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Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) with asymmetric structures can improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) with their merits of larger dipole moments, higher permittivity, and stronger intermolecular interactions. Our recently developed novel end group, imide-containing 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (IIC), has shown significant potential in the design of high-performance NFAs due to its strong electron-withdrawing ability and adjustable N-position substitution groups. Here, for the first time, we introduce IIC into the molecular design of asymmetric NFAs and prepared two novel NFAs (BTP-IIC-2Cl and BTP-IIC-BO-2Cl). The asymmetric end groups resulted in a larger dipole moment, and alkylchains on thiophene β-sites of BTP affected the energy levels and optical band gaps (Eg) between the two derivatives. The BTP-IIC-2Cl-based solar cells achieved a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.12% than BTP-IIC-BO-2Cl-based solar cells (16.50%). The OSCs incorporated with BTP-IIC-2Cl had higher short-circuit current (Jsc) due to broader absorption, more balanced charge carrier transport and highly ordered packing in the PM6:BTP-IIC-2Cl thin film. In comparison to the device based on BTP-IIC-2Cl, the BTP-IIC-BO-2Cl based device had reduced radiative and non-radiative recombination losses, and its lower PCE was attributed to the reduced Jsc. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the imide-containing IC end group as a promising building block for the design of asymmetric NFAs for high-performance OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the ecological barrier and an essential element of food security, the agro-pastoral ecotone is vital in northern China. Since soil fertility in northern China is low due to frequent surface disturbances, it is necessary to improve the properties of the soil. This study aims to examine the impact of fungal residue return on soil properties based on six treatments (CK: 0 kg/40 m2; R3: 90 kg/40 m2; R5: 150 kg/40 m2; R7: 210 kg/40 m2; R9: 270 kg/40 m2; R11: 330 kg/40 m2;) of fungal residue return concentration experimental data from 0 to 30 cm soil depth. The results showed that the effect of fungal residue returning on soil habits was greater at 0–10 cm of the surface layer. The bulk density can be reduced to 25.83% of CK, and water content can be increased up to 26.26%. Adding fungal residue to the field led to a greater increase in soil parameters (SOM and AP), and this characteristic effect continued as the return concentration increased. The number of soil bacteria and actinomycetes remained stable, and the amount of fungi was at its lowest. Compared with CK, the number of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased by 1.94 times, 1.46 times, and 1.71 times, respectively. After the residue was returned to the field, AK had the strongest correlation with other factors (p < 0.01), and microorganism and enzyme activities were strongly correlated (p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study presents a new method of resource utilization of downstream wastes in the food industry while simultaneously providing natural, pollution-free improvements to the soil, which is very beneficial to increasing crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three boron-pyridyl-isoindoline-1-one based dyes (B1, B2, and B3) with varied side groups were facilely synthesized. Detailed analyses were carried out concerning the crystal conformation, structure dependent photophysical properties and mechanochromic fluorescence (MCF). The MCF behaviours and solid-state emission were demonstrated to be correlated to the different side groups. Upon grinding, the emission of B1 exhibited little changes, whereas reversible MCF with a distinct colour change was observed for B2 and B3. B3 possessing sterically hindered triphenyl amine (TPA) groups showed the most prominent MCF effect. For instance, mechanical grinding resulted in a red-shift of fluorescence from 600 nm to 650 nm. The electronic and steric effects of the donating substituents were found to play important roles in modulating the intramolecular charge-transfer effect and intermolecular interactions. These sensitively and readily tunable mechano-responsive behaviors of the boron-pyridyl-isoindoline-1-one based dyes make them potential candidates for smart fluorescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three boron-pyridyl-isoindoline-1-one based dyes (B1, B2, and B3) with varied side groups were facilely synthesized. Detailed analyses were carried out concerning the crystal conformation, structure dependent photophysical properties and mechanochromic fluorescence (MCF). The MCF behaviours and solid-state emission were demonstrated to be correlated to the different side groups. Upon grinding, the emission of B1 exhibited little changes, whereas reversible MCF with a distinct colour change was observed for B2 and B3. B3 possessing sterically hindered triphenyl amine (TPA) groups showed the most prominent MCF effect. For instance, mechanical grinding resulted in a red-shift of fluorescence from 600 nm to 650 nm. The electronic and steric effects of the donating substituents were found to play important roles in modulating the intramolecular charge-transfer effect and intermolecular interactions. These sensitively and readily tunable mechano-responsive behaviors of the boron-pyridyl-isoindoline-1-one based dyes make them potential candidates for smart fluorescent materials.