elimination strategies. In addition to routine measles immunisation at 9 months of age, these included nationwide catch-up campaigns among children aged 9 months to 14 years, then follow-up campaigns every 3-4 years among children aged 9-59 months, and the establishment of case-based measles surveillance with serological diagnostic confirmation.Nearly 24 million children aged 9 months to 14 years were vaccinated, with overall vaccination coverage of 91%. Reported clinical measles cases declined from 60000 in 1996 to 117 laboratory-confirmed measles cases in 2000. Reported measles deaths declined from 166 in 1996 to zero in 2000. No increase in adverse events was noted after the measles vaccination campaign.A reduction in measles mortality and morbidity can be achieved in very low-income countries, in countries that split their vaccination campaigns by geographical area or by age-group of the target population, and where initial routine measles vaccination coverage among infants was90%, even when prevalence of HIV/AIDS was extremely high. Continued high-level national commitment will be crucial to implementation and maintenance of proven strategies in southern Africa.

Missed opportunities for vaccination occur when a child or woman who is eligible for a vaccination visits a health facility but fails to receive that vaccination. Our study attempted to determine the extent and reasons for missed opportunities occurring in an urban setting in Zimbabwe.This study was carried out using the standard WHO EPI protocol for ascertaining missed opportunities for vaccination.All four health clinics in Chitungwiza City.All appropriate clients (children2 years and women of childbearing age) exiting each facility.The study revealed a global missed opportunity rate of six pc for children and 55pc for women of childbearing age. Missed opportunities occurred more frequently when children attended curative services and when women of childbearing age attended preventive services.Vaccination services can be improved by making all vaccines available and by screening children and women at all contacts with health services. Additionally, all women should receive and be encouraged to carry a tetanus toxoid vaccination card when visiting a health facility. In all cases, a vial of vaccine should be opened even if only one child or woman is eligible for vaccination, in accordance with Ministry of Health policy.

SUMMARY 1. Atherosclerotic lesions can be made to develop or regress in the albino rat by treatments that, respectively, elevate or depress the serum cholesterol concentration. 2. After young rats had been given a new diet for 45–72 days, the degree of atherosclerosis attained was related to the new serum cholesterol level and was independent of the previous degree and severity of atherosclerosis. 3. Regression of lesions established for about 1 month occurred if the serum cholesterol level was lowered, either by changes in the diet or by administering 3:5-diiodo-d-thyronine (DT2). The relation between serum cholesterol level and Sudan score (see p. 70) appeared to be independent of the method used for lowering the serum cholesterol level. 4. Regression of lesions established for about 6 months occurred if the serum cholesterol level was lowered either by changes in the diet or by administering DT2, but the rate of regression was slower than when the lesions had been present for a short time only. 5. When the serum cholesterol levels of rats given an atherogenic diet for 6 months had been reduced to normal values by feeding stock diet, the rats still had a high degree of atherosclerosis. When stock diet containing DT2 was then fed, there was no increase in the rate of regression of lesions over that obtained on the stock diet alone. 6. Dietary administration of different amounts of 3:5-diiodo-4(4′-hydroxy phenoxy) phenyl acetic acid (DIAC) or DT2 to groups of rats maintained on a diet containing cholesterol and cholic acid over a 9-month period resulted in a reduction of serum cholesterol levels to an extent roughly related to the dose of drug given. Liver cholesterol levels were also reduced in the older animals. Arterial atheroma was reduced by both compounds to an extent proportional to the dose administered. Both compounds, at all dose levels, increased the rate of growth of animals compared with that of controls. Both compounds depressed liver weights at all dose levels and increased the weight of the pancreas at the higher dose levels, if these weights were expressed per 100 g/body weight.

SUMMARY 1. Methods are described for comparing the activity of compounds related to thyroxine in controlling the increases in cholesterol concentration in the serum and in the liver, and the increased sudanophilia in the cardiovascular system, after feeding diets containing cholesterol, choline, fat and cholic acid. 2. The three test procedures described placed the compounds tested in a similar order of activity. Little activity could be detected in compounds not containing an iodine atom at both the 3 and 5 positions in the molecule. Compounds with iodine atoms at the 3:5:3′ positions were more active than those substituted at the 3:5:3′:5′ positions, which in turn were more active than the 3:5 di-substituted compounds. The l isomers of 3:5:3′-triiodo-thyronine and thyroxine were more active than the d isomers, but 3:5-diiodo-d-thyronine was as active as 3:5-diiodo-l-thyronine. 3. Methods are also described for comparing the activity of the same compounds in causing ventricular enlargement in mice maintained on a stock diet and in rats maintained on a diet containing added fat, cholesterol, choline and cholic acid or on a stock diet with added thiouracil. 4. The tests involving ventricular hypertrophy placed all the compounds tested in approximately the same order of activity, broadly similar to that shown in published results obtained by the oxygen consumption rate or antigoitrogenic tests. Little, if any, activity could be detected except in compounds with iodine atoms at both the 3 and 5 positions in the molecule. Compounds with iodine atoms at the 3:5:3′ positions were more active than the corresponding compounds with iodine atoms at the 3:5:3′:5′ positions, which in turn were more active than the 3:5 di-substituted products. Iodinated l-thyronine derivatives were more active than the corresponding thyroacetic acid compounds, which in turn were more active than the thyroformic acid derivatives. Iodinated l-thyronine derivatives were more active than the d-isomers. 5. The ratio of the activity of a compound in preventing elevation of serum cholesterol to its effect on the heart was about three times as great for some, such as 3:5-diiodo-d-thyronine and d-thyroxine, as for others, such as 3:5:3′-triiodo-l-thyronine and l-thyroxine.