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To determine differences in cycloplegic vs. non-cycloplegic refractive error and factors associated with these differences in Chinese school students. In this cross-sectional school-based study, refractive error was measured in school students using a NIDEK autorefractor before and after administration of 0.5% tropicamide. Spherical equivalent (SER) in diopters (D) was calculated as sphere plus half cylinder. SER differences before vs. after cycloplegia were evaluated using mean, standard deviation (SD), 95% limits of agreement. Univariable and multivariable regression models were used to determine factors associated with SER differences. Among 3604 students, 3450 (95.7%) provided data for analysis. Mean age (SD) was 9.7 (3.6) years. The mean SER (SD) was −1.12 (1.97) D before cycloplegia, and −0.20 (2.19) D after cycloplegia, with a mean difference of 0.92 D (95% limits of agreement: −0.93 to 2.78 D). Among 196 eyes with non-cycloplegic SER −6.0 D or worse (e.g., met high myopia definition), 71.4% had cycloplegic SER −6.0 D or worse, and among 3607 eyes with non-cycloplegic SER −0.5 D or worse (e.g., met myopia definition), 62.1% eyes had cycloplegic SER −0.5 D or worse. Cycloplegic SER was more correlated with axial length than non-cycloplegic SER (Pearson r = 0.82 vs. 0.72, p <.0001). In multivariable analysis, larger SER differences were associated with more hyperopic refractive error and smaller axial length (all p <.0001). Non-cycloplegic refractive error overestimates myopia by approximately one diopter. This overestimation increases with more hyperopic refractive error and smaller axial length. Non-cycloplegic refractive error should not be used for evaluating pediatric myopia. BCVA = best corrected visual acuity; D = diopter; SD = standard deviation; SE = standard error; SER = spherical equivalent; CI = confidence interval [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the expression levels of miR-15a between pterygium and normal conjunctiva, and further investigate the potential role of miR-15a in the progression of pterygium. 21 cases of primary pterygium were enrolled in our study. The length of the pterygium invaded into the cornea and the total thickness of the pterygium were measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The pterygial and adjacent normal conjunctival samples of the 21 patients were collected. Expressions of miR-15a, BCL-2, Bax in both pterygium and normal conjunctiva were measured, and correlations between miR-15a and BCL-2, miR-15a and Bax, miR-15a and clinical parameters were made. Pterygium epithelial cells (PECs) were isolated, cultured and transfected with miR-15a mimic or miR-15a inhibitor to interfere the miR-15a expression levels. The regulation of BCL-2 expression by miR-15a was examined with Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot and immunofluorescence. The regulation of Bax expression by miR-15a was also examined with Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The cell viability of the transfected PECs was measured with the CCK-8 assay and the apoptosis in these cells was detected using the TUNEL assay. The expression of miR-15a, Bax were significantly decreased while the BCL-2 was significantly increased in pterygium (p <.05). There was a negative correlation in expression between miR-15a and BCL-2 in pterygium tissues (r = −0.516, p <.05). We also found that relative miR-15a level was positively correlated with the length of pterygium invaded into the cornea (r = −0.570, p <.05). In cultured PECs, miR-15a could downregulate the expression of BCL-2 and upregulate the expression of Bax. Promotion of miR-15a could suppress cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis in cultured PECs. Our study demonstrated that decreased expression of miR-15a in pterygium might be associated with the apoptosis and proliferation of abnormal cell via regulating BCL-2, which could subsequently contribute to the development of pterygium. Downregulation of miR-15a might also contribute to the pathogenesis of pterygium by other mechanisms including abnormal proliferation and neovascularization, which remain to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lacking of typical symptoms, more than 70% of patients with lung cancer are diagnosed as advanced-stage disease. Patients suffer from solid organs metastasis with different clinical features and prognosis. With development of new technology, more and more lung cancer patients are diagnosed with pancreatic metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate clinicopathologic and survival difference by retrospective analysis among lung cancer patients with pancreatic metastases., Methods: Of the patients with lung cancer diagnosed by pathology and thorough staging evaluation and treated at Beijing Cancer Hospital with long follow-up during July 1996 and June 2017, 35 cases had pancreatic metastases., Results: There were 28 cases diagnosed as small cell lung cancer, 3 cases diagnosed as adenocarcinoma and 4 cases diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. There were 15 cases with pancreatic metastases in head of pancreas and 20 cases in body and tail of pancreas, 23 cases presented with isolated metastasis and 12 cases with multiple metastases. Pathological type was prognostic factor for lung cancer patients with pancreatic metastases., Conclusions: Pancreatic metastases represents an uncommon site of extrathoracic spread of disease for part of patients with advanced lung cancer. Lung cancer with pancreatic metastases should be treated by combined therapy, especially by systemic chemotherapy. Pathological type was prognostic factor for lung cancer patients with pancreatic metastases.
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Purpose: Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare neuroectodermal malignant neoplasm that originates from the olfactory sensory epithelium. In reported cases involving the orbit, the primary neoplasms could invade the orbits through bone destruction or cranio-orbital communication anatomical structure. The present study reports a rare case of orbital metastatic tumor arising from an intracranial ONB in a Chinese patient, which is the first case demonstrating an uncommon route of ONB involving the orbit., Patient and Methods: A 62-year-old man with a right orbital tumor was diagnosed as having a secondary tumor arising from intracranial ONB. Clinical examination, including ocular imaging examination, and histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were performed., Results: In the ocular examination, a focal, firm, nontender swelling with ill-defined margins in the right orbit was found on palpation. Proptosis, limited eyeball movement, and visual loss were also observed. The unenhanced computed tomography scan showed a homogeneous, isolated, ill-defined soft tissue neoplasm in the right orbit. The histopathological study revealed irregularly shaped nests of tumor cells surrounded by avascularized fibrous stroma. The monomorphic malignant tumor cells are small round blue cells that are slightly larger than mature lymphocytes, with a very high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. The immunohistochemical staining for tumor cells was positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, cluster of differentiation 56 (CD56), cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100 protein, and negative for epithelial membrane antigen, and cluster of differentiation (CD99)., Conclusion: This is so far the first Chinese case of orbital metastasis from intracranial ONB that has ever been reported. Metastasis might be another route of ONB invading the orbit besides direct invasion.