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We perform a thorough analysis of the projected shapes of nearby galaxies in both observations and cosmological simulations. We implement a forward-modeling approach to overcome the limitations in previous studies which hinder accurate comparisons between observations and simulations. We measure axis ratios of $z=0$ (snapshot 99) TNG50 galaxies from their synthetic Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) images and compare them with those obtained from real HSC-SSP images of a matched galaxy sample. Remarkably, the comparison shows excellent agreement between observations and the TNG50 simulation. Specifically, for galaxies with stellar masses $10\leq \log (M_{\star}/M_{\odot}) \leq 11.5$, we find $\lesssim 0.1\sigma$ tensions between the observation and the simulation, whereas previous studies found $\gtrsim 10\sigma$ tensions due to lack of thin galaxies in simulations. We reveal that low-mass galaxies ($M_{\star}\lesssim 10^{9.5}$) in TNG50 are thicker than their observed counterparts in HSC-SSP and attribute this to the spurious dynamical heating effects that artificially puff up galaxies. We also find that despite the overall broad agreement, TNG50 galaxies are more concentrated than the HSC-SSP ones at the low- and high-mass end of the stellar mass range of $9.0\leq \log (M_{\star}/M_{\odot}) \leq 11.2$ and are less concentrated at intermediate stellar masses. But we argue that the higher concentrations of the low-mass TNG50 galaxies are not likely the cause of their thicker/rounder appearances. Our study underscores the critical importance of conducting mock observations of simulations and applying consistent measurement methodologies to facilitate proper comparison with observations., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We present cosmology results obtained from a blind joint analysis of the abundance, projected clustering, and weak lensing of galaxy clusters measured from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) redMaPPer cluster catalog and the Hyper-Suprime Cam (HSC) Year3 shape catalog. We present a full-forward model for the cluster observables, which includes empirical modeling for the anisotropic boosts on the lensing and clustering signals of optical clusters. We validate our analysis via mock cluster catalogs which include observational systematics, such as the projection effect and the effect of baryonic feedback, and find that our analysis can robustly constrain cosmological parameters in an unbiased manner without any informative priors on our model parameters. The joint analysis of our observables in the context of the flat $\Lambda$CDM model results in cosmological constraints for $S_8\equiv \sigma_8 \sqrt{\Omega_{\rm m} / 0.3}=0.816^{+0.041}_{-0.039}$. Our result is consistent with the $S_8$ inference from other cosmic microwave background- and large scale structure-based cosmology analyses, including the result from the \emph{Planck} 2018 primary CMB analysis., Comment: v1: 22 pages, 15 figures, Comments welcome

We summarize common notations and concepts in the field of Intrinsic Alignments (IA). IA refers to physical correlations involving galaxy shapes, galaxy spins, and the underlying cosmic web. Its characterization is an important aspect of modern cosmology, particularly in weak lensing analyses. This resource is both a reference for those already familiar with IA and designed to introduce someone to the field by drawing from various studies and presenting a collection of IA formalisms, estimators, modeling approaches, alternative notations, and useful references., Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures

At fixed galaxy stellar mass, there is a clear observational connection between structural asymmetry and offset from the star forming main sequence, $\Delta$SFMS. Herein, we use the TNG50 simulation to investigate the relative roles of major mergers (stellar mass ratios $\mu\geq0.25$), minor ($0.1 \leq \mu < 0.25$), and mini mergers ($0.01 \leq \mu < 0.1$) in driving this connection amongst star forming galaxies (SFGs). We use dust radiative transfer post-processing with SKIRT to make a large, public collection of synthetic Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) images of simulated TNG galaxies over $0.1\leq z \leq 0.7$ with $\log M_{\star} / \mathrm{M}_{\odot}\geq9$ ($\sim750$k images). Using their instantaneous SFRs, known merger histories/forecasts, and HSC-SSP asymmetries, we show (1) that TNG50 SFGs qualitatively reproduce the observed trend between $\Delta$SFMS and asymmetry and (2) a strikingly similar trend emerges between $\Delta$SFMS and the time-to-coalescence for mini mergers. Controlling for redshift, stellar mass, environment, and gas fraction, we show that individual mini merger events yield small enhancements in SFRs and asymmetries that are sustained on long timescales (at least $\sim3$ Gyr after coalescence, on average) -- in contrast to major/minor merger remnants which peak at much greater amplitudes but are consistent with controls only $\sim1$ Gyr after coalescence. Integrating the boosts in SFRs and asymmetries driven by $\mu\geq0.01$ mergers since $z=0.7$ in TNG50 SFGs, we show that mini mergers are responsible for (i) $55$ per cent of all merger-driven star formation and (ii) $70$ per cent of merger-driven asymmetric structure. Due to their relative frequency and prolonged boost timescales, mini mergers dominate over their minor and major counterparts in driving star formation and asymmetry in SFGs., Comment: 31 pages; 19 figures; MNRAS accepted; Image data available via the TNG website: www.tng-project.org/bottrell23

Galaxy clusters, being the most massive objects in the Universe, exhibit the strongest alignment with the large-scale structure. However, mis-identification of members due to projection effects from the large scale structure can occur. We studied the impact of projection effects on the measurement of the intrinsic alignment of galaxy clusters, using galaxy cluster mock catalogs. Our findings showed that projection effects result in a decrease of the large scale intrinsic alignment signal of the cluster and produce a bump at $r_p\sim 1h^{-1}/Mpc$, most likely due to interlopers and missed member galaxies. This decrease in signal explains the observed similar alignment strength between bright central galaxies and clusters in the SDSS redMaPPer cluster catalog. The projection effect and cluster intrinsic alignment signal are coupled, with clusters having lower fractions of missing members or having higher fraction of interlopers exhibiting higher alignment signals in their projected shapes. We aim to use these findings to determine the impact of projection effects on galaxy cluster cosmology in future studies., Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures, Accepted by MNRAS

Galaxy formation theories predict that galaxy shapes and angular momenta have non-random alignments with the cosmic web. This leads to so-called intrinsic alignment between pairs of galaxies, which is important to quantify as a nuisance parameter for weak lensing. We study galaxy-cosmic web alignment in the IllustrisTNG suite of hydrodynamical simulations at redshifts 1 and 2, finding that alignment trends are consistent with previous studies. However, we find that the magnitude of the spin alignment signal is $\sim 2.4 \times$ weaker than seen in previous studies of the Horizon-AGN simulation, suggesting that this signal may have significant dependence on subgrid physics. Based on IllustrisTNG, we then construct mock observational spectroscopic surveys that can probe shape-cosmic web alignment at $z \sim 1-2$, modeled on the low-$z$ galaxy redshift and IGM tomography surveys on the upcoming Subaru Prime Focus Spectrograph Galaxy Evolution (PFS GE) survey. However, even over box sizes of $L=205\,h^{-1}\,\mathrm{Mpc}$, we find that global anisotropies induce a sample variance in the 2D projected alignment signal that depend on the projected direction -- this induces significant errors in the observed alignment. We predict a $5.3\sigma$ detection of IllustrisTNG's shape alignment signal at $z \sim 1$ from Subaru PFS GE, although a detection would be challenging at $z \sim 2$. However, a rough rescaling of the relative alignment signal strengths between the TNG and HorizonAGN simulations suggests that PFS GE should be able to more easily constrain the latter's stronger signal., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures. Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal

Black hole feedback has been widely implemented as the key recipe to quench star formation in massive galaxies in modern semi-analytic models and hydrodynamical simulations. As the theoretical details surrounding the accretion and feedback of black holes continue to be refined, various feedback models have been implemented across simulations, with notable differences in their outcomes. Yet, most of these simulations have successfully reproduced some observations, such as stellar mass function and star formation rate density in the local Universe. We use the recent observation on the change of neutral hydrogen gas mass (including both ${\rm H_2}$ and ${\rm HI}$) with star formation rate of massive central disc galaxies as a critical constraint of black hole feedback models across several simulations. We find that the predictions of IllustrisTNG agree with the observations much better than the other models tested in this work. This favors IllustrisTNG's treatment of active galactic nuclei - where kinetic winds are driven by black holes at low accretion rates - as more plausible amongst those we test. In turn, this also indirectly supports the idea that the massive central disc galaxy population in the local Universe was likely quenched by AGN feedback., Comment: 15 pages, 3+4 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We propose a random forest (RF) machine learning approach to determine the accreted stellar mass fractions ($f_\mathrm{acc}$) of central galaxies, based on various dark matter halo and galaxy features. The RF is trained and tested using 2,710 galaxies with stellar mass $\log_{10}M_\ast/M_\odot>10.16$ from the TNG100 simulation. Galaxy size is the most important individual feature when calculated in 3-dimensions, which becomes less important after accounting for observational effects. For smaller galaxies, the rankings for features related to merger histories increase. When an entire set of halo and galaxy features are used, the prediction is almost unbiased, with root-mean-square error (RMSE) of $\sim$0.068. A combination of up to three features with different types (galaxy size, merger history and morphology) already saturates the power of prediction. If using observable features, the RMSE increases to $\sim$0.104, and a combined usage of stellar mass, galaxy size plus galaxy concentration achieves similar predictions. Lastly, when using galaxy density, velocity and velocity dispersion profiles as features, which approximately represent the maximum amount of information extracted from galaxy images and velocity maps, the prediction is not improved much. Hence the limiting precision of predicting $f_\mathrm{acc}$ is $\sim$0.1 with observables, and the multi-component decomposition of galaxy images should have similar or larger uncertainties. If the central black hole mass and the spin parameter of galaxies can be accurately measured in future observations, the RMSE is promising to be further decreased by $\sim$20%., Comment: accepted by MNRAS

We measure the evolution of the $M_{\rm BH}-M_*$ relation using 584 uniformly-selected SDSS quasars at $0.2

Interfaces impede heat flow in micro/nanostructured systems. Conventional theories for interfacial thermal transport were derived based on bulk phonon properties of the materials making up the interface without explicitly considering the atomistic interfacial details, which are found critical to correctly describing thermal boundary conductance (TBC). Recent theoretical studies predicted the existence of localized phonon modes at the interface which can play an important role in understanding interfacial thermal transport. However, experimental validation is still lacking. Through a combination of Raman spectroscopy and high-energy resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope, we report the first experimental observation of localized interfacial phonon modes at ~12 THz at a high-quality epitaxial Si-Ge interface. These modes are further confirmed using molecular dynamics simulations with a high-fidelity neural network interatomic potential, which also yield TBC agreeing well with that measured from time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) experiments. Simulations find that the interfacial phonon modes have obvious contribution to the total TBC. Our findings may significantly contribute to the understanding of interfacial thermal transport physics and have impact on engineering TBC at interfaces in applications such as electronics thermal management and thermoelectric energy conversion.

Emission line galaxies (ELGs), more generally star-forming galaxies, are valuable tracers of large-scale structure and therefore main targets of upcoming wide-area spectroscopic galaxy surveys. We propose a fixed-aperture shape estimator of each ELG for extracting the intrinsic alignment (IA) signal, and assess the performance of the method using image simulations of ELGs generated from the IllustrisTNG simulation including observational effects such as the sky background noise. We show that our method enables a significant detection of the IA power spectrum with the linear-scale coefficient $A_{\rm IA}\simeq (13$--$15)\pm 3.0$ up to $z=2$, even from the small simulation volume $\sim0.009\,(h^{-1}{\rm Gpc})^3$, in contrast to the null detection with the standard method. Thus the ELG IA signal, measured with our method, opens up opportunities to exploit cosmology and galaxy physics in high-redshift universe., Comment: accepted for publication in ApJ

Using two sets of large $N$-body simulations, we study the origin of the correlations of halo assembly time ($z_{\rm f}$), concentration ($v_{\rm max}/v_{\rm 200}$) and spin ($\lambda$) with the large-scale evolved density field at given halo mass, i.e. the secondary bias. We find that the secondary bias is the secondary effect of the correlations of halo properties with the linear density estimated at the same comoving scale. Using the linear density on different scales, we find two types of correlations. The internal correlation, which reflects the correlation of halo properties with the mean linear over-density $\delta_{\rm L}$ within the halo Lagrangian radius $R_{\rm L}$, is positive for both $z_{\rm f}$ and $v_{\rm max}/v_{\rm 200}$, and negative for $\lambda$. The external correlation, which describes the correlation of halo properties with linear overdensity at $R>R_{\rm L}$ for given $\delta_{\rm L}$, shows trends opposite to the internal correlation. Both of the external and internal correlations depend only weakly on halo mass, indicating a similar origin for halos of different masses. Our findings offer a transparent perspective on the origin of the secondary bias. The secondary bias can be largely explained by the competition of the external and internal correlations together with the correlation of the linear density field on different scales. These two types of correlations combined can establish the complex halo-mass dependence of the secondary bias observed in the simulations., Comment: 14 pages,14 figures, accepted by A&A

The phenomenological study of evolving galaxy populations has shown that star forming galaxies can be quenched by two distinct processes: mass quenching and environment quenching (Peng et al. 2010). To explore the mass quenching process in local galaxies, we study the massive central disk galaxies with stellar mass above the Schechter characteristic mass. In Zhang et al. (2019), we showed that during the quenching of the massive central disk galaxies as their star formation rate (SFR) decreases, their molecular gas mass and star formation efficiency drop rapidly, but their HI gas mass remains surprisingly constant. To identify the underlying physical mechanisms, in this work we analyze the change during quenching of various structure parameters, bar frequency, and active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity. We find three closely related facts. On average, as SFR decreases in these galaxies: (1) they become progressively more compact, indicated by their significantly increasing concentration index, bulge-to-total mass ratio, and central velocity dispersion, which are mainly driven by the growth and compaction of their bulge component; (2) the frequency of barred galaxies increases dramatically, and at a given concentration index the barred galaxies have a significantly higher quiescent fraction than unbarred galaxies, implying that the galactic bar may play an important role in mass quenching; and (3) the "AGN" frequency increases dramatically from 10% on the main sequence to almost 100% for the most quiescent galaxies, which is mainly driven by the sharp increase of LINERs. These observational results lead to a self-consistent picture of how mass quenching operates., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures. Published in ApJ

Using photometric galaxies from the HSC survey, we measure the stellar mass density profiles for satellite galaxies as a function of the projected distance, $r_p$, to isolated central galaxies (ICGs) selected from SDSS/DR7 spectroscopic galaxies at $z\sim0.1$. By stacking HSC images, we also measure the projected stellar mass density profiles for ICGs and their stellar halos. The total mass distributions are further measured from HSC weak lensing signals. ICGs dominate within $\sim$0.15 times the halo virial radius ($0.15R_{200}$). The stellar mass versus total mass fractions drop with the increase in $r_p$ up to $\sim0.15R_{200}$, beyond which they are less than 1\% while stay almost constant, indicating the radial distribution of satellites trace dark matter. The total stellar mass in satellites is proportional to the virial mass of the host halo, $M_{200}$, for ICGs more massive than $10^{10.5}M_\odot$, i.e., $M_{\ast,\mathrm{sat}} \propto M_{200}$, whereas the relation between the stellar mass of ICGs $+$ stellar halos and $M_{200}$ is close to $M_{\ast,\mathrm{ICG+diffuse}}\propto M_{200}^{1/2}$. Below $10^{10.5}M_\odot$, the change in $M_{200}$ is much slower with the decrease in $M_{\ast,\mathrm{ICG+diffuse}}$. At fixed stellar mass, red ICGs are hosted by more massive dark matter halos and have more satellites. At $M_{200}\sim10^{12.7}M_\odot$, both $M_{\ast,\mathrm{sat}}$ and the fraction of stellar mass in satellites versus total stellar mass, $f_\mathrm{sat}$, tend to be slightly higher around blue ICGs, perhaps implying the late formation of blue galaxies. $f_\mathrm{sat}$ increases with the increase in both $M_{\ast,\mathrm{ICG+diffuse}}$ and $M_{200}$, and scales more linearly with $M_{200}$. We provide best-fitting formulas for these scaling relations and for red and blue ICGs separately., Comment: accepted by ApJ - comments welcome - data available upon request

Aluminum scandium nitride alloy (Al1-xScxN) is regarded as a promising material for high-performance acoustic devices used in wireless communication systems. Phonon scattering and heat conduction processes govern the energy dissipation in acoustic resonators, ultimately determining their performance quality. This work reports, for the first time, on phonon scattering processes and thermal conductivity in Al1-xScxN alloys with the Sc content (x) up to 0.26. The thermal conductivity measured presents a descending trend with increasing x. Temperature-dependent measurements show an increase in thermal conductivity as the temperature increases at temperatures below 200K, followed by a plateau at higher temperatures (T> 200K). Application of a virtual crystal phonon conduction model allows us to elucidate the effects of boundary and alloy scattering on the observed thermal conductivity behaviors. We further demonstrate that the alloy scattering is caused mainly by strain-field difference, and less by the atomic mass difference between ScN and AlN, which is in contrast to the well-studied Al1-xGaxN and SixGe1-x alloy systems where atomic mass difference dominates the alloy scattering. This work studies and provides the quantitative knowledge for phonon scattering and the thermal conductivity in Al1-xScxN, paving the way for future investigation of materials and design of acoustic devices.

The minimization of electronics makes heat dissipation of related devices an increasing challenge. When the size of materials is smaller than the phonon mean free paths, phonons transport without internal scatterings and laws of diffusive thermal conduction fail, resulting in significant reduction in the effective thermal conductivity. This work reports, for the first time, the temperature dependent thermal conductivity of doped epitaxial 6H-SiC and monocrystalline porous 6H-SiC below room temperature probed by time-domain thermoreflectance. Strong quasi-ballistic thermal transport was observed in these samples, especially at low temperatures. Doping and structural boundaries were applied to tune the quasi-ballistic thermal transport since dopants selectively scatter high-frequency phonons while boundaries scatter phonons with long mean free paths. Exceptionally strong phonon scattering by boron dopants are observed, compared to nitrogen dopants. Furthermore, orders of magnitude reduction in the measured thermal conductivity was observed at low temperatures for the porous 6H-SiC compared to the epitaxial 6H-SiC. Finally, first principles calculations and a simple Callaway model are built to understand the measured thermal conductivities. Our work sheds light on the fundamental understanding of thermal conduction in technologically-important wide bandgap semiconductors such as 6H-SiC and will impact applications such as thermal management of 6H-SiC-related electronics and devices.

Based on the spectroscopic and shear catalogs for SDSS galaxies in the local Universe, we compare optically-selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with control star-forming and quiescent galaxies on galactic, inter-halo and larger scales. We find that AGNs are preferentially found in two specific stages of galaxy evolution: star-burst and `green valley' phases, and that the stellar population of their host galaxies is quite independent of stellar mass, different from normal galaxies. Combining galaxy-galaxy lensing and galaxy clustering on large scales, we measure the mass of AGN host halos. The typical halo mass is about $10^{12}h^{-1}\rm M_{\odot}$, similar to the characteristic mass in the stellar mass-halo mass relation (SHMR). For given stellar mass, AGN host galaxies and star-forming galaxies share the same SHMR, while quiescent galaxies have more massive halos. Clustering analysis on halo scales reveals that AGNs are surrounded by a larger number of satellites (with stellar mass down to 1/1000 of the mass of the central galaxy) than star-forming galaxies, and that galaxies with larger stellar velocity dispersion have more satellites. The number of satellites also increase with halo mass, reaching unity around $10^{12}h^{-1}\rm M_{\odot}$. Our results suggest a scenario, in which the interaction of the central galaxy with the satellites triggers an early episode of star burst and AGN activities, followed by multiple AGN cycles driven by the non-axisymmetric structure produced by the interaction. The feedback from the starburst and AGN reduces the amount of cold gas for fueling the central black hole, producing a characteristic halo mass scale, $\sim 10^{12}h^{-1}\rm M_{\odot}$, where the AGN fraction peaks., Comment: accepted by A&A, 17 pages, 11 figures

In this work, we introduce metric learning (ML) to enhance the deep embedding learning for text-independent speaker verification (SV). Specifically, the deep speaker embedding network is trained with conventional cross entropy loss and auxiliary pair-based ML loss function. For the auxiliary ML task, training samples of a mini-batch are first arranged into pairs, then positive and negative pairs are selected and weighted through their own and relative similarities, and finally the auxiliary ML loss is calculated by the similarity of the selected pairs. To evaluate the proposed method, we conduct experiments on the Speaker in the Wild (SITW) dataset. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method., Comment: Not a particularly high-quality work, so we request withdrawal