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The experiment was to analyze the effect of different levels of alfalfa and hay on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, slaughter performance and serum biochemical indexes of meat donkey. 80 healthy 12-month-old hybrid meat donkeys with a weight of (188.21± 5.50) kg were randomly divided into four groups, with 20 replicates in each group and one donkey in each replicates. The donkeys in control group (group 1) were fed with 100% hay. The donkeys in group 2, group 3 and group 4 were fed with 25% alfalfa +75% hay, 50% alfalfa +50% hay and 75% alfalfa + 25% hay, respectively. The experiment lasted for 140 d. The results showed that the final weight and average feed intake of meat donkeys in experimental groups were higher than those in group 1 (P>0.05), the average daily gain of meat donkeys in group 3 and group 4 was significantly higher than that in group 1, and the feed to gain ratio was significantly lower than that in group 1 (P<0.05). The apparent digestibility of dry matter and ether extract of meat donkeys in experimental groups were higher than that in group 1 (P>0.05), and the apparent digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of meat donkeys in group 3 and group 4 were significantly higher than that in group 1 (P<0.05). The pre-mortem live weight and slaughter rate of meat donkeys in the three experimental groups were higher than those in group 1 (P>0.05), the carcass weight and eye muscle area of meat donkeys in group 3 and group 4 were significantly higher than those in group 1, and GR value was significantly lower than that in group 1 (P<0.05). The serum ALB content of experimental groups was higher than that of group 1, and the activity of ALT and the content of BUN were lower than that of group 1 (P>0.05), the content of TP in serum of meat donkey in group 3 and group 4 was significantly higher than those in group 1 (P<0.05), and the activity of AST and the content of TC were significantly lower than those in group 1 (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that the mixed diets in group 3 and group 4 can improve the growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, slaughter performance, and serum biochemical indexes of meat donkeys, and the recommended supplemental level is 50% alfalfa + 50% hay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of moxibustion on synovitis and the autophagy of synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)., Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal group, model group, moxibustion group, cigarette moxibustion group, and medicine group, with eight rats included in each group. The RA model was established by subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the left posterior toe. Rats in the model group were not interfered with. In the moxibustion group, rats were treated by moxibustion, where a 1-cm diameter moxa stick was applied at the left Zusanli (ST 36) point. The distance of the moxa stick to the skin was 2 cm and moxibustion was completed for 20 min daily for 15 d total. In the cigarette moxibustion group, the moxa stick was replaced by a common cigarette. In the medicine group, rats were treated with a tripterygium glycoside suspension (8 mg/kg) once a day for 15 d total. In each group, the left hind limb toe volume was measured with a toe volume meter; the synovial cells were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining; the interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-23, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels in serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were detected by Westergren sedimentation rate testing; the C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor (RF) levels in serum were detected by rate nephelometry; the expression levels of ULK1, autophagy-associated protein (Atg)3, Atg5, and Atg12 messenger RNA (mRNA) in synovium were detected by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); and the protein expression levels of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), LC3-II, beclin-1, phosphorylated-PI3K (p-PI3K), p-Akt, p-mTOR in synovium were detected by Western blotting., Results: Among the RA model rats, joint swelling, an inflammatory reaction, and the proliferation of synovial tissue were obvious and the signal of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was active, while autophagy was inhibited. Moxibustion at Zusanli (ST36) or intragastric administration of Tripterygium wilfordii glycosides could alleviate the inflammatory reaction of RA rats; relieve the swelling of the toes; downregulate the levels of ESR, CRF, RF; lower the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-17; and increase the IL-4 and IL-10. At the same time, the mRNA expression levels of ULK1, Atg3, Atg5, and Atg12 and those of LC3-Ⅱ and beclin-1 were increased, while the PI3K, Akt, mTOR, p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR were decreased. Cigarette moxibustion did not significantly reduce the swelling of the toe joint in RA rats, and was not as good as that of moxibustion or Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides in the effects of inflammation relief and the influences of the levels of ESR, CRF, RF. While cigarette moxibustion has a weak effect to affect the expression of corresponding molecules in autophages and the expression level of the autophagy biomaker in synovial tissue. Moxibustion and tripterygium glycosides can significantly reduce the joint swelling, relieve synovitis and synovial hyperplasia, and inhibit the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to increase autophagy in a manner superior to cigarette moxibustion., Conclusion: Moxibustion can limit the proliferation of synoviocytes in RA rats by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, promoting autophagy, effectively reducing synovitis, and alleviating joint swelling.