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The essential role of auxin in plant growth and development is well known. Pathways related to auxin synthesis, transport and signaling have been extensively studied in recent years, and the PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein family has been identified as being pivotal for polar auxin transport and distribution. However, research focused on the functional characterization of PIN proteins in rice is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of OsPIN1c and OsPIN1d in the japonica rice variety (Nipponbare) using gene knockout and high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis. The results showed that OsPIN1c and OsPIN1d were mainly expressed in young panicles and exhibited a redundant function. Furthermore, OsPIN1c or OsPIN1d loss-of-function mutants presented a mild phenotype compared with the wild type. However, in addition to significantly decreased plant height and tiller number, panicle development was severely disrupted in double-mutant lines of OsPIN1c and OsPIN1d. Severe defects included smaller inflorescence meristem and panicle sizes, fewer primary branches, elongated bract leaves, non-degraded hair and no spikelet growth. Interestingly, ospin1cd-3 , a double-mutant line with functional retention of OsPIN1d, showed milder defects than those observed in other mutants. Additionally, several critical regulators of reproductive development, such as OsPID, LAX1, OsMADS1 and OsSPL14 / IPA1 , were differentially expressed in ospin1c-1 ospin1d-1 , supporting the hypothesis that OsPIN1c and OsPIN1d are involved in regulating panicle development. Therefore, this study provides novel insights into the auxin pathways that regulate plant reproductive development in monocots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion-selective nanochannel membranes assembled from two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets hold immense promise for power conversion using salinity gradient. However, they face challenges stemming from insufficient surface charge density, which impairs both permselectivity and durability. Herein, we present a novel vacancy-engineered, oxygen-deficient NiCo layered double hydroxide (NiCoLDH)/cellulose nanofibers-wrapped carbon nanotubes (VOLDH/CNF-CNT) composite membrane. This membrane, featuring abundant angstrom-scale, cation-selective nanochannels, is designed and fabricated through a synergistic combination of vacancy engineering and interfacial super-assembly. The composite membrane shows interlayer free-spacing of ~3.62 Å, which validates the membrane size exclusion selectivity. This strategy, validated by DFT calculations and experimental data, improves hydrophilicity and surface charge density, leading to the strong interaction with K + ions to benefit the low ion transport resistance and exceptional charge selectivity. When employed in an artificial river water|seawater salinity gradient power generator, it delivers a high-power density of 5.35 W/m 2 with long-term durability (20,000s), which is almost 400 % higher than that of the pristine NiCoLDH membrane. Furthermore, it displays both pH- and temperature-sensitive ion transport behavior, offering additional opportunities for optimization. This work establishes a basis for high-performance salinity gradient power conversion and underscores the potential of vacancy engineering and super-assembly in customizing 2D nanomaterials for diverse advanced nanofluidic energy devices., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Single-metal atomic sites and vacancies can accelerate the transfer of photogenerated electrons and enhance photocatalytic performance in photocatalysis. In this study, a series of nickel hydroxide nanoboards (Ni(OH) x NBs) with different loadings of single-atomic Ru sites (w-SA-Ru/Ni(OH) x ) were synthesized via a photoreduction strategy. In such catalysts, single-atomic Ru sites are anchored to the vacancies surrounding the pits. Notably, the SA-Ru/Ni(OH) x with 0.60 wt % Ru loading (0.60-SA-Ru/Ni(OH) x ) exhibits the highest catalytic performance (27.6 mmol g -1  h -1 ) during the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 (CO 2 RR). Either superfluous (0.64 wt %, 18.9 mmol g -1  h -1 ; 3.35 wt %, 9.4 mmol -1  h -1 ) or scarce (0.06 wt %, 15.8 mmol g -1  h -1 ; 0.29 wt %, 21.95 mmol g -1  h -1 ; 0.58 wt %, 23.4 mmol g -1  h -1 ) of Ru sites have negative effect on its catalytic properties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with experimental results revealed that CO 2 can be adsorbed in the pits; single-atomic Ru sites can help with the conversion of as-adsorbed CO 2 and lower the energy of *COOH formation accelerating the reaction; the excessive single-atomic Ru sites occupy vacancies that retard the completion of CO 2 RR., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Direct methane conversion (DMC) to oxygenates at low temperature is of great value but remains challenging due to the high energy barrier for C-H bond activation. Here, we report that in situ decoration of Pd 1 -ZSM-5 single atom catalyst (SAC) by CO molecules significantly promoted the DMC reaction, giving the highest turnover frequency of 207 h -1 ever reported at room temperature and ~100 % oxygenates selectivity with H 2 O 2 as oxidant. Combined characterizations and DFT calculations illustrate that the C-atom of CO prefers to coordinate with Pd 1 , which donates electrons to the Pd 1 -O active center (L-Pd 1 -O, L=CO) generated by H 2 O 2 oxidation. The correspondingly improved electron density over Pd-O pair renders a favorable heterolytic dissociation of C-H bond with low energy barrier of 0.48 eV. Applying CO decoration strategy to M 1 -ZSM-5 (M=Pd, Rh, Ru, Fe) enables improvement of oxygenates productivity by 3.2-11.3 times, highlighting the generalizability of this method in tuning metal-oxo electronic structure of SACs for efficient DMC process., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Ammonia plays a crucial role in industry and agriculture worldwide, but traditional industrial ammonia production methods are energy-intensive and negatively impact the environment. Ammonia synthesis using low-temperature plasma technology has gained traction in the pursuit of environment-benign and cost-effective methods for producing green ammonia. This Review discusses the recent advances in low-temperature plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis, focusing on three main routes: N 2 +H 2 plasma-only, N 2 +H 2 O plasma-only, and plasma coupled with other technologies. The reaction pathways involved in the plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis, as well as the process parameters, including the optimum catalyst types and discharge schemes, are examined. Building upon the current research status, the challenges and research opportunities in the plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis processes are outlined. The article concludes with the outlook for the future development of the plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis technology in real-life industrial applications., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Developing efficient and robust hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts for scalable and sustainable hydrogen production through electrochemical water splitting is strategic and challenging. Herein, heterogeneous Mo 8 O 26 -NbN x O y supported on N-doped graphene (defined as Mo 8 O 26 -NbN x O y /NG) is synthesized by controllable hydrothermal reaction and nitridation process. The O-exposed Mo 8 O 26 clusters covalently confined on NbN x O y nanodomains provide a distinctive interface configuration and appropriate electronic structure, where fully exposed multiple active sites give excellent HER performance beyond commercial Pt/C catalyst in pH-universal electrolytes. Theoretical studies reveal that the Mo 8 O 26 -NbN x O y interface with electronic reconstruction affords near-optimal hydrogen adsorption energy and enhanced initial H 2 O adsorption. Furthermore, the terminal O atoms in Mo 8 O 26 clusters cooperate with Nb atoms to promote the initial H 2 O adsorption, and subsequently reduce the H 2 O dissociation energy, accelerating the entire HER kinetics., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Chiral induction by natural biomolecules can reveal the indispensable role of chiral structures in life and can be used to develop the chirality-sensing biomolecular recognition. Here, we present the synthesis and characterization of an achiral supramolecular organic framework (SOF-1) constructed from cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and hexaphenylbenzene (HPB) derivative (1) in water. Due to the propeller-like rotational chiral conformation of HPB units and the specific recognition properties of CB[8], SOF-1 demonstrates chiral adaptive induction in water when interacting with the N-terminal Trp-/Phe-containing dipeptides including L-TrpX and L-PheX (X is an amino acid residue), respectively, exhibiting contrasting circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectra. Consequently, SOF-1 has been developed as a supramolecular host and chiroptical sensor capable of recognizing and distinguishing the sequence-opposite Trp-/Phe-containing dipeptide pairs including L-TrpX/L-XTrp and L-PheX/L-XPhe based on the sequence-selective CD responses., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

To be successfully implemented, an efficient conversion, affordable operation and high values of CO 2 -derived products by electrochemical conversion of CO 2 are yet to be addressed. Inspired by the natural CaO-CaCO 3 cycle, we herein introduce CaO into electrolysis of SnO 2 in affordable molten CaCl 2 -NaCl to establish an in situ capture and conversion of CO 2 . In situ capture of anodic CO 2 from graphite anode by the added CaO generates CaCO 3 . The consequent co-electrolysis of SnO 2 and CaCO 3 confines Sn in carbon nanotube (Sn@CNT) in cathode and increases current efficiency of O 2 evolution in graphite anode to 71.9 %. The intermediated CaC 2 is verified as the nuclei to direct a self-template generation of CNT, ensuring a CO 2 -CNT current efficiency and energy efficiency of 85.1 % and 44.8 %, respectively. The Sn@CNT integrates confined responses of Sn cores to external electrochemical or thermal stimuli with robust CNT sheaths, resulting in excellent Li storage performance and intriguing application as nanothermometer. The versatility of the molten salt electrolysis of CO 2 in Ca-based molten salts for template-free generation of advanced carbon materials is evidenced by the successful generation of pure CNT, Zn@CNT and Fe@CNT., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Catalytic metal hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT) reactions have proven to be a powerful method for alkene functionalization. This work reports the discovery of Co-porphines as highly efficient MHAT catalysts with a loading of only 0.01 mol % for unprecedented chemoselective allene functionalization under photoirradiation. Moreover, the newly developed bimetallic strategy by the combination of photo Co-MHAT and Ti catalysis enabled the successful carbonyl allylation with a wide range of amino, oxy, thio, aryl, and alkyl-allenes providing expedient access to valuable β-functionalized homoallylic alcohols in over 100 examples with exceptional regio- and diastereoselectivity. Mechanism studies and DFT calculations supported that selectively transferring hydrogen atoms from cobalt hydride to allenes and generating allyl radicals is the key step in the catalytic cycle., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Polypyrrole (PPy), as a representative p-type conductive polymer, attracts wide attention for energy storage materials. However, the sluggish reaction kinetics and low specific capacity of PPy impede its application in high-power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, tubular PPy with chloride and methyl orange (MO) anionic dopants is synthesized and investigated as an anode for LIBs. The Cl - and MO anionic dopants can increase the ordered aggregation and the conjugation length of pyrrolic chains, forming plentiful conductive domains and affecting the conduction channel inside the pyrrolic matrix, thereby achieving fast charge transfer and Li + ion diffusion, low ion transfer energy barriers, and rapid reaction kinetics. On account of the above synergistic effect, PPy electrodes deliver a high specific capacity of 2067.8 mAh g -1 at 200 mA g -1 and a remarkable rate capacity of 1026 mAh g -1 at 10 A g -1 , realizing high energy density (724 Wh kg -1 ) and power density (7237 W kg -1 ) simultaneously., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Both organic radicals and organoboron reagents have been broadly investigated, but the combination of them via direct C-H borylation as organic radical building blocks has never been achieved. Herein, a series of organoradical boron reagents, such as TTM-Bpin and TTM-BOH, were synthesized through the key step of C-H borylation of substrate TTM-H ((2,6-dichlorophenyl) bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl) radical for the first time. They are air stable enough to be stored in the solid state for several months under dark conditions, and fully investigated through single crystal analysis, EPR and DFT calculations. Furthermore, they can smoothly work in the standard Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) reaction with retention of the carbon radical center. Meanwhile, these radical species bearing different boron units display fluorescent character and are potentially applied for the collective synthesis of luminescent organic radicals, as well as other functionalized open-shell materials., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Two dichloride-bridged dinuclear dysprosium(III) complexes based on salen ligands, namely, [Dy(L 1 )(μ-Cl)(thf)] 2 (1; H 2 L 1 =N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)phenylenediamine) and [Dy 2 (L 2 ) 2 (μ-Cl) 2 (thf) 2 ] 2 (2; H 2 L 2 =N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)ethylenediamine) are reported. These two complexes have two short Dy-O (PhO) bonds that exhibit angles of ∼90° for 1 and ∼143° for 2, leading to clear slow relaxation of the magnetization for 2 and not for 1. Compound 2 has a near-identical core to the recently reported compound [Dy 2 (L 3 ) 2 (μ-Cl) 2 (thf) 2 ] (3; H 2 L 3 =N-(2-pyridylmethyl)-N,N-bis(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylbenzyl)amine). The only substantial difference is the relative angle of the two O (PhO) -Dy-O (PhO) vectors, which is collinear in 2 owing to inversion symmetry and ∼68° in 3 due to a molecular C 2 axis. It is shown that this subtle structural difference leads to large differences in the dipolar ground states, giving rise to open magnetic hysteresis for 3 and not for 2., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Decarbonizing N 2 conversion is particularly challenging, but essential for sustainable development of industry and agriculture. Herein, we achieve electrocatalytic activation/reduction of N 2 on X/Fe-N-C (X=Pd, Ir and Pt) dual-atom catalysts under ambient condition. We provide solid experimental evidence that local hydrogen radical (H*) generated on the X site of the X/Fe-N-C catalysts can participate in the activation/reduction of N 2 adsorbed on the Fe site. More importantly, we reveal that the reactivity of X/Fe-N-C catalysts for N 2 activation/reduction can be well adjusted by the activity of H* generated on the X site, i.e., the interaction between the X-H bond. Specifically, X/Fe-N-C catalyst with the weakest X-H bonding exhibits the highest H* activity, which is beneficial to the subsequent cleavage of X-H bond for N 2 hydrogenation. With the most active H*, the Pd/Fe dual-atom site promotes the turnover frequency of N 2 reduction by up to 10 times compared with the pristine Fe site., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

A hexaphenyltriphenylene-based hexatopic pyridyl ligand is designed and used to prepare three hexagonal prismatic metallacages via metal-coordination-driven self-assembly. Owing to the planar conjugated structures of the hexaphenyltriphenylene skeleton, such metallacages show good host-guest complexation with a series of emissive dyes, which have been further used to tune their emission in solution. Interestingly, based on their complementary emission colors, white light emission is achieved in a mixture of the host metallacages and the guests., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Low-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper (LDRP) perovskites still suffer from inferior carrier transport properties. Here, we demonstrate that efficient exciton dissociation and charge transfer can be achieved in LDRP perovskite by introducing γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a spacer. The hydrogen bonding links adjacent spacing sheets in (GABA) 2 MA 3 Pb 4 I 13 (MA=CH 3 NH 3 + ), leading to the charges localized in the van der Waals gap, thereby constructing "charged-bridge" for charge transfer through the spacing region. Additionally, the polarized GABA weakens dielectric confinement, decreasing the (GABA) 2 MA 3 Pb 4 I 13 exciton binding energy as low as ≈73 meV. Benefiting from these merits, the resultant GABA-based solar cell yields a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.73 % with enhanced carrier transport properties. Furthermore, the unencapsulated device maintains 92.8 % of its initial PCE under continuous illumination after 1000 h and only lost 3 % of its initial PCE under 65 °C for 500 h., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The syntheses and magnetic properties of organometallic heterometallic compounds [K(THF) 6 ]{Co I [(μ 3 -HAN)RE 2 Cp* 4 ] 2 } (1-RE) and [K(Crypt)] 2 {Co I [(μ 3 -HAN)RE 2 Cp* 4 ] 2 } (2-RE) containing hexaazatrinaphthylene radicals (HAN⋅ 3- ) and four rare earth (RE) ions are reported. 1-RE shows isolable species with ligand-based mixed valency as revealed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) thus leading to the isolation of 2-RE via one-electron chemical reduction. Strong electronic communication in mixed-valency supports stronger overall ferromagnetic behaviors in 2-RE than 1-RE containing Gd and Dy ions. Ac magnetic susceptibility data reveal 1-Dy and 2-Dy both exhibit slow magnetic relaxation. Importantly, larger coercive field was observed in the hysteresis of 2-Dy at 2.0 K, indicating the enhanced SMM behavior compared with 1-Dy. Ligand-based mixed-valency strategy has been used for the first time to improve the magnetic coupling in lanthanide (Ln) SMMs, thus opening up new ways to construct strongly coupled Ln-SMMs., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

The correlation between the size of nanoparticles, the structure and shape of mesogenic ligands and the ensuing assembly behaviour is not really understood. Closer inspection shows very surprising features. Here, 2- and 4-nm gold nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized, and grafted with a forked ligand containing two rod-like mesogens in its branches: one cholesterol, the other with azobenzene. The 4-nm NPs also contained n-hexylthiol as co-ligand. They were found to form a FCC cubic superlattice, whereas the 2-nm NPs form hexagonal HCP with weak birefringence, hence with partially oriented ligands. The structures were compared with those of related systems containing a range of different azobenzene-to-cholesterol ratios, all giving body-centred tetragonal superlattices with various degrees of anisotropy. Geometric analysis is presented in terms of the asphericity of the NPs' surroundings, requirement for space-filling and structural anisotropy. Some general rules are derived to help design the soft corona around the NPs in order to obtain superlattices with the desired structure and anisotropy., (© 2022 The Authors. Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Due to the unique safety qualities, solid composite polymer electrolyte (SCPE) has achieved considerable attentions to fabricate high-energy-density lithium metal batteries, but its overall performance still has to be improved. Herein, a high lithium salt content poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based SCPE was developed, enhanced by hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets, presenting perfect electrochemical performance, fast ion transport, and efficient inhibition of lithium dendrite growth. The optimized SCPE (PVDF-L70-B5) could deliver high ionic conductivity (2.98×10 -4  S cm -1 ), ultra-high Li + ion transfer number (0.62), wide electrochemical stability window (5.24 V), and strong mechanical strength (3.45 MPa) at room temperature. Density functional theory calculation further confirmed that the presence of h-BN could promote the dissociation of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide lithium (LiTFSI) and the rapid transfer of Li + ions. As a result, the assembled symmetric Li/Li battery and asymmetric Li/LiFePO 4 battery using PVDF-L70-B5 SCPEs both exhibited high reversible capacity, long-term cycle stability, and high-rate performance when cycled at 60 or 30 °C. The designed SCPEs will open up a new route to synthesize solid-state lithium batteries with high energy density and high safety., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Herein, we have demonstrated the control over the structure of precatalysts to tune the properties of the active catalysts and their water oxidation activity. The reaction of K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ] and Na 2 [Fe(CN) 5 (NO)] with Co(OH) 2 @CC produced precatalysts PC-1 and PC-2, respectively, with distinct structural and electronic features. The replacement of the -CN group with strong π-acceptor -NO modulates the electronic and atomic structure of PC-2. As a result, a facile electrochemical transformation of PC-2 into active catalyst Fe-Co(OH) 2 -Co(O)OH (AC-2) has been attained only in 15 CV cycles while 600 CV cycles are required for the electrochemical activation of PC-1 into AC-1. The X-ray absorption studies reveal the contraction of the Co-O and Fe-O bond in AC-2 because of the presence of a higher amount of Co 3+ and Fe 3+ than in AC-1. The high valent Co 3+ and Fe 3+ modulates the electronic properties of AC-2 and assists in the O-O bond formation, leading to the improved water oxidation activity., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Spontaneous generation of chirality from achiral molecules is a contemporary research topic with numerous implications for technological applications and for the understanding of the development of homogeneous chirality in biosystems. Herein, a series of azobenzene based rod-like molecules with an 3,4,5-trialkylated end and a single n-alkyl chain involving 5 to 20 aliphatic carbons at the opposite end is reported. Depending on the chain length and temperature these achiral molecules self-assemble into a series of liquid and liquid crystalline (LC) helical network phases. A chiral isotropic liquid (Iso 1 [ * ] ) and a cubic triple network phase with chiral I23 lattice were found for the short chain compounds, whereas non-cubic and achiral cubic phases dominate for the long chain compounds. Among them a mesoscale conglomerate with I23 lattice, a tetragonal phase (Tet bi ) containing one chirality synchronized and one non-synchronized achiral network, an achiral double network meso-structure with Ia 3 ‾ $\bar 3$ d space group and an achiral percolated isotropic liquid mesophase (Iso 1 ) were found. This sequence is attributed to an increasing strength of chirality synchronization between the networks, combined with a change of the preferred mode of chirophilic self-assembly between the networks, switching from enantiophilic to enantiophobic with decreasing chain length and lowering temperature. These nanostructured and mirror symmetry broken LC phases exist over wide temperature ranges which is of interest for potential applications in chiral and photosensitive functional materials derived from achiral compounds., (© 2022 The Authors. Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Recently, single or few-layer phosphorene has attracted intense attention due to its exceptional physicochemical properties. To this end, mass production of high-quality phosphorene nanosheets with specific functionalities represents a pivotal factor for the basic academic studies and practical applications. Among the current synthetic methods, electrochemical exfoliation of black phosphorous is one of the most hopeful ways for mass-production of phosphorene sheets owing to the uncomplicated apparatus, low cost as well as significant efficiency. Especially, regulating the electrochemical parameters not only induces adjustable phosphorene characteristics but also enables them a promising candidate in energy applications. In this Review, a concise and crucial studies of the recent and most representative developments in this domain was introduced, including the relationship between exfoliation philosophy, internal mechanisms, processing techniques, and multiple applications of phosphorene. At the end, a summary discussion and future perspectives is also provided., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Although organic solar cells (OSCs) have delivered an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 19 %, most of them demonstrated rather limited stability. So far, there are hardly any effective and universal strategies to improve stability of state-of-the-art OSCs. Herein, we developed a hybrid electron-transport layer (ETL) in inverted OSCs using ZnO and a new modifying agent (NMA), and significantly improved the stability and PCEs for all the tested devices. In particular, when applied in the D18 : N3 system, its inverted OSC exhibits so far the highest PCE (18.20 %) among inverted single-junction OSCs, demonstrating an extrapolated T 80 lifetime of 7572 h (equivalent to 5 years under outdoor exposure). This is the first report with T 80 over 5000 h among OSCs with over 18 % PCE. Furthermore, a high PCE of 16.12 % can be realized even in a large-area device (1 cm 2 ). This hybrid ETL strategy provides a strong stimulus for highly prospective commercialization of OSCs., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Fuel cells are considered as a promising alternative to the existing traditional energy systems towards a sustainable future. Nevertheless, the synthesis of efficient and robust platinum (Pt) based catalysts remains a challenge for practical applications. In this work, we present a simple and scalable molten-salt synthesis method for producing a low-platinum (Pt) nanoalloy implanted in metal-nitrogen-graphene. The as-prepared low-Pt alloyed graphene exhibits a high oxygen reduction activity of 1.29 A mg Pt -1 and excellent durability over 30 000 potential cycles. The catalyst nanoarchitecture of graphene encased Pt nanoalloy provides a robust capability against nanoparticle migration and corrosion due to a strong metal-support interaction. Similarly, advanced characterization and theoretical calculations show that the multiple active sites in platinum alloyed graphene synergistically account for the improved oxygen reduction. This work not only provides an efficient and robust low-Pt catalyst but also a facile design idea and scalable preparation technique for integrated catalysts to achieve more profound applications in fuel cells and beyond., (© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)