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Objectives: To compare the safety and efficacy of uterovaginal packing and Foley’s catheter balloon tamponade in patients with excessive vaginal bleeding following vaginal delivery. Design : RCT ( Randomized Controlled Trial). Setting : Obstetrics & Gynaecology Deptt. , HFH ( holy family hospital) , RWP. Duration: Six Months. Materials & Methodology: 94 females who presented with excessive vaginal bleeding ( > 500 ml) following vaginal delivery, 18 to 40 years of age , gestational age (GA) ≥37 weeks were included. Patients with retained products of conception, PPH due to perineal, cervical or vaginal tear and coagulation disorders were excluded. The patients were distributed equally into 2 groups ; a and b based on the lottery method. Group a was managed with uterine packing and Group b was managed by the Foley’s catheter balloon tamponade. Efficacy and safety in both groups was measured. Results: In my study, efficacy was significantly high in uterine packing group (Group a) compared to Foley’s catheter balloon tamponade (group b) (89.36% versus 68.09%; respectively) with p-value of 0.012. In my study, safety was significantly high in uterovaginal packing group (Group a) compared to Foley’s catheter balloon tamponade (group b) (72.34% versus 31.91%; respectively) with p-value of 0.0001. Conclusion: Uterovaginal packing is more secure, prompt and efficient procedure to manage excessive hemorrhage after delivery compared to Foley’s catheter balloon tamponade. Keywords: Hemorrhage, uterovaginal packing ,foley’s balloon tamponade.

Objective: To compare the frequency of diagnosis, induction of labour and caesarean section in patients with isolated oligohydramnios diagnosed by amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pocket. Study design: Randomized controlled trial Place and duration of study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Holy Family hospital, Rawalpindi from March 2020 to August 2020. Materials & Methods: A total of 110 (55 in each group), 18 to 35 years of age of parity

Objective: To find out how commonly infections occur in cesarean section skin wound in post operative period and what factors are commonly encountered in these patients. Design: Descriptive Case Series. Setting: Obs & Gynae Deptt., Nishtar Hospital Multan (NHM). Duration of Study: Six Months. Subjects and Methodology: 121 patients undergoing cesarean section due to various reasons were enrolled in this research. These subjects were followed till 30 days of the procedure and examined through this interval for presence/absence of wound infection . These patients were evaluated for the presence of anemia, PIH/ pre-eclampsia, DM , PROM, obesity & type of cesarean section. Results: Age range was 18 to 45 yrs & Mean calculated i.e 28.289±2.74 years, mean gestational age 37.983±1.75 weeks, mean BMI 26.281±1.47 Kg/m2 and mean parity was 1.545±1.17. Post cesarean wound infection was seen in 9.9% patients. Factors leading to post-cesarean section wound infection were anemia found in 16.7%, diabetes mellitus in 16.7%, PROM in 16.7%, hypertension in 25%, obesity in 75%, emergency caesarean section in 75% and elective caesarean section in 25% were noted. Conclusion: Identification of causative factors of cesarean section wound infection, their correction and modification may help reduce wound infection rates among postoperative patients leading to reduction in maternal morbidity. Keywords: Cesarean section, Wound infection, Factors leading to wound infection.

Objective: To determine the association between preeclampsia and hypovitaminosis D in females presenting during third trimester of pregnancy. Design: case control study Setting: This research was conducted at department of Obs & Gynae, Lady Willingdon Hospital ( LWH ) , Lahore. Duration of study: 6 months Sampling Technique: Non probability consecutive sampling Material and methods: Total 330 pregnant females in their third trimester, were recruited for the research. The patients were divided into 2 groups comprising 165 in each group. After obtaining informed consent from all patients, blood samples were drawn and taken to the lab for measuring Vitamin D level. If vit.D level was