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The common house fly, Musca domestica L., is a mechanical vector of numerous diseases that may be spread from one living thing to another by sponging their mouthparts on their body and leg hairs after they have vomited. House flies (Musca domestica) have been known as a mechanical vector in spreading infectious diseases such as cholera, shigellosis, salmonellosis and skin infections. The present study aims to investigate the abundance of M. domestica adults in an urban region of Cairo Governorate, Egypt, throughout one year and bacterial diversity on its body surface. Adults of M. domestica were collected monthly by hunting. Collected adults were subjected to molecular identification. Bacteria were isolated from the surface of flies' body pieces and identified by automated identification systems (VITEK). Obtained data revealed that the highest abundance (201.67±15.57) was recorded in May 2022, while the lowest abundance (17.33±0.57) was recorded in April 2023. Also, M. domestica abundance positively correlated significantly (P≤0.001) with temperature (r= 0.895) and relative humidity (r= 0.827). Musca domestica species were molecularly identified, and the sequences were then banked on NCBI under the accession numbers OQ784762-OQ784764. The highest bacterial pathogen presence were Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. (77.0 %). Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonias had the lowest presence (total of 23.0 %). On the other hand, the results of antibiotic sensitivity revealed that Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia are more resistant to several antibiotics than Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes aegypti is a major vector of Dengue fever, whose slight reappearance was recorded in the Red Sea Governorate in 2017. The present study was carried out to determine the DNA barcoding of Ae. aegypti and investigate the sensitivity of its aquatic immature stages to different insecticides, with reference to non-target organisms, zebrafish, Danio rerio, and Daphnia magna. Genetic identification of Ae. aegypti was confirmed through PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing. The obtained DNA sequences were deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) sequence database with the accession number OR76138. Methomyl, a-cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos were tested against immature stages of Ae. aegypti. Additionally, the effect of tested insecticides on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were assessed. Results showed that the activity of the tested insecticides varied according to the concentration of the insecticides, exposure time and the immature stage tested. Complete larval mortality (100%) of the first instar was attained at 0.007, 0.0009, and 0.005ppm of methomyl, a-cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos after 48h of exposure, respectively. Generally, a-cypermethrin was the most effective insecticide, followed by chlorpyrifos and methomyl. In addition, methomyl caused the least inhibition of AChE activity (5.53 and 5.90U/L) in larvae I after 24 and 48h of exposure, compared to 5.74 and 6.13U/L for the control group. In addition, the GST activity was significantly increased (P< 0.05) by all tested insecticides. The highest GST values (1.73 and 1.59U/g tissue) were recorded for pupae after 24 and 48h of exposure to a-cypermethrin. On the other hand, methomyl recorded LC50 of 0.862, 0.011, and 0.575, 0.009 ppm against zebrafish and Daphnia after 24 and 48h, respectively. Generally, methomyl, a-cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos are effective agents against Ae. aegypti, however, their environmental footprint cannot be overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chrysomya albiceps play a major role as a mechanical vector for plentiful pathogens to humans and animals such as bacteria, viruses, and helminths, as well as causing myiasis in animals. The present study aimed at investigating the effect of gamma radiation on the reproductive potential and embryonic lethality of C. albiceps.Results showed that the number of eggs laid by C. albiceps females resulted from pupae irradiated with different doses of gamma radiation decreased as the dose increased. Also, the nonhatching eggs %was found to be dose-dependent i.e., increased as the dose of the gamma irradiation used increased.The highest reduction in the number of eggs occurred at high doses (10 and 15 Gy) when irradiated females were crossed with non-irradiated males. Non-hatching egg % increased to record 76.6 and 66.8 at 15 and 10 Gy when irradiated females crossed with irradiated males. Gamma radiation resulted in a progressive increase in the sterility % of C. albicepsfemales as compared with the untreated group. Complete sterility (100.0%) was attained by 20 Gy for all groups. The sterility index was recorded at 96.3% when irradiated females crossed with non-irradiated males.In addition, gamma radiation-induced a progressive increase in egg lethality giving an estimated LD50 value of 9.3598 Gy when non-irradiated females mated with irradiated males, compared with 10.6257 Gy for egglethality laid by irradiated females mated with non-irradiated males. However, the LD50 value was 3.603 Gy when both males and females were irradiated, respectively. Generally, C. albiceps females were more radiosensitive than their male counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larvicidal activity of Menthe longifolia different extracts against lymphatic filariasis vector, Culex pipiens and Rift Valley Fever vector, C. antennatus was tested. The extraction was carried out using methanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether solvents. Obtained results revealed that petroleum ether extraction from leaves of M. longifolia was more effective against 3rd instar larvae of C. pipiens and C. antennatus than those of chloroform, acetone and methanol extractions. Methanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts from leaves of M. longifolia recorded LC50 values of 1741.5, 1322.0, 702.4 and 379.5 ppm against C. pipiens third larval instar and 1064.6, 850.3, 459.9 and 250.4 ppm against C. antennatus third larval instar, respectively. In addition, LC90 values recorded 2282.0, 1897.7, 1300.3 and 511.9 ppm by methanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether extract from leaves of M. longifolia against C. pipiens third larval instar and 1596.5, 1388.6, 979.4 and 388.2 ppm against C. antennatus third larval instar, respectively. Also, both C. pipiens and C. antennatus larval and pupal periods were prolonged by all tested extracts at all concentrations used as compared with the untreated groups. Menthe longifolia tested extracts are considered as new promising controlling agents against C. pipiens and C. antennatus, however, more studies are necessary to reach the active ingredient in the tested extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study dealt with evaluating the effect of whole body extracted by ethyle acetate of L. sericata, C. albiceps and M. domestica as exhibited antibacterial activity against some species of bacteria. They were shown to inhibit the growth of Gram--positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Gram--negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus thus exhibited limited inhibitory effect towards Gram--positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Gram--negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fungi Syncephalastrum racemosum and Candida albicans, this effect was slowed down when challenged with secretion on a solid media but no zone of complete inhibition was detected. Growth inhibiting activity was determined in liquid growth media using the Gram--positive, Gram--negative bacterial and fungal strains as indicator organisms. The antiviral activity of whole body extracted by ethyle acetate of L. sericata, C. albiceps and M. domestica nES were tested against Vero cell line was developed for isolation and propagation of many enteroviruses and hepatitis A and average values were considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects offer a source of novel natural compounds that may have therapeutic utility in cancer and other diseases. Antioxidant activity of these extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), and total antioxidant capacity assays. The antioxidant and anticancer effects of the crude extract of maggots namely; Musca domestica, Lucilia sericata and Chrysomya albiceps against the human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2), were investigated. The antioxidant activity of tested extracts revealed that the highest DPPH scavenging activity levels were exhibited by methanolic extract of C. albiceps, followed by those of L. sericata and M. domestica. Also, the highest effect was recorded against human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) with L. sericata maggots methanolic extract, followed by those of C. albiceps and M. domestica at the highest concentration used (25 mg/ml). The IC50 values of tested extracts ranged from 0.27 to 1.91 mg/ml. In conclusion, data suggest that tested extracts possess antioxidant and anticancer properties that may further explored as a potential source for treatment of cancer and other diseases involving oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya albiceps and Musca domestica larvae have been successfully used routinely for the clinical treatment of difficult necrotic and infected wounds. Degradation by proteinases contained in larval excretory/secretory (ES) products is thought to contribute to wound debridement by removal of dead tissue. However, proteinase activity may also affect host tissue remodeling processes (Chambers et al., 2003), for hundreds of years, the beneficial effects of maggots on wound healing have been documented. Insects have to defend themselves from infection by a wide variety of potential bacteria and fungi. In addition to some of flies have beneficial effects in medicine especially, L. sericata which used in Maggot Debridement Therapy (MDT). Maggot therapy success is partly due to the ingestion and killing of living microorganisms but antibacterial activity of excretion/secretion (ES) that included the salivary gland secretions and faecal products of L. sericata has been demonstrated in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]