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Enzyme assisted extraction of flavonoids from seabuckthorn fruit peel marc was studied by response surface methodology(RSM), using a Box-Behnken experimental design. A mathematical polynomial model was proposed with regard to investigate the effect of cellulase dosage (x1), enzymolysis temperature (x2), and pH value (x3)to the flavonoids yields. These factors were further optimized using RSM. The optimal conditions were: cellulase enzyme dosage was at 73.3IU/g, temperatur was at 53.7°C and the pH was at 4.14. Under the optimum conditions, gave rise to the highest flavonoids yields, approaching 8.02 mg/g of flavonoids yields.

Maize starch was mechanically treated by a planetary ball mill at 500 rpm for 1, 2 and 3 h. The effect of ball-milling treatment on structure and porosity of maize starch granule was studied. The SEM and TEM analyses indicated that starch granule surfaces were significantly changed and cavities in the central region of distorted granules were observed in the company with disappearance of alternate growth rings. The FT-IR analysis showed that ball milling treatment significantly increased the intensity of band 3382 cm−1 and decreased the ratio of 1047/1018 cm−1 and 995/1018 cm−1 corresponding to the crystalline/amorphous part of starch structure. Special surface area (SBET), cumulative volume (VBJH), average diameter pores (DBJH), span and median diameter (Dv, 0.5) increased rapidly and then decreased gradually. The XRD patterns, FT-IR and 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra showed that the crystallinity of starches and content of double helices of starch chains were decreased, respectively. Industrial relevance Ball milling is one kind of physical modified method in polymer industry. It can be used in a variety of applications, including nanomatrix composites, dispersed alloy materials, metallic refinery, ore treatment, waste disposal, and synthesis of organic materials. Starch is a natural carbohydrate polymer, it contributes greatly to the textural properties of many foods and is widely used in food and industrial applications as a thickener, colloidal stabilizer, gelling agent, bulking agent and water retention agent. However, limitations such as low solubility, high viscosity, shear resistance, thermal resistance, thermal decomposition and high tendency toward retrogradation limit its use in some food and non-food systems. After ball milling treatment, the reactivity of starch is increased. Furthermore, milled starches exhibit the adsorptive capacity which can offer new opportunity for starch application, for example as sorbent in food or pharmaceutical.

Background: The nature and the mechanism involved in the formation of the multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) in various giant cell-containing lesions of the jaws are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to clarify the osteoclastic features of the MGCs in central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG), cherubism, and aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), and the mechanism underlying the interrelations between cellular components in the formation of the MGCs. Methods: Immunohistochemical study with a panel of antibodies including vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), Cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), CD68, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and enzyme histochemical staining for tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were applied on a total number of 53 cases of giant cell-containing lesions including CGCG (n = 34), PGCG (n = 6), cherubism (n = 7), and ABC (n = 6). In situ hybridization was also carried out to detect the mRNA expression of the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), a newly identified cytokine that is shown to be essential in the osteoclastogenesis, its receptor RANK (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand), and its decoy receptor OPG (osteoprotegerin) in these four types of lesions. Results: Immunohistochemical and enzyme histochemical studies showed that both the MGCs and a fraction of mononuclear cells in these lesions were strongly positive for TRAP, V-ATPase, CA II, Cathepsin K, MMP-9, and CD68, while the spindle-shaped mononuclear cells were positive for PCNA. The results with in situ hybridization indicated that RANKL mRNA was mainly expressed in the spindle mononuclear cells while OPG was extensively distributed in both the MGCs and the mononuclear cells. RANK mRNA was expressed in the MGCs and some round mononuclear cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that MGCs in the four types of giant cell-containing lesions of the jaws show characteristics of the osteoclast phenotype. The mononuclear stromal cells, which show TRAP positively, may be the precursors of the MGCs. RANKL, OPG, and RANK expressed in these lesions may play important roles in the formation of the MGCs. The similar characteristics and mechanisms in the differentiation of MGCs in these lesions also suggest that there might be a similar kind of pathogenesis involved in the formation of the MGCs in these lesions

The so-called calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) represents a heterogeneous group of lesions that exhibit a variety of clinicopathologic and behavioral features. Because of this diversity, there has been confusion and disagreement on the terminology and classification of these lesions. We reviewed the clinicopathologic features of 21 intraosseous cases that were previously diagnosed as COC or under related diagnostic terms. Based on the biologic behavior, the lesions of the present series were divided into three subgroups: cyst, benign tumor, and malignant tumor. Sixteen cases (nine men and seven women) proved to be unicystic lesions with (five cases) or without associated odontoma. The lining epithelium of the cystic lesions fulfilled the histologic criteria for COC proposed by the World Health Organization, and their overall clinicopathologic features were consistent with that of developmental odontogenic cysts. The age of patients from the cyst group peaked at the second decade. The maxilla was affected more often (69%) than the mandible, with a predilection for the canine-premolar region (62.5%). Thirteen patients with follow-up information revealed no recurrence following enucleation. The four cases in the benign tumor group had variable clinicopathologic features. Two cases were solid tumors consisting of ameloblastoma-like sheets of odontogenic epithelium that contained ghost cells/calcification foci and juxtaepithelial dentinoid. Both patients experienced multiple recurrences following conservative surgeries. The other two lesions contained typical areas of COC and other types of odontogenic tumors (one ameloblastoma and one odontogenic myxofibroma). All four lesions occurred in the mandible and were relatively large. In the present series one case identified as malignant tumor arose from a previously benign COC. The tumor shared some features of COC (ghost cell foci and dystrophic calcification) but also had prominent mitotic activity, nuclear and cytoplasmic pleomorphism, areas of tumor necrosis, and infiltrative/destructive growth. Recognizing the extreme diversity in clinicopathologic features and biologic behavior among the so-called COCs, we suggest that the term COC should be used to specifically designate the unicystic lesions with or without an associated odontoma, i.e., lesions of the cyst group, and other related lesions identified as benign tumor and malignant tumor should be termed and classified separately. A tentative scheme with respect to the terminology and classification for this group of disparately behaving lesions was herein proposed to reflect the likely difference of their nature.

Context.—Odontogenic tumor composed predominantly of clear cells is a rare neoplasm of the jaws that was initially designated as clear cell odontogenic tumor. Subsequent reports in the literature, however, all have indicated that this tumor exhibits an aggressive behavior characterized by infiltrative local growth, recurrence, or metastases. Objective.—To ascertain the clinicomorphologic features and biologic behavior of this tumor group, we present 5 additional cases using the term clear cell odontogenic carcinoma. Design.—Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations were performed on clear cell odontogenic carcinomas from 5 patients. Clinical and follow-up data were recorded, and the literature was reviewed. Results.—The patients were 1 man and 4 women with an average age of 42.4 years at diagnosis. Three tumors occurred in the mandible and the other 2 in the maxilla. Four of the 5 cases occurred in the anterior or premolar areas of the jaws, appearing as poorly marginated radiolucencies. All cases consisted of islands and sheets of large clear cells and small basaloid cells with scanty eosinophilic cytoplasm, which were separated by thin, mature, fibrous septae. The tumors were unencapsulated and showed aggressive infiltration of the surrounding muscle and perineural tissues. Most of the clear cells contained cytoplasmic glycogen. Immunocytochemically, the tumor cells were positive for pan-keratin, cytokeratin 19, and epithelial membrane antigen, but were negative for vimentin, S100 protein, desmin, smooth muscle actin, human melanoma antigen (HMB-45), and α1-antichymotrypsin. Follow-up data showed 4 of 5 patients to have multiple local recurrences, and 1 of these 4 had submandibular lymph node metastasis and a fatal outcome due to uncontrollable tumor growth. Conclusion.—These results suggest that odontogenic clear cell neoplasms are at least low-grade malignancies and should be classified as carcinomas.

The term unicystic ameloblastoma refers to those cystic lesions that show clinical, radiographic, or gross features of a jaw cyst, but on histologic examination show a typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining part of the cyst cavity, with or without luminal and/or mural tumor growth. To ascertain the clinicomorphologic spectrum and biologic behavior of this tumor group, the clinicopathologic features of 33 unicystic ameloblastomas from Chinese patients were studied. This series represents approximately 19% of all cases of ameloblastoma accessioned in the authors' hospital during a 15-year period. Twenty-one patients were male and 12 were female, for a total of 33 patients. The age at diagnosis ranged from 8 to 60 years (mean, 25.3 yrs) and peaked at the second and third decades (70%), Thirty tumors (91%) occurred in the mandible and three in the maxilla. Of the 29 patients with a radiographic record, an expansive unilocular radiolucency was seen in 22 cases, and was multilocular in seven cases. Microscopically, all tumors demonstrated a generally monocystic growth pattern. Eight tumors were simple cystic, 10 comprised intraluminal tumor nodules, and the remaining 15 had a conspicuous component of infiltrative tumor islands in the cyst capsule. The cystic tumor linings invariably showed, at least in part, a typical ameloblastomatous pattern that was often accompanied by epithelial areas of various histologic appearance. Follow up of 29 patients revealed no recurrence in less than 4 years of follow up, but did reveal a 35% recurrence rate at more than 4 years of follow up. The average interval to recurrence was approximately 7 years. Recurrence also appeared to relate to histologic subtypes of unicystic ameloblastoma, with those invading the fibrous wall having a rate of 35.7%, but other types having a rate of 6.7%. Despite the fact that unicystic ameloblastoma may, in general, compare favorably with its solid or multicystic counterpart in terms of clinical behavior and response to treatment, the subsets of the maxillary lesions or tumors containing invading islands in the fibrous wall could have a high risk of recurrence. Furthermore, recurrence of unicystic ameloblastoma may be long delayed, and a long-term postoperative follow up is essential to the proper management of these patients.

This study was designed to determine whether the submandibular glands of rats subjected to chemical sympathectomy with reserpine administration showed abnormalities in five types of receptor functions, and to determine whether tyramine acted as a false neurotransmitter.The wet tissue weights of the submandibular glands of rats significantly increased one and two days after chemical sympathectomy with reserpine. Supersensitivities of fluid and protein secretion in response to isoproterenol, noradrenaline, clonidine and physalaemin were clearly seen in the reserpine-treated animals when compared with those of controls. In particular, supersensitivity to noradrenaline occurred in fluid and protein secretion in the reserpine-treated animals. The β-type proteins secreted in controls in response to noradrenaline at a low dose (1 mg/kg) were completely replaced by the α-type proteins in reserpine-treated animals. Tyramine was a completely false neurotransmitter. This study suggests that almost complete release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve terminals could occur in the submandibular glands of rats treated with reserpine according to this protocol, and that released noradrenaline could potentiate the α-type protein secretion by the granular duct cells of the submandibular glands of rats.

Clinical, sialographic, and sequential quantitative scintigraphic characteristics of 92 cases of chronic obstructive parotitis (in 117 diseased parotid glands) are reported, and the treatment investigated. The cardinal feature of this disease is obstruction or retarded salivary flow resulting in recurrent swellings and retrograde infection. The main characteristic seen in sialograms is irregular dilation of the main and branching ducts. On the basis of sialographic findings, the ducts are classified into four types. This classification reflects the severity of the disease and can also be used as a guide to treatment.

To detect the mutation and expression of SH-3BP-2 in Chinese patients of cherubism and to investigate the possible relationship of gene mutation and multinucleated giant cells in lesions.Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin-imbedded tissues and peripheral blood samples of 10 cases of cherubism (6 familial cherubism and 4 sporadic cherubism). SH-3BP-2 mutations were detected by PCR-direct sequencing. The nature of multinucleated giant cells in lesions was detected by enzyme histochemical staining and immunohistochemical staining using paraffin-imbedded tissues sections. The SH-3BP-2 protein was detected by immunohistochemical staining.Three missense mutations (G1520A, G1505A, G1505C) in exon 9 of SH-3BP-2 were identified which led to 3 transitions (Gly420Glu, Arg415Gln, Arg415Pro). There were no abnormalities in exon 3 of SH-3BP-2 except 1 case which had not PCR products. The protein SH-3BP-2, the calcitonin receptor and the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were detected in the cytoplasm of all multinucleated giant cells and parts of monokaryon matrix cells in 8 paraffin-imbedded samples.The SH-3BP-2 mutation may participate in the differentiation and maturation of osteoclast-like cells in the lesion of cherubism.

To investigate the effects of copper ion on osteoclastic resorption in various dental mineralized tissues.Osteoclasts were separated from long-limb bones of neonatal rabbits, and cultured with de-activated human tooth slices and glass slices. The cells in the experiment group were treated with (1 x 10(-14))-1 x (10(-4)) mol/L copper + 10% (volume fraction) fetal calf serum (FCS) + alpha-MEM, while the cells in control group cells were grown in 10% FCS + alpha-MEM. Osteoclasts on glass slices were stained by TRAP staining. The absorption pits on tooth slices were observed by inverted phase contrast microscope. The resorbing activity was evaluated with the concentration of calcium in the supernatant liquid of osteoclasts. The ratio between the concentration of calcium in the experiment group and control group was termed as the resorption index.The isolated cells were multinuclear and TRAP positive in cytoplasma. Osteoclasts resorbed teeth slices first on the cementum and dentin. Compared with those on bone slices, the lacunae on the dental slices numbered less, with smaller volume and shallower in depth. Microscopy showed that the number and area of absorption pits formed on treated tissues were less than those on control tissues. The content of calcium in the supernatant liquid decreased in the concentrations of 1 x 10(-14) mol/L - 1 x 10(-4) mol/L copper, especially in the group of 1 x 10(-10) mol/L copper at 3rd day (P0.05) and 1 x 10(-4) mol/L, 1 x 10(-10) - 1 x 10(-12) mol/L copper at 7th day (P0.05). Their resorption index was lower than one.Extracellular copper ion can inhibit osteoclastic resorption on dental slices.

To investigate the bone resorption caused by osteoclasts and modulating functions of zinc ion on dental slices.Osteoclasts were separated from long-limb bones of neonatal rabbits, cultured with de-activated human tooth slices and glass slices. The cells in the experiment group were treated with 1x10(-14)mol/L-1x10(-4)mol/L zinc+10% (volume fraction) fetal calf serum (FCS)+alphaMEM, while those in the control group were grown in 10%FCS+alphaMEM. Osteoclasts on glass slices were stained by TRAP staining. The absorption pits on tooth slices were observed by inverted phase contrast microscope. The resorbing activity was evaluated with the concentration of calcium in the supernatant liquid of osteoclasts. The ratio between the concentration of calcium in the experiment group and that of the control group was termed the resorption index.The isolated cells were multinuclear and showed positive in cytoplasma by TRAP staining. Usually, osteoclasts resorbed tooth slices first on the cementum and dentin, which had lower content of mineralized tissue. Compared with those on bone slices, the lacunae on the dental slices appeared less in amount, less in area and shallower in depth. They often showed shallow pits in a large area. Microscopy showed that the number and area of absorption pits formed on treated tissues were less than those on the control tissues. The content of calcium in the supernatant liquid increased at the concentrations of 1x10(-4)-1x10(-14)mol/L zinc, especially in the group of 1x10(-8)mol/L, 1x10(-10) mol/L, 1x10(-14)mol/L zinc on the 3rd day (P0.05). But they were reversed on the 7th day, except in the group of 1x10(-14)mol/L zinc. At the end of culture, the resorption indexes of 1x10(-4)-1x10(-7)mol/L, 1x10(-9)mol/L, 1x10(-12)mol/L and 1x10(-13)mol/L group were lower than 1, but those of 1x10(-8)mol/L, 1x10(-10)mol/L, 1x10(-11)mol/L and 1x10(-14)mol/L group were higher than 1.The effect of zinc ion on osteoclastic resorption in dental slices is associated with phase and dosage closely.

Background Cherubism is a rare hereditary multi-cystic disease of the jaws, characterized by its typical appearance in early childhood, and stabilization and remission after puberty. It is genetically transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion and the gene coding for SH3-binding protein 2 (SH3BP2) may be involved. Case presentation We investigated a family consisting of 21 members with 3 female affected individuals with cherubism from Northern China. Of these 21 family members, 17 were recruited for the genetic analysis. We conducted the direct sequence analysis of the SH3BP2 gene among these 17 family members. A disease-causing mutation was identified in exon 9 of the gene. It was an A1517G base change, which leads to a D419G amino acid substitution. Conclusion To our knowledge, the A1517G mutation has not been reported previously in cherubism. This finding is novel.

To detect SH3BP2 gene mutation in a cherubism family.Peripheral blood samples were obtained from the family of cherubism. Genomic DNA was extracted. Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing were performed to identify the mutation.A transition in exon 9 in SH3BP2 gene was detected in the family, which led to a missense mutation (Arg 415 Pro).Missense mutation in the SH3BP2 gene was responsible for the phenotypes of this Chinese cherubism family.

To detect the expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 8 and 12 and CD68 protein in giant cell lesions of jaw and giant cell tumors of long bone, and to study their effects on the histogenesis of giant cells in such lesions.MIP-1alpha, ADAM8, ADAM12 and CD68 were detected by immunohistochemistry in 24 paraffin-embedded specimens of central giant cell lesions of jaw and giant cell tumors respectively.MIP-1alpha positive signal was located in blood vessels and bone. ADAM8, ADAM12 and CD68 positive signals were located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of all multinucleated giant cells and some round mononuclear cells in the lesions. In addition, some spindle mononuclear stromal cells were positive for ADAM12 in both lesions.Multinucleated giant cells probably originate from CD68-postive round mononuclear cells, which are recruited from monocyte-macrophage system by chemokines, such as MIP-1alpha, followed by cell fusion mediated by ADAM8 and ADAM12.

To study the origin, morphological structure, and functional regulation of osteoclast (OC) for further investigation on the mechanism and regulation of bone resorption.The OCs were isolated by two kinds of traditional method. Osteoclasts were isoclated from neonatal rat long bones. The cytochemistry was observed. The osteoclast-like cells (OLC) were derived from the mouse bone marrow cells in the presence of 1,25(OH)2VitD3 in vitro.Both morphological and functional studies showed that the isolated cells shared some of the typical characteristics of osteoclasts, that is A. multinuclearity; B. developing spreading and pseudopodial activity when cultured on glass; C. high tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP); D. resorption lacunae could be found when the cells were cocultured with devitalized bone slices and the number was increased as the time followed. OLC had the same histological and structural traits as the OCs by the former method. The concentration of Ca(2+) and acid phosphatase (ACP) increased gradually.Different kinds of method fit different experiments. The OC obtained by the first method has more activity of bone resorption. The OLC by the second method has more in quantity and can be used in the study of cell differentiation.

Background: Ameloblastic fibroma (AF) and related lesions constitute a group of lesions, which range in biologic behavior from true neoplasms to hamartomas. The aim of this study was to elucidate the nature and interrelationship of this group of lesions. Methods: Clinical and pathological studies were undertaken retrospectively on 13 cases of AF and seven cases of ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO). Thirty-three complex odontomas and 33 compound odontomas were also included for comparative purpose. Relevant follow-up data were recorded and the literature was reviewed. Results: The majority of patients with AF (nine cases, 69.2%) were over the age of 22 years with frequent involvement (76.9%) of the posterior mandible. Tumors recurred in four of 11 patients with follow-up information and two recurrent tumors showed malignant transformation. There was no case in this series that could be designated as the so-called ameloblastic fibrodentinoma, apart from one recurrent AF in which further maturation to form only tubular dentin materials was identified. AFO tended to occur at a younger age group with an average of 9.6 years. Recurrence was noted in two of five patients with follow-up data and both recurrent lesions showed limited growth potential and further maturation into a complex odontoma. Significant differences were noted in the age and site distribution between the complex and the compound odontomas. Conclusion: Whilst the majority, if not all, of AFs are true neoplasms with a potential to recur and/or of malignant transformation, some, especially those occurred during childhood, could represent the primitive stage of a developing odontoma. Our data also suggests that some AFOs are hamartomatous in nature, representing a stage preceding the complex odontoma.

To detect the expression of RANKL and OPG protein in the giant cell lesions of jaw and to study the mechanism of this lesion.RANKL and OPG were detected by immunohistochemistry (SP) in 24 paraffin-embedded and 2 frozen specimens of central giant cell lesion of jaw.RANKL signals were strongly positive in the vascular epithelial cells. They also could be found in fibrous stroma, bone matrix, and stromal spindle cells, even in some cytomembrane of multinucleated giant cells. OPG was detected in multinucleated giant cells and a fraction of round mononuclear cells.Active vascular epithelial cells are contributed to the formation of multinucleated giant cells through regulating RANKL, and RANKL could play its role by paracrine and autocrine, which might be inhibited by OPG.

To study the effect of genistein on the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of the osteoblasts in vitro.The primary osteoblasts (OBs) were obtained from the rat calvaria and the cell line of osteosarcoma-UMR-106 served as control. The cells in the experiment group were grown in 10% (volume fraction) fetal calf serum (FCS) + alphaMEM + various concentrations of genistein. The control groups were grown in 10% FCS + alphaMEM. The growth of OBs was assessed by flow cytometry and MTT method. The differentiation of OBs was examined by the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.Flow cytometry analysis and MTT showed that genistein could prompt primary OB from stage G(0) (G(1)) to stage S, G(2) or M. By contrast, genistein had no effect on the cell cycle of UMR-106, but could induce its apoptosis. Additionally, the results of ALP activity showed that genistein stimulated the differentiation of primary OB.Genistein can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of the primary osteoblasts in some degree, and induce the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells.

To investigate the clinicopathologic features of familial cherubism and its differentiation from other giant cell lesions in jaws and the results of surgical treatments with a long-term follow-up.Four cases of familial cherubism were reviewed and their clinical and radiographic features, histopathologic appearance, biochemical markers and surgical treatments analysed.Clinically, cherubism was characterized by bilateral painless swelling of jaws, mandibular deformity was common. Radiographs showed multilocular radiolucencies with sclerotic thickening border. Histopathologically, numerous randomly distributed multinucleated giant cells and vascular spaces within a fibrous connective tissue stroma with or without eosinophilic collagen perivascular cuffing were shown. The lesion regressed without treatment in 1 cases. Curettage was performed in 3 cases with good results.Cherubism can be diagnosed according to its typical clinical and radiographical features with a positive family history. It might regress without treatment. But surgery intervention is suggested to improve physiological function and to solve the psychologic problem of the patients.

To study the clinicopathologic features of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws and the relationship between the pathologic features and its clinical behavior.Histologic, radiographic and follow-up information for 31 cases of central giant cell granuloma were reviewed. The histopathologic patterns were analyzed between nonrecurrent and recurrent cases for which the following-up information was available.The majority of the giant cell granuloma of the jaws occurred in patients under 30 with a predilection of females and mostly were involved in the mandible. The radiographic features of CGCG non-specific. The multinucleated giant cell scattered unevenly, the numbers of the nuclei were few and mostly 10-19. The marked fibrosis, the multiple area of hemorrhage, abundant hemosiderin and newly formed bone were always present in the lesions. No significant difference exited between the recurrence and nonrecurrence groups in the pathologic features. The patients with aggressive behavior showed more consistent with the recurrence.CGCG was a non-neoplastic lesion of the jaws which was different from the giant cell tumor. It was difficult to distinguish between the CGCG and giant cell tumor (GCT), and to predict its clinical behavior only by the histopathological patterns. It was helpful to combine the clinical presentation of CGCG with its treatment.

To investigate the effect of genistein, a soybean-derived isoflavone, on the stimulating effect on bone resorption of IL-1beta.The osteoclasts (OCs) were isolated with the methods of Yu Shifeng. The rat calvaria were cultured as an organ. The cells in the experiment were grown in four respectively: Control (without genistein or IL-1beta), 10(-6) mol/L genistein,10 microg/L IL-1beta and 10(-6)mol/L genisteine + 10 microg/L IL-1beta. The area of bone resorption, the concentration of Ca(2+) in the supernatant liquid of OCs cultures and mice calvaria were tested. The contents of acid phosphatase(ACP) were also examined by biochemistry method. The index of bone resorption was counted as the ratio of the experiment average and control ones, which indicated the increase in bone resorption when it was above 1.0.The area of bone resorption of 10(-6) mol/L genisteine + 10 microg//L IL-1beta increased compared with that of 10(-6) mol/L genistein, while the concentration of Ca(2+) in the supernatant liquid of OCs cultures decreased significantly. The index of bone resorption of 10(-6) mol/L genisteine + 10 microg//L IL-1beta lied between 10(-6) mol/L genistein and 10 mug/L IL-1beta. In the organ culture, there was no difference in the content of ACP among all the groups. The index of bone resorption of 10(-6) mol/L genisteine + 10 microg//L IL-1beta was below that of 10 mug/L IL-1beta, but both were above 1.0. The index of bone resorption was below 1.0 in the group of 10(-6) mol/L genistein.Genistein can suppress obviously the bone resorption simulated by single IL-1beta.

To study the expression of Ki-67 and the changes of MVD and apoptosis in benign lymphoadenosis of oral mucosa (BLOM).The expression of Ki-67, CD34 and apoptosis were evaluated by SP immunohistochemical staining in 15 BLOM, 9 BLOM with dysplasia, 15 oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).The expression of Ki-67 in BOLM with dysplasia and OSCC was significantly higher than that of BLOM without dysplasia and normal oral mucosa (P0.05). The MVD in all BLOM and OSCC was significantly higher than that in normal mucosa (P0.05). Apoptosis in BLOM was higher than in normal mucosa and OSCC (P0.05).The expression of Ki-67 and MVD in BLOM with dysplasia were between normal oral mucosa and oral carcinoma. The occurrence of apoptosis in BLOM was significantly higher than in normal oral mucosa. The results suggest that BLOM had the potentiality of malignant transformation.

To detect the expression of a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 8 and 12 gene in the giant cell lesions of jaw and to study their effects on the histogenesis of cells in these lesions.ADAM8 and ADAM12 was detected by immunohistochemistry (SP) in 40 paraffin-embedded specimens of central giant cell lesions of jaw, 10 peripheral giant cell lesions, 9 cherubisms, 6 aneurysmal bone cysts.ADAM8 and ADAM12 were positive in the cytomembrane and cytoplasm of all multinucleated giant cells and some round mononuclear cells of the lesions; ADAM12 was positive for some spindle mononuclear stromal cells in central and peripheral giant cell lesions.Multinucleated giant cells probably originated from the fusion of the round mononuclear cells, and ADAM8 and ADAM12 were involved in this process. In addition, ADAM12 might play a role in the maturation of spindle mononuclear stromal cells.

To culture and study the osteogenic characteristics of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs).hBMMSCs were separated and cultured from human iliac crest marrow. Growth kinetics of hBMMSCs was studied by growth curve. Under the osteoinductive culture, osteogenic differentiation of hBMMSCs was tested by alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Osteogenic functions of hBMMSCs in vitro and in vivo were also respectively detected by von Kossa stain and by transplanting hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate ceramics (HA/TCP) with hBMMSCs.hBMMSCs were cultured successfully. The growth curve of the second passage of BMMSCs indicated that the time of population doublings was about 3.5 days. The results of ALP stain were evident by the significant increase in ALP activity after hBMMSCs cultured in osteoinductive medium. Some mineralized nodules were detected by von Kossa stain at nineteenth day of osteoinductive culture. In vivo assay, histological evalution showed bone formation in 3 months after grafts of HA/TCP with hBMMSCs.Osteoinductive solution can induce hBMMSCs to differentiate osteogenetic cell lines. Mineralized nodules and bone formation were found in vitro and in vivo assay. The results demonstrate that hBMMSCs have the potential for osteogenesis.

To investigate the carious dissolution mechanism of enamel apatite nano-crystals at lattice fringe level and the possible correlation between the carious dissolution and the appearance of central dark line (CDL) in enamel crystals.The body of the lesion in incipient enamel caries was observed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JOEL-2010 operating at 200 kv), combined with selected-area argon-ion-beam thinning technique.In the body of the lesion, the preferential core dissolution was found in most of enamel nano-crystals, whereas the peripheral dissolution of individual crystal could be occasionally observed. The initial carious dissolution of individual enamel apatite crystal occurred as a number of small electron-lucent spots along the central dark line with blurry, bent or disconnected lattice fringes. These small electron-lucent spots fused with each other to form large electron-lucent areas. Finally the central perforation was frequently seen in the crystals. The CDL always appeared in the same place with central perforation in carious crystals, which could be seen to extend along the CDL.The initial carious dissolution is directly related to the lattice defects in the enamel nano-crystals. The preferential core dissolution can be partly ascribed to the CDL, which is presumed to be particularly susceptible area to caries.

To detect the effect of genistein on mandible metabolism in ovariectomized rats.Forty 12 week-old female SD rats were randomly assigned to four groups: (1) sham operated; (2) ovariectomized; (3) ovariectomized and treated with estradiol; (4) ovariectomized and received genistein, 45 mg/kg body weight per day. After 12 weeks, bone mineral density (BMD), serum level of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), osteocalcin, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and calcitonin (CT) were evaluated. In addition, the serum estradiol and the weight of uteri were also examined to indicate the side effect of genistein to the uteri.Ovariectomized animals had a significant decrease in BMD, and increased serum level of ALP, ACP, IL-1beta and osteocalcin compared with sham rats. After treated with genistein, BMD and the serum level of ALP, ACP, osteocalcin increased significantly, while the serum level of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha decreased. Especially, the increase of ALP and osteocalcin was higher than that of estradiol-treated animal. Additionally, the uterus weight index and the serum estradiol in genistein-treated rats were lower significantly than those of estradiol-treated rats.Genistein can improve the mandible bone metabolism as well as its effect on femur through the promotion of bone formation and the prevention of bone resorption with slight side effect. Genistein provides an additional viable way to therapy for osteoporosis in the jaw bones.

To investigate the clinicopathological features and behavior of a group of jaw cysts with a solely orthokeratinized lining epithelium.20 cases of this cyst type were reported under the term of orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC) and their clinical, histological and immunocytochemical features were compared with that of odontogenic keratocyst (OKC).The cysts of the present series were all solitary lesions, occurred mostly in young male patients, and showed a predilection for the posterior mandible areas. Follow-up of 15 patients revealed no recurrence following enucleation. Histological and immunocytochemical studies indicated that OOC epithelium lacked the typical features of OKC and appeared to show a lower proliferative activity.These findings suggest that OOC is clinicopathologically distinctive from OKC and may thus constitute its own clinical entity.

AIM: To investigate the pathological characteristics and carcinogenesis mechanism of benign lymphoadenosis of oral mucosa (BLOM). METHODS: The expressions of Ki-67, CD34 and apoptosis were evaluated by immunohistochemical SP staining in 64 paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Of them, 9 were from BLOM with dysplasia, 15 from BLOM without dysplasia, 15 from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), 15 from oral precancerosis, and 10 from normal tissues. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis of tissue samples were also analyzed. RESULTS: The expression of Ki-67 in BLOM with dysplasia, oral precancerosis and OSCC was significantly higher than in BLOM without dysplasia and normal mucosa. The microvascular density (MVD) in BLOM with and without dysplasia, oral precancerosis, and OSCC was significantly higher than in normal mucosa. Apoptosis in BLOM and oral precancerosis was significantly higher than in OSCC and normal mucosa. CONCLUSION: Benign lymphoadenosis of oral mucosa has potentialities of cancerization.

1. Clinical, radiological and histopathological studies have been performed in 20 cases of central cementifying fibroma, the results show that this tumor occurs more often in young and middle-aged adults, either jaw may be involved, and without sex difference. 2. The author's opinion is that central cementifying fibroma is an independent odontogenic tumor and should not be confused with other odontogenic tumors. 3. Although cementifying fibroma is a benign tumor, a tendency of reccurrence will follow conservative treatment, particularly in case the tumor tissue is composed mainly of fibroblasts, and a radical operation should be considered.

This paper describes the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of 104 patients with premalignant or malignant disease of the oral cavity and maxillofacial regions. The tumours in 10 patients were submitted to detailed histological examination following resection 24 hours after PDT. In all patients the photosensitizer was haematoporphyrin derivative given in a dose of 2.5–5.0 mg/kg body weight, 48–72h before photoirradiation. Einghteen patients were treated with the helium-neon laser, with a power density of 120–200 mW/cm2 and a total energy dose of 200–500 J/cm2, but in this group a complete response was obtained in only 39% of patients. However, when the argon-pumped dye laser was used in the remaining cases, with a power density of 400–800 mW/cm2 and a total energy dose of 720–1440 J/cm2, the complete response rate rose to 72%. In the latter group, 15 patients were treated by fibre-optic implantation between the tumour and underlying normal tissues. From the histological study it would appear that PDT acts both on the blood vessels of the stroma and also at a cellular level, with some possible enhancement of immune function. Indications for PDT, based on this study, are defined.

歯周病患者の縁上・縁下歯石における fibronectin の分布を免疫組織学的に検索したところ, 同物質は全症例において存在し, その分布様式は一般に糸状菌, 球菌などの菌体に一致して層板状や瀰漫性であった。また, fibronectin の存在部位は歯石の低石灰化とみなすべき部位と一致し, これは fibronectin が, Ca++やPO4---との反応性が強固で, octacalcium phasphote から hydroxyapatite への成長を著しく阻害するという実験的事実とよく符号する所見であった。