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Studies have shown that individual differences in word reading can be observed for both skilled and novice readers. Several factors that could cause individual differences including reading experience, reading capacity, and oral language have been investigated. However, little is known about the influence of reading instruction on individual differences in reading. Given that early reading, training is critical to help children become proficient readers, the influence of reading instruction on subsequent reading behaviours should also be well understood. Thus, in this study, we investigated the relationships between reading instruction and individual differences in reading using computational models of reading. The model was exposed to a sound-focused, meaning-focused or balanced training scheme. We quantified the model’s reliance on accessing semantics for reading, as an index of individual differences in semantic reliance (SR). The simulation results demonstrated that the degree of SR depended on reading instruction. Meaning-focused training resulted in higher SR, and that was followed by balanced training and then sound-focused. Moreover, SR was able to predict the model’s word reading performance and interacted with other psycholinguistic reading factors including frequency, consistency, and orthographic neighbourhood size.

GH4720Li superalloy has been widely employed in high-performance aero engines turbine disks and other rotating component due to the excellent high temperature strength, anti-fatigue, corrosion resistance and long-term structural stability. The mechanism of function and evolution rule of γ'phase in GH4720Li superalloy was summed up in this paper. The relationship between γ'phase and high-temperature properties and the interaction law of γ'phase and residual stress were analyzed. In addition, the research progress of the new superalloy which was designed on the basis of GH4720Li superalloy was summarized, the future application of partitioned cooling technology and dual-organization dual-performance disk preparation technology was prospected.

Two rearranged terpenoids with a rare 3,4,5-trimethyl-cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one moiety, namely leucocephins A (1) and B (2), and a megastigmane, namely leucocephin C (3), as well as three known compounds, hollongdione (4), 3-acetoxy-lup-12,20(29)-diene (5), and β-amyrin acetate (6) were isolated from the leaves of Euphorbia leucocephala. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic methods and comparing with literature data. Compounds 4–6 exhibited potent anti-influenza A virus activity comparable to the positive control, betulinic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading is vital for acquiring knowledge and studies have demonstrated that phonology-focused interventions generally yield greater improvements than meaning-focused interventions in English among children with reading disabilities. However, the effectiveness of reading instruction can vary among individuals. Among the various factors that impact reading skills like reading exposure and oral language skills, reading instruction is critical in facilitating children's development into skilled readers; it can significantly influence reading strategies, and contribute to individual differences in reading. To investigate this assumption, we developed a computational model of reading with an optimised MikeNet simulator. In keeping with educational practices, the model underwent training with three different instructional methods: phonology-focused training, meaning-focused training, and phonology-meaning balanced training. We used semantic reliance (SR), a measure of the relative reliance on print-to-sound and print-to-meaning mappings under the different training conditions in the model, as an indicator of individual differences in reading. The simulation results demonstrated a direct link between SR levels and the type of reading instruction. Additionally, the SR scores were able to predict model performance in reading-aloud tasks: higher SR scores were correlated with increased phonological errors and reduced phonological activation. These findings are consistent with data from both behavioral and neuroimaging studies and offer insights into the impact of instructional methods on reading behaviors, while revealing individual differences in reading and the importance of integrating OP and OS instruction approaches for beginning readers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chang, Chang, Lin, Kuo, Shi and Lee.)

Through C-O-Mn bonding, graphene nanosheets are homogeneously dispersed in porous Mn 3 O 4 to take full advantages of porous Mn 3 O 4 and graphene nanosheets, making the as-formed three-dimensional porous Mn 3 O 4 /reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite exhibit good electrochemical performance. Besides, C-O-Mn bonding is demonstrated to greatly promote the Faradic reactions of the composite, resulting in the enhancement of its real capacity in supercapacitor (SC) electrodes as well as lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. By simply fine-tuning the content of graphene (<7 wt %), the composite with 2.8 wt % of rGO delivers a high capacitance of 315 F g -1 at 0.5 A g -1 with a high rate capability of 64.7% at 30 A g -1 and an excellent cycling stability of 105% (5 A g -1 , 5000 cycles) as an SC electrode. Also, the one with 6.9 wt % rGO can present a reversible capacity of more than 1500 mAh g -1 at 0.05 A g -1 as the LIB anode, the highest value reported to date, which remains 561 mAh g -1 at 1 A g -1 .

Polyglutamine (Poly Q) diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders, caused by the formation of PolyQ mutants due to trinucleotide repeats expansion in coding regions of disease-causing genes, which eventually lead to selective neuronal degeneration and death with unclarified pathogenesis. As a new type of genetic regulatory factor, microRNA (miRNA) plays an important role in modulating gene expression in eukaryote. During the recent years, more attention was paid to roles and related mechanism of miRNA involving in neurodegenerative disease, especially PolyQ diseases. This review is focused on research progress in roles of miRNA in the pathogenesis of PolyQ diseases.