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Owing to the need for beauty in modern society, cosmetics are essential to enhance femininity and attractiveness. Lipstick is effective in reinforcing femininity and increasing beauty. This study conducted a psychophysical experiment to investigate the association between lipstick colors and the impressions they create. Thirty‐five observers were invited to participate in the experiment. They were asked to assess 20 lipstick colors on 23 impression scales. The results showed that the impressions created by the lipstick colors comprised three factors: charm, cuteness, and contemporary. Charm was correlated with a* and lightness value of lipstick color and the color difference between lipstick‐skin colors. Cuteness was negatively correlated with the hue angle of the lipstick colors and lightness differences between lipstick‐skin colors. Contemporary was correlated with chroma differences and negatively correlated with b* of lipstick color. These lipstick colors can be classified into three groups based on impression factors. The results showed that a* value of lipstick color and the color difference (△E) between lipstick and skin color are identified to determine the grouping of lipstick colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of the S-asymptotically ω -periodic mild solutions to a class of multi-term time-fractional measure differential equations with nonlocal conditions in an ordered Banach spaces. Firstly, we look for suitable concept of S-asymptotically ω -periodic mild solution to our concern problem, by means of Laplace transform and (β , γ k) -resolvent family { S β , γ k (t) } t ≥ 0 . Secondly, we construct monotone iterative method in the presence of the lower and upper solutions to the delayed fractional measure differential equations, and obtain the existence of maximal and minimal S-asymptotically ω -periodic mild solutions for the mentioned system. Finally, as the application of abstract results, an example is given to illustrate our main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have established an operationally convenient protocol for the rapid construction of polysubstituted methyleneindene and quinoline derivatives under mild conditions. This new synthetic method is achieved through the conversion of acetyl‐substituted methylenecyclopropanes with TsOH ⋅ H2O and ortho‐amino‐substituted methylenecyclopropanes with aromatic aldehyde and TsOH ⋅ H2O, respectively. A variety of transformations of the obtained products was demonstrated. The plausible reaction mechanisms were also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased risk of target organ damage (TOD) has been reported in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA). However, there is relatively little related research on the correlation between the degree of TOD and those with and without PA in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to assess the association between PA and TOD among patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were consecutively recruited from January 2015 to June 2020 at the University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen Hospital. Patients were stratified into those with and without PA. Data for left ventricular mass index (LVMI), carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) and plaque, and microalbuminuria were systematically collected. A total of 1044 patients with newly diagnosed hypertension were recruited, 57 (5.5%) of whom were diagnosed with PA. Patients with PA had lower blood pressure, serum lipids, body mass index, and plasma renin activity and a higher incidence of hypokalemia than those without PA. In contrast, the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, increased CIMT, and microalbuminuria was higher in patients with PA than in those without PA. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that PA was independently associated with increased LVMI, CIMT and microalbuminuria. Among patients with newly diagnosed hypertension, those with PA had more severe TOD, including a higher LVMI, CIMT and microalbuminuria, than those without PA. These findings emphasize the need for screening TOD in newly diagnosed hypertension due to underlying PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the asymptotic properties for the drift parameter estimators in the fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with periodic mean function and long range dependence. The Cremér-type moderate deviations, as well as the moderation deviation principle with explicit rate function can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human gut hosts numerous ecological niches for microbe–microbe and host–microbe interactions. Gut lactate homeostasis in humans is crucial and relies on various bacteria. Veillonella spp., gut lactate‐utilizing bacteria, and lactate‐producing bacteria were frequently co‐isolated. A recent clinical trial has revealed that lactate‐producing bacteria in humans cross‐feed lactate to Veillonella spp.; however, their interspecies interaction mechanisms remain unclear. Veillonella dispar, an obligate anaerobe commonly found in the human gut and oral cavity, ferments lactate into acetate and propionate. In our study, we investigated the interaction between V. dispar ATCC 17748T and three representative phylogenetically distant strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356T, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei ATCC 27216T, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 10241. Bacterial growth, viability, metabolism and gene level adaptations during bacterial interaction were examined. V. dispar exhibited the highest degree of mutualism with L. acidophilus. During co‐culture of V. dispar with L. acidophilus, both bacteria exhibited enhanced growth and increased viability. V. dispar demonstrated an upregulation of amino acid biosynthesis pathways and the aspartate catabolic pathway. L. acidophilus also showed a considerable number of upregulated genes related to growth and lactate fermentation. Our results support that V. dispar is able to enhance the fermentative capability of L. acidophilus by presumably consuming the produced lactate, and that L. acidophilus cross‐feed not only lactate, but also glutamate, to V. dispar during co‐culture. The cross‐fed glutamate enters the central carbon metabolism in V. dispar. These findings highlight an intricate metabolic relationship characterized by cross‐feeding of lactate and glutamate in parallel with considerable gene regulation within both L. acidophilus (lactate‐producing) and V. dispar (lactate‐utilizing). The mechanisms of mutualistic interactions between a traditional probiotic bacterium and a potential next‐generation probiotic bacterium were elucidated in the production of short‐chain fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The microbial degradation of EE2 was accelerated by iron minerals and HA. • The HO• was the main active substance for microbial degradation of EE2. • The effect of microbial secretions on HO• production was clarified. • The microbial degradation changed the surface morphology of iron minerals. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and iron minerals widely existing in the natural aquatic environment can mediate the migration and transformation of organic pollutants. However, the mechanism of interaction between DOM and iron minerals in the microbial degradation of pollutants deserves further investigation. In this study, the mechanism of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) biodegradation mediated by humic acid (HA) and three kinds of iron minerals (goethite, magnetite, and pyrite) was investigated. The results found that HA and iron minerals significantly accelerated the biodegradation process of EE2, and the highest degradation efficiency of EE2 (48%) was observed in the HA-mediated microbial system with pyrite under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, it had been demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was the main active substance responsible for the microbial degradation of EE2. HO• is primarily generated through the reaction between hydrogen peroxide secreted by microorganisms and Fe(II), with aerobic conditions being more conducive. The presence of iron minerals and HA could change the microbial communities in the EE2 biodegradation system. These findings provide new information for exploring the migration and transformation of pollutants by microorganisms in iron-rich environments. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic effects of Mg-Sr-Ca containing bioactive glass nanoparticles sodium alginate hydrogel modified mineralized collagen scaffold (Mg-Sr-Ca-BGNs-SA-MC) on the repair of osteoporotic bone defect. During the study, Mg-Sr-Ca containing bioactive glass nanoparticles (Mg-Sr-Ca-BGNs) were synthesized using the sol-gel method, and the Mg-Sr-Ca-BGNs-SA-MC scaffold was synthesized by a simple method. The Mg-Sr-Ca-BGNs and the Mg-Sr-Ca-BGNs-SA-MC scaffold were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The elements of Mg, Sr, Ca and Si were effectively integrated into Mg-Sr-Ca-BGNs. SEM analysis revealed the presence of Mg-Sr-Ca-BGNs on the scaffold's surface. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the scaffolds were assessed using a live/dead assay. The result of the live/dead assay demonstrated that the scaffold materials were non-toxic to cell growth. More importantly, the in vivo study indicated that implanted scaffold promoted tissue regeneration and integration with newly formed bone. Overall, the Mg-Sr-Ca-BGNs-SA-MC scaffold is suitable for guided bone regeneration and beneficial to repair of osteoporotic bone defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly detrimental occurrence associated with severe neurological disorders, lacking effective treatment currently. Proteolysis-targeting chimeric molecules (PROTACs) may provide new therapeutic avenues for treatment of podophyllotoxin derivatives-resistant SCLC with LM, warranting further exploration. Methods: The SCLC cell line H128 expressing luciferase were mutated by MNNG to generate H128-Mut cell line. After subcutaneous inoculation of H128-Mut into nude mice, H128-LM and H128-BPM (brain parenchymal metastasis) cell lines were primarily cultured from LM and BPM tissues individually, and employed to in vitro drug testing. The SCLC-LM mouse model was established by inoculating H128-LM into nude mice via carotid artery and subjected to in vivo drug testing. RNA-seq and immunoblotting were conducted to uncover the molecular targets for LM. Results: The SCLC-LM mouse model was successfully established, confirmed by in vivo live imaging and histological examination. The upregulated genes included EZH2, SLC44A4, VEGFA, etc. in both BPM and LM cells, while SLC44A4 was particularly upregulated in LM cells. When combined with PROTAC EZH2 degrader-1, the drug sensitivity of cisplatin, etoposide (VP16), and teniposide (VM26) for H128-LM was significantly increased in vitro. The in vivo drug trials with SCLC-LM mouse model demonstrated that PROTAC EZH2 degrader-1 plus VM26 or cisplatin/ VP16 inhibited H128-LM tumour significantly compared to VM26 or cisplatin/ VP16 alone (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The SCLC-LM model effectively simulates the pathophysiological process of SCLC metastasis to the leptomeninges. PROTAC EZH2 degrader-1 overcomes chemoresistance in SCLC, suggesting its potential therapeutic value for SCLC LM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to analyse the effect of tandem repetitions in exon III of the DRD4 gene on the features of human decision‐making in a model of choosing tourist attractions by adult residents of China. The study included 380 subjects: 162 (42.6%) men and 218 (57.4%) women. The mean age of the subjects was 31.7 ± 3.32 years. As a result of the survey of subjects, 5 groups of motivations for choosing tourist attractions were identified, and the frequency of their use, including the identified combinations, was determined. Using the genotyping method, the frequency of DRD4 subtypes among the subjects was determined, and their relationship with the indicated attraction selection groups was studied. It has been established that there is a significant dependence of the frequency of choosing the attractors 'relaxation', 'desire for novelty' and 'self‐realization' and their combinations on the frequency of occurrence of the DRD4 2R, 4R and 5R+ subtypes in the study groups. A conclusion was made about the possible mechanism of the influence of manifestations of DRD4 subtypes on the choice of tourist attractors by implementing the neurophysiological influence of the genome on reducing the sensitivity of brain receptors to dopamine, which stimulates behaviours that compensate for the need for additional emotional influences. This work complements the existing knowledge about the impact of human innate properties on the characteristics of his behaviour and possible patterns of influence of human genotype variability on decision‐making and suggests further possible directions of research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Septic lung injury is characterized by uncontrollable inflammatory infiltrations and acute onset bilateral hypoxemia. Evidence has emerged of the beneficial effect of hydrogen in acute lung injury (ALI), but the underlying mechanism is unclear. In this research, the recovery action of hydrogen on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice and A549 cells was investigated. The 7-day survival rate and body weight of mice were measured after intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Lung function was determined by a whole body plethysmography (WBP) system using the indicators respiratory rate and enhanced pause. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining confirmed the signs of pulmonary edema and inflammatory ooze. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) quantification was used to detect the expression of inflammatory factors. Western blotting analysis evaluated the expression levels of involved proteins in the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. The experimental results confirmed that hydrogen provided an essential solution to the dissipative effects of LPS on survival rate, weight loss and lung function. The LPS-stimulated inflammatory factors, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were also suppressed by hydrogen in A549 cells. Western blot analysis showed that hydrogen significantly upregulated the levels of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) and lowered the LPS-induced increased expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and Caspase3. These findings prove that hydrogen attenuated LPS-treated ALI by activating the AMPK pathway, supporting the feasibility of hydrogen treatment for sepsis. • Hydrogen could attenuate endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. • The increase of Drp1 after endotoxemia is a compensatory mechanism. • Hydrogen attenuates septic lung injury by bidirectional regulation of Caspase3 after activating AMPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal was to examine (a) how parental involvement affects mental health in left‐behind children (LBC), and (b) how the interaction effect of parental involvement and grandparent involvement affects mental health in LBC. Background: Given the rapid industrialization and urbanization in China, a substantial number of rural laborers have migrated to cities to earn a living. However, it is difficult for many children to stay with their parents and they have to be left behind. Methods: The sample consisted of 309 left‐behind children who had grandparents to care for them. The participants completed the Inventory of Father Involvement, Inventory of Mother Involvement, Inventory of Closest Grandparent Involvement, Needs Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Emotional Experience of Well‐being Questionnaire. Results: Needs satisfaction mediated the effect of father involvement on emotional well‐being (EWB) and the effect of mother involvement on EWB in LBC. The closest grandparent involvement of LBC moderated the effect of mother involvement on needs satisfaction, but it did not moderate the effect of father involvement on needs satisfaction. The closest grandparent involvement of LBC moderated the indirect effect of mother involvement on EWB through needs satisfaction. Conclusions: Needs satisfaction is an essential mediator between parental involvement and EWB. Grandparental involvement of LBC plays a complementary role in mother involvement. Their interaction effect facilitates the fulfilment of needs, and improves their EWB in LBC. Implications: The mental health of LBC can be improved by helping their mothers and grandparents to meet various needs of LBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of urban traffic efficiency and reduction of pollution through minimizing the number of taxis has become a topic of increasing interest. However, the problem of determining the minimum fleet that considers both time and distance efficiency has received limited attention. Furthermore, little research has been done on how this problem is influenced by factors such as city size and travel demand (i.e., the number of trips). This study extends the minimum fleet problem to the min-cost minimum fleet problem, and proposes a method to address the problem by constructing a "dispatch network" and finding the minimum weight and minimum path cover of it. A comparative analysis of the method is conducted with the taxi trajectory data of three cities, New York, Chengdu, and Chicago, and the results show a 60% reduction in the off-load travel time of vehicles compared to the previous method, while maintaining the same fleet size. With the introduction of an emissionsmodel and its combination with our methodology, emissions can also be minimized. Moreover, the relationship between min-cost minimum fleet and city size and travel demand (number of trips) is studied. Experimental results indicate that fleet size and idle time (distance) vary linearly with the number of trips. Meanwhile, city size also has an essential impact on the algorithm's performance. Furthermore, these results indicate that the min-cost minimum fleet will help small cities to achieve higher efficiency (smaller fleet and less connection time) than large cities. The acceleration of urbanization is driving changes in the transportation system.Our findings are expected to have significant implications for transport planning, resource conservation, and reducing pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis of modern pharmacology is the human ability to exploit the production of specialized metabolites from medical plants, for example, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. However, in most cases, the availability of these valuable compounds is limited by cellular or organelle barriers or spatio‐temporal accumulation patterns within different plant tissues. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate biosynthesis of these specialized metabolites by tightly controlling the expression of biosynthetic genes. Cutting‐edge technologies and/or combining multiple strategies and approaches have been applied to elucidate the role of TFs. In this review, we focus on recent progress in the transcription regulation mechanism of representative high‐value products and describe the transcriptional regulatory network, and future perspectives are discussed, which will help develop high‐yield plant resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhodium-catalyzed cycloaddition reactions are a powerful tool for the construction of polycyclic compounds. Combined experimental and DFT studies were used to investigate the temperature-controlled chemoselectivity of cationic rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular cycloaddition reactions of ene-vinylidenecyclopropanes. After a series of mechanistic studies, it was found that trace amounts of water in the reaction system play an important role in generating the product with endo double bond located on a five-membered ring and revealed that trace amounts of water in the reaction system, including the rhodium catalyst, substrate and solvent, were sufficient to promote the formation of the product with endo double bond located on a five-membered ring, and additional water could not further accelerate the reaction. DFT calculation results show that the addition of water indeed significantly lowers the energy barrier of the proton transfer step, making the formation of the product with endo double bond located on a five-membered ring more likely to occur and confirming the rationality of water-assisted proton transfer occurring in the selective access to the product with endo double bond located on a five-membered ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Frailty has an important impact on the health outcomes of older patients, and frailty screening is recommended as part of perioperative evaluation. The Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is a validated tool that highlights frailty risk using 109 International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. In this study, we aim to compare HFRS to the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and validate HFRS as a predictor of adverse outcomes in Asian patients admitted to surgical services. Method: A retrospective study of electronic health records (EHR) was undertaken in patients aged 65 years and above who were discharged from surgical services between 1 April 2022 to 31 July 2022. Patients were stratified into low (HFRS <5), intermediate (HFRS 5--15) and high (HFRS >15) risk of frailty. Results: Those at high risk of frailty were older and more likely to be men. They were also likely to have more comorbidities and a higher CCI than those at low risk of frailty. High HFRS scores were associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes, such as mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS) and 30-day readmission. When used in combination with CCI, there was better prediction of mortality at 90 and 270 days, and 30-day readmission. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first validation of HFRS in Singapore in surgical patients and confirms that high-risk HFRS predicts long LOS (≥7days), increased unplanned hospital readmissions (both 30-day and 270-day) and increased mortality (inpatient, 10-day, 30-day, 90-day, 270-day) compared with those at low risk of frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Histological transformation to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has been identified as a mechanism of TKIs resistance in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We aim to explore the prevalence of transformation in EGFR-wildtype NSCLC and the mechanism of SCLC transformation, which are rarely understood. Methods: We reviewed 1474 NSCLC patients to investigate the NSCLC-to-SCLC transformed cases and the basic clinical characteristics, driver gene status and disease course of them. To explore the potential functional genes in SCLC transformation, we obtained pre- and post-transformation specimens and subjected them to a multigene NGS panel involving 416 cancer-related genes. To validate the putative gene function, we established knocked-out models by CRISPR-Cas 9 in HCC827 and A549-TP53-/- cells and investigated the effects on tumor growth, drug sensitivity and neuroendocrine phenotype in vitro and in vivo. We also detected the expression level of protein and mRNA to explore the molecular mechanism involved. Results: We firstly reported an incidence rate of 9.73% (11/113) of SCLC transformation in EGFR-wildtype NSCLC and demonstrated that SCLC transformation is irrespective of EGFR mutation status (P = 0.16). We sequenced 8 paired tumors and identified a series of mutant genes specially in transformed SCLC such as SMAD4, RICTOR and RET. We firstly demonstrated that SMAD4 deficiency can accelerate SCLC transition by inducing neuroendocrine phenotype regardless of RB1 status in TP53-deficient NSCLC cells. Further mechanical experiments identified the SMAD4 can regulate ASCL1 transcription competitively with Myc in NSCLC cells and Myc inhibitor acts as a potential subsequent treatment agent. Conclusions: Transformation to SCLC is irrespective of EFGR status and can be accelerated by SMAD4 in non-small cell lung cancer. Myc inhibitor acts as a potential therapeutic drug for SMAD4-mediated resistant lung cancer. 9vNWjpNbo9djtsBQF6k7BH Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differentiating between advancing and retreating subduction zones and delineating the timing and processes for switching between these end-member types are critical factors in understanding orogenic evolution. In this study, we used temporal composition variations and spatiotemporal distribution of igneous rocks to constrain the types and directions of the subduction zone beneath the Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet during the mid-Mesozoic. Comprehensive geochronological and geochemical data from mid- Mesozoic magmatic rocks in five areas of the central Lhasa terrane document two compositionally distinct magmatic suites: older (ca. 172-150 Ma) high-Mg diorite-granodiorite and younger (ca. 150-130 Ma) low-Mg granodiorite-syenogranite. The high-Mg rocks with enriched isotopes were likely generated by the mixing of Lhasa terrane basement- derived magmas with mantle-derived magmas that incorporated extensive contributions from subducted sediments. The low- Mg rocks with relatively depleted isotopes are interpreted as derived from a mixed lowercrust source (ancient basement and juvenile crust) with minor mantle contributions followed by crystal fractionation. Both high-Mg and low-Mg rocks show arc signatures and formed the 1200 km Shiquan-Zhegu-Menba arc. A combination of the Mesozoic geological and geochemical data suggests that both the Neo-Tethyan and Bangong Tethyan slabs were likely subducting beneath the Lhasa terrane, creating two opposing subduction zones. The change from high-Mg to low- Mg magmatism within the Shiquan-Zhegu- Menba arc likely records a tectonic switch from advancing to retreating subduction of the south-dipping Bangong Tethyan slab. Our results provide a good example for identification of subduction polarities and types of ancient orogenic belts through spatiotemporal distributions and changes in geochemical compositions of igneous rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent case studies indicate that the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak, one of the worst pre-2020 global biological catastrophes in modern history, helped some nations to better prepared their responses for the COVID-19 pandemic. While such national case studies explore how specific nations applied EVD-related policies in their domestic battle against the COVID-19 pandemic, there is no known study that assesses how many WHO nations learned from the West African crisis and to what scale. Objective: Applying the policy legacies analytical framework and a systematized literature review, this research examines how prior policy experiences with the 2014-16 EVD crisis as a large-scale emergent outbreak helped to inform and to condition WHO nations to proactively prepare their national policies and health systems for future threats, including ultimately COVID-19. Methods: A systematized literature review of 803 evaluated sources assesses to what extent Ebola-affected and non-affected nations directly modified governmental health systems in relation to this warning. The study further evaluates how nations with documented Ebola-related changes fared during COVID-19 compared to nations that did not. We present a categorical theoretical framework that allows for classifying different types of national response activities (termed conditioned learning). Results: Ten (90.9%) of 11 nations that were affected by 2014-16 Ebola crisis have documented evidence of repurposing their EVD-related policies to fight COVID-19. 164 (70.0%) of 234 non-EVD-affected nations had documented evidence of specifically adapting national systems to incorporate policy recommendations developed from the 2014-16 crisis, which informed their COVID-19 responses in 2020. Conclusions: The shock of 2014-16 EVD outbreak affected most nations around the world, whether they experienced Ebola cases. We further develop a categorical framework that helps characterised nations previous experiences with this biological catastrophe, providing a means to analyse to what extent that individual nations learned and how these EVD-related changes helped inform their COVID-19 response. Nations that demonstrated EVD-related conditioned learning nations tended to have more stringent COVID-19 responses before April 2020 and utilized documented response mechanisms developed out of the West African crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Color coding of the graphical user interface (GUI) is effective in cognitive tasks, especially searching and identifying target stimuli from a crowded GUI. The perceived color depth on a flat GUI is a critical feature in mapping the stratification of information. In color science, the visual phenomena of advancing and receding colors provide the perceived depth needed for GUI design. The experiment used a series of color pairs as experimental samples to observe the phenomenon of depth perception caused by colors and obtain the judgment of the perception of color depth. This study developed a best‐fit regression model to predict the perceived color depth. The study found that the higher the lightness, the higher the chroma, and the closer the hue is to 33° (reddish color), the colors tend to be the advancing colors; the lower the lightness, the lower the chroma, and the closer the hue is to 213° (blue‐greenish color), the colors tend to be the receding colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We aim to compare and correlate Gold and Clarke questionnaire scores with hypoglycaemic symptomatic responses between insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes participants with and without IAH in a real‐life study. Methods: Insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes participants attending an outpatient diabetes clinic in Singapore were asked to complete the Gold and Clarke questionnaires, record capillary blood glucose (CBG) and hypoglycaemic symptoms for 4 weeks. Results: Data were collected from 153 participants (M:F = 98:55) with mean age 61.0 ± 9.4 years, duration of diabetes 19.5 ± 8.8 years and HbA1c 68 ± 17 mmol/mol (8.4 ± 1.5%). Gold and Clarke methods classified 19.6% and 26.8% of participants with IAH, respectively. Using CBG threshold of <3 mmol/L, significantly greater proportion of participants with intact awareness were experiencing autonomic symptoms than those with IAH with either method (Gold: 69% vs. 18%, p = 0.006; Clarke: 85% vs. 46%, p = 0.010). Significantly greater proportion of participants with IAH experienced no hypoglycaemia symptoms than those with intact awareness (Gold: 3.4% vs. 36%, p = 0.015; Clarke: 3.7% vs. 31%, p = 0.031). Participants with IAH had significantly higher rates of severe hypoglycaemia in the preceding year compared to those without (Gold: 17% vs. 3.3%; Clarke: 15% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.012). Conclusions: Gold and Clarke questionnaires are appropriate tools in ascertaining IAH status in insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes participants. This is the first time whereby the hypoglycaemia symptomology has robustly validated the Gold and Clarke questionnaire in insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 presents a diverse material characterization exhibiting exceptional electrical and optical properties. Considering the miniaturization of gallium oxide devices, two-dimensional (AlxGa1−x)2O3 alloys, as a critical component in the formation of two-dimensional electron gases, demand an in-depth examination of their carrier transport properties. Herein, we investigate the temperature-dependent carrier mobility and scattering mechanisms of quasi-two-dimensional (2D) (AlxGa1−x)2O3 (x ≤ 5) by solving the Boltzmann transport equation from first-principles. Anisotropic electron mobility of 2D (AlxGa1−x)2O3 is limited to 30−80 cm2/Vs at room temperature, and it finds that the relatively large ion-clamped dielectric tensors (Δɛ) suggest a major scattering role for polar optical phonons. The mobility of 2D (AlxGa1−x)2 is less than that of bulk β-(AlxGa1−x)2O3 and shows no quantum effects attributed to the dangling bonds on the surface. We further demonstrate that the bandgap of 2D (AlxGa1−x)2O3 decreases with the number of layers, and the electron localization function also shows an anisotropy. This work comprehensively interprets the scattering mechanism and unintentional doping intrinsic electron mobility of (AlxGa1−x)2O3 alloys, providing physical elaboration and alternative horizons for experimental synthesis, crystallographic investigations, and power device fabrication of 2D (AlxGa1−x)2O3 atomically thin layered systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mycotic subclavian artery aneurysms (SAAs) are a very rare disorder. Aim: To provide an overview of current knowledge on clinical features, management strategies and outcome evaluations of mycotic SAAs. Material and methods: The study materials were based on comprehensive literature retrieval of publications of mycotic SAAs published between 2000 and 2023. Results: Contaminated mechanical injuries and abscess erosions of the arterial walls are mechanisms of mycotic SAAs. The diagnosis relies on detection of pathogenic microorganisms by cultures or microbiological investigations of blood, other fluids and infected tissues as well as medical imaging visualization. The indications for an interventional therapy were poor general condition, high surgical risk, and rescue exclusion for a ruptured pseudoaneurysm. Three (9.1%) pre-treatment deaths were a result of sudden rupture of the mycotic SAAs and thus they lost the opportunity of treatment. All post-treatment deaths occurred in the interventional patient group, whereas the causes of death seemed to be unrelated to mycotic SAAs per se or to treatments of choice. Patient outcome evaluations revealed no significant difference between different treatments of choice. No significant predictive risk factors were responsible for patient outcomes. Conclusions: Once a diagnosis of mycotic SAA is made, sensitive antibacterial drugs are applied immediately to control the infection and control aneurysmal progression. Early treatment is conducted as soon as possible to avoid aneurysmal rupture. A decision on treatment of choice is made based on the patient’s specific condition. Antibacterial drug use is continued for about 6 weeks after surgical or interventional therapy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs an MHD-PIC method to perform numerical simulations of magnetic-reconnection-driven turbulence and turbulent reconnection acceleration of particles. Focusing on the dynamics of the magnetic reconnection, the properties of self-driven turbulence, and the behavior of particle acceleration, we find the following: (1) When reaching a statistically steady state of the self-driven turbulence, the magnetic energy is almost released by 50%, while the kinetic energy of the fluid increases by no more than 15%. (2) The properties of reconnection-driven turbulence are more complex than the traditional turbulence driven by an external force. (3) The strong magnetic field tends to enhance the turbulent reconnection efficiency to accelerate particles more efficiently, resulting in a hard spectral energy distribution. Our study provides a particular perspective on understanding turbulence properties and turbulent-reconnection-accelerated particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the strategy of merging visible light photocatalysis and organocatalysis has been utilized and applied in a wide range of reactions. Taking advantage of synergistic visible light photocatalysis with organocatalysis, remarkable progress has recently been achieved in modern chemical synthesis. In these dual catalytic systems, photocatalysts or photosensitizers absorb visible light to induce their photo‐excited states which can activate unreactive substrates via electron or energy transfer mechanisms, and organocatalysts are usually employed to control the chemical reactivities of the other substrates. This review mainly focuses on the recent development of cooperative catalysis by the combination of organocatalysis and photocatalysis in recent organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Aim: To evaluate the neurological event and mortality rates of TAVI in comparison with those of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Material and methods: A systematic literature search identified pertinent full-text journal articles published from 2000 to 2022 that were taken as the study materials. Results: Patients were at the age of 79.3 ±2.8 years and 79.9 ±2.9 years at the time of intervention/open surgery in the TAVI and SAVR groups, respectively. Patients' age and preoperative comorbidity rates were similar in both groups. A self-expanding valve prosthesis and a percutaneous transfemoral route were the most commonly used in patients receiving TAVI. The duration of the procedure and the hospital stay were much shorter, and the number of transfused blood units was much lower in the TAVI group than in the SAVR group. No significant intergroup difference was found in the prevalence of postoperative stroke, 1-month all-cause mortality, and 1-month and 1-year cardiovascular mortality rates. However, 1-year all-cause mortality was much lower in the TAVI than the SAVR group. The subgroups of risk stratification showed better outcomes for non-high-risk patients compared with high-risk patients. Conclusions: Irrespective of other postoperative complications of TAVI, this study emphasizes the postoperative major neurological events and mortality. TAVI appears to be superior to SAVR with regard to 1-year all-cause mortality. TAVI is thus recommended for elderly patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis at very high surgical risk contraindicated for SAVR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) is a rapid and flexible sample pretreatment method that accomplishes sample disruption, extraction, filtering and purification in one step and is especially suitable for solid, semisolid and viscous samples. More than 30 years have elapsed since it was first proposed, and there are many published reviews. However, there is no review on the use of MSPD to extract active compounds from natural products. In this review, the latest developments from 2015–2021 in MSPD microextraction techniques, including sorbents, elution solvents and assisted MSPD extraction, along with their applications in natural products, are systematically discussed and classified according to the structure of the active constituents, which mainly refer to phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones and terpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus adsurgens (A. adsurgens), which is considered a forage in China, grows widely in Eurasia and North America. However, Alternaria gansuense (A. gansuense) (synonym: Embellisia astragali) systematically infects A. adsurgens, producing swainsonine (SW), which poisons domesticated animals. In this study, we hypothesized that the A. gansuense SW-producing fungus is morphologically and molecularly related to the locoweed endophyte, Alternaria oxytropis (A. oxytropis), which systematically grows in host plants. Therefore, pure cultures of the fungi from diseased plants or endophytic interactions were collected from fields and assayed for SW via high-performance liquid chromatography linked to mass spectroscopy (HPLC–MS). The production of SW was also detected in A. adsurgens, A. oxytropis and diseased plants by assaying for the presence of the β-ketoacyl synthase (KS) gene, which is required for SW synthesis. Diseased A. adsurgens and pure cultures of A. gansuense have SW and the healthy-looking A. adsurgens plants also contained SW, probably because they were infected with A. gansuense. Therefore, A. adsurgens-infected A. gansuense are not safe for livestock consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the integrity of the entry portal of head-neck implant is related to postoperative mechanical complications. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with pertrochanteric fractures in our hospital treated from January 1, 2018, to September 1, 2021. Based on the integrity of the entry portal for head-neck implants on the femoral lateral wall, patients were divided into two groups, including the ruptured entry portal (REP) group and the intact entry portal (IEP) group. After 4:1 propensity score-matched analyses were used to balance the baseline of the two groups, a total of 55 patients were extracted from the original participants, including 11 patients in the REP group and 44 matched patients in the IEP group. The anterior to posterior cortex width on the mid-level of the lesser trochanter was measured and defined as the residual lateral wall width (RLWW). Results: Compared with the IEP group, the REP group was correlated with postoperative mechanical complications (OR = 12.00, 95% CI 1.837–78.369, P = 0.002) and hip-thigh pain (OR = 26.67, 95% CI 4.98–142.86). RLWW ≤ 18.55 mm indicated a high likelihood (tau-y = 0.583, P = 0.000) of becoming the REP type postoperatively and being more likely to suffer from mechanical complications (OR = 30.67, 95% CI 3.91–240.70, P = 0.000) and hip-thigh pain (OR = 14.64, 95% CI 2.36–90.85, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Rupture of entry portal is a high-risk factor for mechanical complications in intertrochanteric fractures. RLWW ≤ 18.55 mm is a reliable predictor of the postoperative REP type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatic masses are relatively common findings, and the diagnostic approach often begins by identifying patient and mass characteristics that are risk factors for malignancy. Chronic immunosuppression is a known risk factor for various malignancies, and azathioprine in particular has been reported in association with solid and hematologic malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Case presentation: A 46-year-old white woman presented to clinic with several weeks of gastrointestinal symptoms and was found to have a hepatic mass on imaging. Her history was notable for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder on chronic immunosuppression with azathioprine. It was initially thought to be an inflammatory adenoma. On 6-month follow-up imaging, the mass had grown rapidly in size and was surgically resected. Further workup determined the mass to be an iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated Epstein–Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma confined to the liver. Azathioprine was discontinued and the patient underwent treatment with rituximab with no evidence of recurrence 2 years after the initiation of treatment. Conclusions: This case report describes the first time hepatic Epstein–Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has been reported with azathioprine, which highlights the unique sequelae of chronic immunosuppression, including atypical hematologic malignancies, and the importance of considering chronic immunosuppression in the diagnostic evaluation of a hepatic mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ special-shaped microfibrillar composites, employing polyolefin elastomer (POE) as matrix and poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 (PLA/PA6) masterbatch as dispersed phase, were successfully prepared by using multistage stretching extrusion technology. The special-shaped microfibrils liking "gourd skewers" or "trepang" can be readily tuned by changing the weight ratio of PLA to PA6 in the POE/(PLA/PA6) composites. It was found that the morphological evolution of special shaped structure microfibril were mainly ascribed to the phase separation and viscosity difference between PLA and PA6 during stretching extrusion process. Owing to the large specific surface area and the "hang nail" effect of special-shaped microfibrils, the excellent elongation at break(867%) and tensile strength (20.1 MPa) can be achieved for the POE/(PLA/PA6) composites (PLA/PA6 = 12.5/12.5), which were 1.2 and 2 times higher than those of pure POE respectively. Dynamic rheology studies showed that the viscoelasticity of POE/(PLA/PA6) composites can be improved significantly compared to pure POE. This work provided a facile and cost-effective way to fabricate special shaped microfibrillar composites to improved strength and toughness simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkynes as unsaturated hydrocarbons have long been used for cyclization reactions. Various transition metal-catalyzed cyclizations of alkynes have been reported in the past decades. In this minireview, we mainly summarize the recent asymmetric cyclization of alkynes with other functional groups such as carbonyl-alkynes, cyano-alkynes, and enynes under the catalytic system of nickel and chiral ligands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, TiO2-MXene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) composite was utilized as an electrode material for the sensitive electrochemical detection of baicalein. The in-situ growth of TiO2 nanoparticles on the surface of MXene nanosheets can effectively prevent their aggregation, thus presenting a significantly large specific surface area and abundant active sites. However, the partial oxidation of MXene after calcination could reduce its conductivity. To address this issue, herein, PEDOT:PSS films were introduced to disperse the TiO2-MXene materials. The uniform and dense films of PEDOT:PSS not only improved the conductivity and dispersion of TiO2-MXene but also enhanced its stability and electrocatalytic activity. With the advantages of a composite material, TiO2-MXene/PEDOT:PSS as an electrode material demonstrated excellent electrochemical sensing ability for baicalein determination, with a wide linear response ranging from 0.007 to 10.0 μM and a lower limit of detection of 2.33 nM. Furthermore, the prepared sensor displayed good repeatability, reproducibility, stability and selectivity, and presented satisfactory results for the determination of baicalein in human urine sample analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High utility sequential pattern (HUSP) mining aims to mine actionable patterns with high utilities, widely applied in real-world learning scenarios such as market basket analysis, scenic route planning and click-stream analysis. The existing HUSP mining algorithms mainly attempt to improve computation efficiency while maintaining the algorithm stability in the setting of large-scale data. Although these methods have made some progress, they ignore the relationship between additional items and underlying sequences, which directly leads to the generation of redundant sequential patterns sharing the same underlying sequence. Hence, the mined patterns' actionability is limited, which significantly compromises the performance of patterns in real-world applications. To address this problem, we present a new method named Combined Utility-Association Sequential Pattern Mining (CUASPM) by incorporating item/sequence relations, which can effectively remove redundant patterns and extract high discriminative and strongly associated sequential pattern combinations with high utilities. Specifically, we introduce the concept of actionable combined mining into HUSP mining for the first time and develop a novel tree structure to select discriminative high utility sequential patterns (HUSPs) for downstream tasks. Furthermore, two efficient strategies (i.e., global and local strategies) are presented to facilitate mining HUSPs while guaranteeing utility growth and high levels of association. Last, two parameters are introduced to evaluate the interestingness of patterns to choose the most useful actionable combined HUSPs (ACHUSPs). Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CUASPM outperforms the baselines in terms of execution time, memory usage, mining high discriminative and strongly associated HUSPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the development of organic synthetic chemistry, a variety of organic synthetic methods have been discovered and applied in practical production. Photochemistry and electrochemistry have been widely used in organic synthesis recently due to their advantages such as mild conditions and green and environmental protection and have now been developed into two of the most massive synthetic strategies in the field of organic synthesis. In order to further enhance the potential of photochemistry and electrochemistry and to overcome the limitations of each, organic synthetic chemists have worked to combine the two synthetic strategies together to develop photoelectrochemistry as a new synthetic method. Photoelectrochemistry achieves the complementary advantages and disadvantages of photochemistry and electrochemistry, avoids the problem of using stoichiometric oxidants or reductants in photochemistry and easy dimerization in electrochemistry, generates highly reactive reaction intermediates under mild conditions, and achieves reactions that are difficult to accomplish by single photochemistry or electrochemistry. This review summarizes the research progress in the field of photoelectrochemistry from the perspective of photoelectro-chemical catalysts in recent years, analyzes the catalytic mechanism of various catalysts in detail, and gives a brief outlook on the research direction and development prospects in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse, visible-light-induced transformations of methylenecyclopropanes (MCPs) have been reported in recent years, attracting significant attention from synthetic chemists. As readily accessible strained molecules, MCPs have sufficient reactivity to selectively generate different target products, through reactions with various radical species upon visible-light irradiation under regulated reaction conditions. These transformations can be classified into three subcategories of reaction pathway, forming ring-opened products, cyclopropane derivatives, and alkynes. These products include pharmaceutical intermediates and polycyclic/heterocyclic compounds that are challenging to obtain using traditional methods. This review summarizes the recent advancements in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we established a novel theory for the dynamics of oscillating bubbles such as cavitation bubbles, underwater explosion bubbles, and air bubbles. For the first time, we proposed bubble dynamics equations that can simultaneously take into consideration the effects of boundaries, bubble interaction, ambient flow field, gravity, bubble migration, fluid compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension while maintaining a unified and elegant mathematical form. The present theory unifies different classical bubble equations such as the Rayleigh–Plesset equation, the Gilmore equation, and the Keller–Miksis equation. Furthermore, we validated the theory with experimental data of bubbles with a variety in scales, sources, boundaries, and ambient conditions and showed the advantages of our theory over the classical theoretical models, followed by a discussion on the applicability of the present theory based on a comparison to simulation results with different numerical methods. Finally, as a demonstration of the potential of our theory, we modeled the complex multi-cycle bubble interaction with wide ranges of energy and phase differences and gained new physical insight into inter-bubble energy transfer and coupling of bubble-induced pressure waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphdiyne (GDY) has attracted a lot of interest in electrochemical sensing application with the advantages of a large conjugation system, porous structure, and high structure defects. Herein, to further improve the sensing effect of GDY, conductive MWCNTs were chosen as the signal accelerator. To get a stable composite material, polydopamine (PDA) was employed as connecting bridge between GDY and MWCNTs-NH2, where DA was firstly polymerized onto GDY, followed by covalently linking MWCNTs-NH2 with PDA through Michael-type reaction. The formed GDY@PDA/MWCNTs-NH2 composite was then explored as an electrochemical sensor for benomyl (Ben) determination. GDY assists the adsorption and accumulation of Ben molecules to the sensing surface, while MWCNTs-NH2 can enhance the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity, all of which contributing to the significantly improved performance. The proposed sensor displays an obvious oxidation peak at 0.72 V (vs. Hg|Hg2Cl2) and reveals a wide linear range from 0.007 to 10.0 µM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.8 nM (S/N = 3) toward Ben detection. In addition, the sensor shows high stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity. The feasibility of this sensor was demonstrated by detecting Ben in apple and cucumber samples with a recovery of 94–106% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 2.3% (n = 5). A sensitive electrochemical sensing platform was reported for benomyl (Ben) determination based on a highly stable GDY@PDA/MWCNTs-NH2 composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examined on-the-job breaks taken by shift-duty police officers. We explored the nature of on-the-job breaks among officers, their perception of these breaks as helping them to recover and replenish resources, and what factors shaped their on-the-job breaks. Data were collected from 21 shift-duty police officers via semi-structured interviews. Findings show that on-the-job breaks were categorized into official and unofficial breaks, each of which had fairly distinctive characteristics. The timing, activities engaged in during breaks, and subjective experiences during breaks were thought to determine the effectiveness of on-the-job breaks. Officers reported that the adverse impacts of skipping a break tended to exceed the benefits of taking a break. On-the-job breaks were shaped by various work and non-work factors. As the first study delving into on-the-job breaks among shift-duty police officers, this study expands our understanding of specific strategies employed by police officers to deal with ongoing work demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into functional ureteric and collecting duct (CD) epithelia is essential to kidney regenerative medicine. Here we describe highly efficient, serum-free differentiation of hPSCs into ureteric bud (UB) organoids and functional CD cells. The hPSCs are first induced into pronephric progenitor cells at 90% efficiency and then aggregated into spheres with a molecular signature similar to the nephric duct. In a three-dimensional matrix, the spheres form UB organoids that exhibit branching morphogenesis similar to the fetal UB and correct distal tip localization of RET expression. Organoid-derived cells incorporate into the UB tips of the progenitor niche in chimeric fetal kidney explant culture. At later stages, the UB organoids differentiate into CD organoids, which contain >95% CD cell types as estimated by single-cell RNA sequencing. The CD epithelia demonstrate renal electrophysiologic functions, with ENaC-mediated vectorial sodium transport by principal cells and V-type ATPase proton pump activity by FOXI1-induced intercalated cells. Kidney collecting duct cells with physiologic functions are generated from human pluripotent stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidative state of intestinal tracts of healthy animals were investigated after short-term intake of half-fin anchovy hydrolysates (HAHp) and their thermal or Maillard reaction products (MRPs). After one month of continuous oral gavage of HAHp, HAHp-heated products (HAHp-H), the MRPs of HAHp with 3% of glucose (HAHp-3%G MRPs), and the MRPs of HAHp with 3% of fructose (HAHp-3%F MRPs) at a dose of 1.0 g/kg of body weight per day into healthy ICR male mice, the concentrations of serum low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not significantly change compared to the control group (CK, gavage with saline). Similar results were found for the interleukin-6 concentrations of all groups. By comparison, HAHp-H, HAHp-3%G MRPs, and HAHp-3%F MRPs administration decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-α concentration as compared to the CK group (p < 0.05). No histological damage was observed in the jejunum, ileum, and colonic tissues of all groups. However, HAHp-H treatment induced higher upregulation of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, transcription factors Nrf-2, associated protective phase-II enzymes of NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase-1, and hemoxygenase-1 in colon tissue, as well as higher upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, including copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase 2 than other groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, increases in Nε-carboxymethyllysine expression in the colonic tissues of all groups were consistent with their increased oligopeptide transporter 1 expressions. Our results suggest that the thermal products of HAHp might have a broad application prospect in improving antioxidant defense in vivo in healthy animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixed enzymes-assisted mechanical bio-extraction method was first used to extract polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale. Different parameters including the ratio of enzyme, the amount of enzyme, the grinding time, the extraction time and the solid/liquid ratio were investigated by single factor experiments and multifactorial experiments. Through the response surface methodology the optimal extraction conditions were obtained with the ratio of cellulase to pectinase was 2: 1 and total amount of enzyme was 0.23 mg, the grinding time of 11.48 min, the extraction time of 5.99 min. The obtained polysaccharide extracts were hydrolyzed and derivatized and then injected into high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) for monosaccharide composition analysis. After optimization of the chromatographic conditions (including mobile phase and column), twelve monosaccharides were successfully determined within 20 min. The proposed method provided satisfactory linearity with the correlation coefficients higher than 0.99, suitable recoveries (81.46–114.92 %), acceptable reproducibility ranging from 0.06 % to 4.77 %, low limits of detection (0.70–45.45 ng/mL). Compared with other methods, this method makes the extraction efficiency much higher and has the advantages of simple operation, environmental friendliness and mild extraction conditions. Therefore, this method can be used for the extraction of polysaccharides from plants and the determination of monosaccharides and has the potential to be used in more areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: A copper‐catalyzed [5+1] cycloaddition reaction of terminal alkynes with diazo esters for the rapid construction of protected naphthalen‐1(2H)‐one derivatives in moderate to good yields has been disclosed along with good functional group compatibility and a broad substrate scope. The mechanistic investigations reveal that this tandem cyclization process proceeds through a Cu(I)‐catalyzed coupling of terminal alkyne with diazoacetate, a 1,5‐H shift process and a thermally induced pericyclic reaction via an allene intermediate. The synthetic utility and the further transformations of the obtained cycloadduct to naphthalenone, naphthol and dihydronaphthol have been also presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 as a classical C1 unit is often used in the synthesis of high value-added carboxylic acids and their derivatives in organic synthetic chemistry. There have been many reports in the past on electrochemically mediated chemical transformations utilizing electrons as redox reagents. This review will focus on electrocarboxylation methods in the recent 5 years, including metal-mediated electrocarboxylation, direct electrocarboxylation, and some novel electrocarboxylation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia may result in a poor prognosis following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the association between hyperglycemia and the clinical outcome of aSAH has not been clearly established thus far. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between hyperglycemia and the development of aSAH. We completed a literature search in four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) up to November 1, 2021, including all eligible studies investigating the prognostic value of hyperglycemia in patients with aSAH. We performed a quality assessment of included studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association of hyperglycemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A total of 35 studies with 11,519 patients were finally included in the meta-analysis. Nineteen studies reported the association between hyperglycemia and poor outcome, 12 studies reported the association between hyperglycemia and all-cause mortality, 7 studies reported the association between hyperglycemia and cerebral vasospasm, and 9 studies reported the association between hyperglycemia and cerebral infarction. The pooled data of these studies suggested that hyperglycemia was significantly associated with poor functional outcomes (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.42; P < 0.00001; I2 = 83%), all-cause mortality (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04; P = 0.0006; I2 = 89%), cerebral vasospasm (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.02; P = 0.0002; I2 = 35%), and cerebral infarction (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.09–1.23; P < 0.00001; I2 = 10%) in aSAH patients. These findings suggested that assessing for hyperglycemia at admission may help clinicians to identify critically ill patients and complete patient stratification early, which may achieve better management and improve the prognosis of patients with aSAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Situ microfibrillation is an easy and economical processing method, which has drawn wide concern in recent years. In Situ special-shaped microfibrillar composites, which with poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 (PA6/PLA) together formed special-shaped microfibrils in polyolefin elastomer (POE) matrix, were successfully prepared by using multistage stretching extrusion technology. Four types of PA6 with different viscosity were utilized to investigate the effect of viscosity ratio of PA6 to PLA on the structure evolution of special-shaped microfibrils and the mechanical properties of POE/(PA6/PLA) composites. The morphological observation showed that the viscosity ratio was closely associated to the size and shape of PA6 and greatly affected the microfibrillar morphology of PLA/PA6. When the viscosity ratio of PA6 to PLA was less than 2.2, the "gourd-skewers-like" structure microfibrils were obtained. When the viscosity ratio of PA6/PLA to 14.2 was further increased, the "trepang" structure microfibrils were dominant. The "gourd skewers" structure microfibrils were favorable to improvement the tensile strength, Young's modulus, and viscoelastic properties of POE/(PA6/PLA) blends compared to the "trepang" structure microfibrils. In addition, the morphology of microfibrils exhibited a negligible effect on the melting and crystallization temperature and crystallization degree of PLA and POE matrix. This work provides a new strategy for designing the in situ special-shaped microfibrillar composites with improved mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C13-norisoprenoids are of particular importance to grapes and wines, as these molecules influence wine aroma and have been shown to significantly contribute to the distinct character of various wine varieties. Blumenol B is a putative precursor to a number of important wine aroma compounds, including the well-known compounds theaspirone and vitispirane. The enantioselective synthesis of (R,R)-blumenol B from commercially available 4-oxoisophorone was achieved using a short and easily scaleable route, which was then successfully applied to the synthesis of poly-deuterated d9-blumenol B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In humans, a family of 25 bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) mediates bitter taste perception. A common approach to characterize bitter causative agents involves expressing TAS2Rs and the appropriate signal transducers in heterologous cell systems, and monitoring changes in the intracellular free calcium levels upon ligand exposure using a fluorescence-based modality, which typically suffers from a low signal window, and is susceptible to interference by autofluorescence, therefore prohibiting its application to screening of plant or food extracts, which are likely to contain autofluorescent compounds. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a bioluminescence-based intracellular calcium release assay for TAS2Rs that has a better assay performance than a fluorescence-based assay. Furthermore, the bioluminescence-based assay enabled the evaluation of TAS2R agonists within an autofluorescent matrix, highlighting its potential utility in the assessment of the bitterness-inducing properties of plant or food fractions by the food industry. Additionally, improvement to the bioluminescence-based assay for some TAS2Rs was achieved by altering their N-terminal signal sequences, leading to signal window enhancement. Altogether, the bioluminescence-based TAS2R assay can be used to perform functional studies of TAS2Rs, evaluate TAS2R-modulating properties of autofluorescent samples, and facilitate the discovery of compounds that can function as promising bitter taste modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of metal–organic framework (MOF)-based fluorescent sensors in the detection of metal ions has attracted significant interest. In this study, a novel 2D MOF Tb-DBA was constructed using Tb3+ and 2′-amino-1,1′:4,1′′-terphenyl-4,4′′-dicarboxylic acid (H2DBA) by a solvothermal method. Tb-DBA could detect Al3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+ ions rapidly, sensitively, selectively and reversibly. The detection limit is as low as the nM level. Tb-DBA displayed fluorescence enhancement in the presence of Al3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+ ions. Significantly, Al3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+ ions could be visually detected under UV light. Additionally, Tb-DBA could also act as an indicator for alkaline solutions when pH > 10. The detection mechanism was studied by ICP, EDS and PXRD tests. These studies illustrated that cation exchange proceeded between Tb-DBA and Al3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+ ions, which inhibited the energy transfer from DBA to Tb3+ and enhanced the π*–π transitions of DBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a two-dimensional leaf-like framework-L embedded electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO@ZIF-L) was proposed as an outstanding electrode material for the sensitive electrochemical sensing of benomyl (BM). ZIF-L is surrounded by ERGO, which could effectively ensure the stability and dispersion of ZIF-L. With this unique combination, the prepared ERGO@ZIF-L displayed excellent synergistic characteristics with a large surface area, excellent conductivity, plentiful active sites, and high electrocatalytic properties, thus endowing it with high sensitivity for BM determination. The experimental parameters, such as solution pH, material volume, and accumulation time, were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the BM sensor showed a wide linear range (0.009–10.0 μM) and low-limit detection (3.0 nM). Moreover, the sensor displayed excellent stability, repeatability, and reproducibility, and good anti-interference capability. The method was successfully applied to detect BM in real-world samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]