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Natural images comprise contours and boundaries defined by 1st-order luminance-modulated (LM) cues that are readily encoded by V1 neurons, and 2nd-order contrast-modulated (CM) cues that carry local, but not over-the-space, luminance changes. The neurophysiological foundations for CM processing remain unsolved. Here we used two-photon calcium imaging to demonstrate that V1 superficial-layer neurons respond to both LM and CM gratings in awake, fixating, macaques, with overall LM responses stronger than CM responses. Furthermore, adaptation experiments revealed that LM responses were similarly suppressed by LM and CM adaptation, with moderately larger effects by iso-orientation adaptation than by orthogonal adaptation, suggesting that LM and CM orientation responses likely share a strong orientation-non-selective subcortical origin. In contrast, CM responses were substantially more suppressed by iso-orientation than by orthogonal LM and CM adaptation, likely suggesting stronger orientation-specific intracortical influences for CM responses than for LM responses, besides shared orientation-non-selective subcortical influences. These results thus may indicate a subcortical-to-V1 filter-rectify-filter mechanism for CM processing: Local luminance changes in CM stimuli are initially encoded by orientation-non-selective subcortical neurons, and the outputs are half-wave rectified, and then summed by V1 neurons to signal CM orientation, which may be further substantially refined by intracortical influences.

V1 neurons are functionally organized in orientation columns in primates. Whether spatial frequency (SF) columns also exist is less clear because mixed results have been reported. A definitive solution would be SF functional maps at single-neuron resolution. Here we used two-photon calcium imaging to construct first cellular SF maps in V1 superficial layers of five awake fixating macaques, and studied SF functional organization properties and neuronal tuning characteristics. The SF maps (850 × 850 μm2) showed weak horizontal SF clustering (median clustering index = 1.43 vs. unity baseline), about one sixth as strong as orientation clustering in the same sets of neurons, which argues against a meaningful orthogonal relationship between orientation and SF functional maps. These maps also displayed nearly absent vertical SF clustering between two cortical depths (150 & 300 μm), indicating a lack of SF columnar structures within the superficial layers. The underlying causes might be that most neurons were tuned to a narrow two-octave range of medium frequencies, and many neurons with different SF preferences were often spatially mixed, which disallowed finer grouping of SF tuning. In addition, individual SF tuning functions were often asymmetric, having wider lower frequency branches, which may help encode low SF information for later decoding.

Some teenagers suffer a serious gap in their daily study and family life. With the negative emotional issues occurring more and more frequently, this paper studies its issues and problem solving. To meet the challenges of the increasing influence of network information and related negative emotional behavior, this paper suggests to upgrade students' mental health and to follow up emotion guidance and to cultivate their patriotism and thus develop their will to overcome difficulties.

Integrating available resources for self-reliant aging cares and mutual supports, respite service reduced family members’ loads, improved life satisfaction and increased sense of well-being for seniors.

Purpose – This study aims to develop a Chinese core self-evaluations scale (CCSES) (Study 1) and examines the relationship between CCSES and self-reported job performance among entrepreneurs in private small and medium enterprises in People's Republic of China (Study 2). Design/methodology/approach – In Study 1, the paper incorporated two indigenous Chinese constructs, team-based self-esteem and personal integrity, into the existing literature of CSE and developed a new CCSES using a sample of 300 Chinese entrepreneurs in Hangzhou, China. In Study 2, the paper validated the CCSES in a separate sample of 306 entrepreneurs and investigated the relationships between CCSES and self-reported job performance. Findings – The paper identified four sub-constructs in the 13-item CCSES: personal self-esteem, team-based self-esteem, personal integrity, and self-competence. Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed good psychometric properties and high reliability in Study 1. In Study 2, the pap...

To express and purify the fusion protein of TPT1 (tumor protein translationally-controlled 1) in prokaryocytes and to prepare rabbit anti-TPT1 antibody.The expression vector pRSETA(2)-TPT1 was reconstructed and transformed into BL21 (DE3). TPT1 fusion protein was induced by IPTG and the TPT1 fusion protein purified by Ni-NTA His Bind resin was used to immunize the rabbit. The titer of the polyclonal antibody was detected by ELISA and its specificity was analyzed by Western blot and IF (immunofluorescence).The TPT1 fusion protein was highly expressed in E.coli and specific polyclonal antibody was obtained after the immunization.The recombinant prokaryotic expression vector pRSETA(2)-TPT1 is successfully constructed and high expression of TPT1 is induced in E.coli, which may lay the basis for further study of the development and treatment of tumors and other diseases.