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10. The calculation considered two-dimensional vector magnetic properties depending on frequency of transformers

Author

Urata, S., Enokizono, M., Todaka, T., and Shimoji, H.

Subjects
Finite element method -- Usage, Electric transformers -- Magnetic properties, Vector analysis, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

In this paper, the two-dimensional vector magnetic properties depending on the exciting frequency are made clear by using the finite element method (FEM) and the Enokizono, Soda, and Shimoji (E&SS) modeling as an anisotropic material modeling. In the investigations, a 3-phase 3-leg transformer model is analyzed under some exciting frequency conditions. Index Terms--Enokizono, Soda, and Shimoji (E&SS) modeling, finite element method (FEM), frequency characteristic, iron loss, two-dimensional (2-D) vector magnetic properties.

Published
2006

11. Magnetic characteristic analysis of the motor considering 2-D vector magnetic property

Author

Urata, S., Enokizono, M., Todaka, T., and Shimoji, H.

Subjects
Finite element method -- Usage, Magnetism -- Research, Sheet-steel -- Magnetic properties, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

In this paper, influence of the magnetic properties on rolling direction of the nonoriented electrical steel sheets were examined. We have carried out the magnetic field analyses considering the two-dimensional vector magnetic properties in the stator core of a condenser motor. The finite element method (FEM) considering Enokizono, Soda, and Shimoji modeling was used in these analyses. Index Terms--Enokizono, Soda, and Shimoji (E&SS) modeling, field strength, iron loss, finite element method (FEM), two-dimensional (2-D) vector magnetic properties.

Published
2006

17. Expressions of conventional vitellogenin and vitellogenin‐like A in worker brains are associated with a nursing task in a ponerine ant.

Author

Miyazaki, S., Shimoji, H., Suzuki, R., Chinushi, I., Takayanagi, H., Yaguchi, H., Miura, T., and Maekawa, K.

Subjects
*VITELLOGENINS, *ANTS, *INSECT societies, *CHROMOSOME duplication, *REGULATOR genes, *NURSING, *ANT behavior
Abstract

In eusocial insect colonies, non‐reproductive workers often perform different tasks. Tasks of an individual worker are shifted depending on various factors, e.g., age and colony demography. Although a vitellogenin (Vg) gene play regulatory roles in both reproductive and non‐reproductive division of labours in a honeybee, it has been shown that the insect Vg underwent multiple gene duplications and sub‐functionalisation, especially in apical ant lineages. The regulatory roles of duplicated Vgs were suggested to change evolutionarily among ants, whereas such roles in phylogenetically basal ants remain unclear. Here, we examined the expression patterns of conventional Vg (CVg), Vg‐like A, Vg‐like B and Vg‐like C, as well as Vg receptor, during the task shift in an age‐dependent manner and under experimental manipulation of colony demography in a primitive ant Diacamma sp. Expressions of CVg and Vg‐like A in a brain were associated with a nursing task. It is suggested that associations of brain expressions of these Vgs with worker tasks were acquired in the basal ant lineage, and that such Vg functions could have sub‐functionalised in the derived ant lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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23. Data Descriptor: FANTOM5 CAGE profiles of human and mouse samples

Author

Noguchi, S, Arakawa, T, Fukuda, S, Furuno, M, Hasegawa, A, Hori, F, Ishikawa-Kato, S, Kaida, K, Kaiho, A, Kanamori-Katayama, M, Kawashima, T, Kojima, M, Kubosaki, A, Manabe, R-I, Murata, M, Nagao-Sato, S, Nakazato, K, Ninomiya, N, Nishiyori-Sueki, H, Noma, S, Saijyo, E, Saka, A, Sakai, M, Simon, C, Suzuki, N, Tagami, M, Watanabe, S, Yoshida, S, Arner, P, Axton, RA, Babina, M, Baillie, JK, Barnett, TC, Beckhouse, AG, Blumenthal, A, Bodega, B, Bonetti, A, Briggs, J, Brombacher, F, Carlisle, AJ, Clevers, HC, Davis, CA, Detmar, M, Dohi, T, Edge, ASB, Edinger, M, Ehrlund, A, Ekwall, K, Endoh, M, Enomoto, H, Eslami, A, Fagiolini, M, Fairbairn, L, Farach-Carson, MC, Faulkner, GJ, Ferrai, C, Fisher, ME, Forrester, LM, Fujita, R, Furusawa, J-I, Geijtenbeek, TB, Gingeras, T, Goldowitz, D, Guhl, S, Guler, R, Gustincich, S, Ha, TJ, Hamaguchi, M, Hara, M, Hasegawa, Y, Herlyn, M, Heutink, P, Hitchens, KJ, Hume, DA, Ikawa, T, Ishizu, Y, Kai, C, Kawamoto, H, Kawamura, YI, Kempfle, JS, Kenna, TJ, Kere, J, Khachigian, LM, Kitamura, T, Klein, S, Klinken, SP, Knox, AJ, Kojima, S, Koseki, H, Koyasu, S, Lee, W, Lennartsson, A, Mackay-sim, A, Mejhert, N, Mizuno, Y, Morikawa, H, Morimoto, M, Moro, K, Morris, KJ, Motohashi, H, Mummery, CL, Nakachi, Y, Nakahara, F, Nakamura, T, Nakamura, Y, Nozaki, T, Ogishima, S, Ohkura, N, Ohno, H, Ohshima, M, Okada-Hatakeyama, M, Okazaki, Y, Orlando, V, Ovchinnikov, DA, Passier, R, Patrikakis, M, Pombo, A, Pradhan-Bhatt, S, Qin, X-Y, Rehli, M, Rizzu, P, Roy, S, Sajantila, A, Sakaguchi, S, Sato, H, Satoh, H, Savvi, S, Saxena, A, Schmidl, C, Schneider, C, Schulze-Tanzil, GG, Schwegmann, A, Sheng, G, Shin, JW, Sugiyama, D, Sugiyama, T, Summers, KM, Takahashi, N, Takai, J, Tanaka, H, Tatsukawa, H, Tomoiu, A, Toyoda, H, van de Wetering, M, van den Berg, LM, Verardo, R, Vijayan, D, Wells, CA, Winteringham, LN, Wolvetang, E, Yamaguchi, Y, Yamamoto, M, Yanagi-Mizuochi, C, Yoneda, M, Yonekura, Y, Zhang, PG, Zucchelli, S, Abugessaisa, I, Arner, E, Harshbarger, J, Kondo, A, Lassmann, T, Lizio, M, Sahin, S, Sengstag, T, Severin, J, Shimoji, H, Suzuki, M, Suzuki, H, Kawai, J, Kondo, N, Itoh, M, Daub, CO, Kasukawa, T, Kawaji, H, Carninci, P, Forrest, ARR, Hayashizaki, Y, Noguchi, S, Arakawa, T, Fukuda, S, Furuno, M, Hasegawa, A, Hori, F, Ishikawa-Kato, S, Kaida, K, Kaiho, A, Kanamori-Katayama, M, Kawashima, T, Kojima, M, Kubosaki, A, Manabe, R-I, Murata, M, Nagao-Sato, S, Nakazato, K, Ninomiya, N, Nishiyori-Sueki, H, Noma, S, Saijyo, E, Saka, A, Sakai, M, Simon, C, Suzuki, N, Tagami, M, Watanabe, S, Yoshida, S, Arner, P, Axton, RA, Babina, M, Baillie, JK, Barnett, TC, Beckhouse, AG, Blumenthal, A, Bodega, B, Bonetti, A, Briggs, J, Brombacher, F, Carlisle, AJ, Clevers, HC, Davis, CA, Detmar, M, Dohi, T, Edge, ASB, Edinger, M, Ehrlund, A, Ekwall, K, Endoh, M, Enomoto, H, Eslami, A, Fagiolini, M, Fairbairn, L, Farach-Carson, MC, Faulkner, GJ, Ferrai, C, Fisher, ME, Forrester, LM, Fujita, R, Furusawa, J-I, Geijtenbeek, TB, Gingeras, T, Goldowitz, D, Guhl, S, Guler, R, Gustincich, S, Ha, TJ, Hamaguchi, M, Hara, M, Hasegawa, Y, Herlyn, M, Heutink, P, Hitchens, KJ, Hume, DA, Ikawa, T, Ishizu, Y, Kai, C, Kawamoto, H, Kawamura, YI, Kempfle, JS, Kenna, TJ, Kere, J, Khachigian, LM, Kitamura, T, Klein, S, Klinken, SP, Knox, AJ, Kojima, S, Koseki, H, Koyasu, S, Lee, W, Lennartsson, A, Mackay-sim, A, Mejhert, N, Mizuno, Y, Morikawa, H, Morimoto, M, Moro, K, Morris, KJ, Motohashi, H, Mummery, CL, Nakachi, Y, Nakahara, F, Nakamura, T, Nakamura, Y, Nozaki, T, Ogishima, S, Ohkura, N, Ohno, H, Ohshima, M, Okada-Hatakeyama, M, Okazaki, Y, Orlando, V, Ovchinnikov, DA, Passier, R, Patrikakis, M, Pombo, A, Pradhan-Bhatt, S, Qin, X-Y, Rehli, M, Rizzu, P, Roy, S, Sajantila, A, Sakaguchi, S, Sato, H, Satoh, H, Savvi, S, Saxena, A, Schmidl, C, Schneider, C, Schulze-Tanzil, GG, Schwegmann, A, Sheng, G, Shin, JW, Sugiyama, D, Sugiyama, T, Summers, KM, Takahashi, N, Takai, J, Tanaka, H, Tatsukawa, H, Tomoiu, A, Toyoda, H, van de Wetering, M, van den Berg, LM, Verardo, R, Vijayan, D, Wells, CA, Winteringham, LN, Wolvetang, E, Yamaguchi, Y, Yamamoto, M, Yanagi-Mizuochi, C, Yoneda, M, Yonekura, Y, Zhang, PG, Zucchelli, S, Abugessaisa, I, Arner, E, Harshbarger, J, Kondo, A, Lassmann, T, Lizio, M, Sahin, S, Sengstag, T, Severin, J, Shimoji, H, Suzuki, M, Suzuki, H, Kawai, J, Kondo, N, Itoh, M, Daub, CO, Kasukawa, T, Kawaji, H, Carninci, P, Forrest, ARR, and Hayashizaki, Y

Abstract

In the FANTOM5 project, transcription initiation events across the human and mouse genomes were mapped at a single base-pair resolution and their frequencies were monitored by CAGE (Cap Analysis of Gene Expression) coupled with single-molecule sequencing. Approximately three thousands of samples, consisting of a variety of primary cells, tissues, cell lines, and time series samples during cell activation and development, were subjected to a uniform pipeline of CAGE data production. The analysis pipeline started by measuring RNA extracts to assess their quality, and continued to CAGE library production by using a robotic or a manual workflow, single molecule sequencing, and computational processing to generate frequencies of transcription initiation. Resulting data represents the consequence of transcriptional regulation in each analyzed state of mammalian cells. Non-overlapping peaks over the CAGE profiles, approximately 200,000 and 150,000 peaks for the human and mouse genomes, were identified and annotated to provide precise location of known promoters as well as novel ones, and to quantify their activities.

Published
2017

24. The statistical geometry of transcriptome divergence in cell-type evolution and cancer

Author

Liang, C, Alam, I, Albanese, D, Altschuler, G, Andersson, R, Arakawa, T, Archer, J, Arner, E, Arner, P, Babina, M, Baillie, K, Bajic, V, Baker, S, Balic, A, Balwierz, P, Beckhouse, A, Bertin, N, Blake, Ja, Blumenthal, A, Bodega, B, Bonetti, A, Briggs, J, Brombacher, F, Burroughs, M, Califano, A, Cannistraci, C, Carbajo, D, Carninci, P, Chen, Yang, Chierici, M, Ciani, Y, Clevers, H, Dalla, Emiliano, Daub, C, Davis, C, De Hoon, M, De Lima Morais, D, Dermar, M, Diehl, A, Dimont, E, Dohl, T, Drabros, F, Edge, A, Edinger, M, Ekwall, K, Endoh, M, Enomoto, H, Fagiolini, M, Fairbairn, L, Fang, H, Farach Carson, Mc, Faulkner, G, Favorov, A, Fisher, M, Forrest, A, Francescatto, M, Freeman, T, Frith, M, Fujita, R, Fukuda, S, Furlanello, C, Furuno, M, Furusawa, J, Geijtenbeek, Tb, Gibson, A, Gingeras, T, Goldowithz, D, Gough, J, Guhl, S, Guler, R, Gustincich, Stefano, Ha, T, Haberle, V, Hamaguchi, M, Hara, M, Harbers, M, Harshbarger, J, Hasegawa, A, Hasegawa, Y, Hashimoto, T, Hayashizaki, Y, Herlyn, M, Heutink, P, Hide, W, Hitchens, K, Ho Sui, S, Hofmann, O, Hoof, I, Hori, F, Hume, D, Huminiecki, L, Iida, K, Ikawa, T, Ishizu, Y, Itoh, M, Jankovic, B, Jia, H, Jorgensen, M, Joshi, A, Jurman, G, Kaczkowski, B, Kai, C, Kaida, K, Kaiho, A, Kajiyama, K, Kanamori Katayama, M, Kasianov, A, Kasukawa, T, Katayama, S, Kato Ishikawa, S, Kawaguchi, S, Kawai, J, Kawaji, H, Kawamoto, H, Kawamura, Y, Kawashima, T, Kempfle, J, Kenna, T, Kere, J, Khachigian, L, Kitamura, T, Klinken, P, Knox, A, Kojima, M, Kojima, S, Kondo, N, Koseki, H, Koyasu, S, Krampitz, S, Kubosaki, A, Kulakovskiy, I, Kwon, At, Laros, J, Lassmann, T, Lenhard, B, Lennartsson, A, Li, K, Lilji, B, Lipovich, L, Lizio, M, Mackay Sim, A, Makeev, V, Manabe, R, Mar, J, Marchand, B, Mathelier, A, Medvedeva, Y, Meehan, Tf, Mejhert, N, Meynert, A, Mizuno, Y, Morikawa, H, Morimoto, M, Moro, K, Motakis, E, Motohashi, H, Mummery, C, Mungall, Cj, Murata, M, Nagao Sato, S, Nakachi, Y, Nakahara, F, Nakamura, T, Nakamura, Y, Nakazato, K, Ninomiya Fukuda, N, Nishiyori Sueki, H, Noma, S, Nozaki, T, Ogishima, S, Ohkura, N, Ohmiya, H, Ohno, H, Ohshima, M, Okada Hatakeyama, M, Okazaki, Y, Orlando, V, Ovchinnikov, D, Pain, A, Passier, R, Persson, H, Piazza, Silvano, Plessy, C, Pradhan Bhatt, S, Prendergast, J, Rackham, O, Ramilowski, J, Rashid, M, Ravasi, T, Rehli, M, Rizzu, P, Roncador, M, Roy, S, Rye, M, Saijyo, E, Sajantila, A, Saka, A, Sakaguchi, S, Sakai, M, Sandelin, A, Sato, H, Satoh, H, Suzana, S, Alka, S, Schaefer, U, Schmeier, S, Schmidl, C, Schneider, C, Schultes, Ea, Schulze Tanzil, G, Schwegmann, A, Semple, C, Sengstag, T, Severin, J, Sheng, G, Shimoji, H, Shimoni, Y, Shin, J, Simon, C, Sugiyama, D, Sugiyama, T, Summers, K, Suzuki, H, Suzuki, M, Suzuki, N, Swoboda, R, Hoen P, T, Tagami, M, Takahashi, N, Takai, J, Tanaka, H, Tatsukawa, H, Tatum, Z, Taylor, M, Thompson, M, Toyoda, H, Toyoda, T, Valen, E, Van De Wetering, M, Van Den Berg, L, Van Nimwegen, E, Verardo, R, Vijayan, D, Vitezic, M, Vorontzov, I, Wasserman, W, Watanabe, S, Wells, C, Winteringham, L, Wolvetang, E, Wood, Ej, Yamaguchi, Y, Yamamoto, M, Yoneda, M, Yonekura, Y, Yoshida, Shin'Ichirou, Young, R, Zabierowski, Se, Zhang, P, Zhao, X, Zucchelli, Silvia, Forrest, Ar, Wagner, Gp, Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, and Experimental Immunology

Subjects
Cell type, General Physics and Astronomy, rna-seq data, phylogenetic networks, Biology, ENCODE, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Divergence, Transcriptome, Models, Settore BIO/13 - Biologia Applicata, Neoplasms, Humans, Genetics, Models, Statistical, Multidisciplinary, Statistical model, General Chemistry, Statistical, Biological Evolution, Body plan, Tree structure, Evolutionary biology, Cancer cell
Abstract

In evolution, body plan complexity increases due to an increase in the number of individualized cell types. Yet, there is very little understanding of the mechanisms that produce this form of organismal complexity. One model for the origin of novel cell types is the sister cell-type model. According to this model, each cell type arises together with a sister cell type through specialization from an ancestral cell type. A key prediction of the sister cell-type model is that gene expression profiles of cell types exhibit tree structure. Here we present a statistical model for detecting tree structure in transcriptomic data and apply it to transcriptomes from ENCODE and FANTOM5. We show that transcriptomes of normal cells harbour substantial amounts of hierarchical structure. In contrast, cancer cell lines have less tree structure, suggesting that the emergence of cancer cells follows different principles from that of evolutionary cell-type origination.

Published
2015
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25. Differential roles of epigenetic changes and Foxp3 expression in regulatory T cell-specific transcriptional regulation

Author

Morikawa, H, Ohkura, N, Vandenbon, A, Itoh, M, Nagao Sato, S, Kawaji, H, Lassmann, T, Carninci, P, Hayashizaki, Y, Forrest, Ar, Standley, Dm, Date, H, Sakaguchi, S, FANTOM Consortium (Forrest AR, Rehli, M, Baillie, Jk, de Hoon MJ, Haberle, V, Kulakovskiy, Iv, Lizio, M, Andersson, R, Mungall, Cj, Meehan, Tf, Schmeier, S, Bertin, N, Jørgensen, M, Dimont, E, Arner, E, Schmidl, C, Schaefer, U, Medvedeva, Ya, Plessy, C, Vitezic, M, Severin, J, Semple, Ca, Ishizu, Y, Francescatto, M, Alam, I, Albanese, D, Altschuler, Gm, Archer, Ja, Arner, P, Babina, M, Baker, S, Balwierz, Pj, Beckhouse, Ag, Pradhan Bhatt, S, Blake, Ja, Blumenthal, A, Bodega, B, Bonetti, A, Briggs, J, Brombacher, F, Burroughs, Am, Califano, A, Cannistraci, Cv, Carbajo, D, Chen, Y, Chierici, M, Ciani, Y, Clevers, Hc, Dalla, E, Davis, Ca, Deplancke, B, Detmar, M, Diehl, Ad, Dohi, T, Drabløs, F, Edge, As, Edinger, M, Ekwall, K, Endoh, M, Enomoto, H, Fagiolini, M, Fairbairn, L, Fang, H, Farach Carson MC, Faulkner, Gj, Favorov, Av, Fisher, Me, Frith, Mc, Fujita, R, Fukuda, S, Furlanello, C, Furuno, M, Furusawa, J, Geijtenbeek, Tb, Gibson, A, Gingeras, T, Goldowitz, D, Gough, J, Guhl, S, Guler, R, Gustincich, Stefano, Ha, Tj, Hamaguchi, M, Hara, M, Harbers, M, Harshbarger, J, Hasegawa, A, Hasegawa, Y, Hashimoto, T, Herlyn, M, Hitchens, Kj, Ho Sui SJ, Hofmann, Om, Hoof, I, Hori, F, Huminiecki, L, Iida, K, Ikawa, T, Jankovic, Br, Jia, H, Joshi, A, Jurman, G, Kaczkowski, B, Kai, C, Kaida, K, Kaiho, A, Kajiyama, K, Kanamori Katayama, M, Kasianov, As, Kasukawa, T, Katayama, S, Kato, S, Kawaguchi, S, Kawamoto, H, Kawamura, Yi, Kawashima, T, Kempfle, Js, Kenna, Tj, Kere, J, Khachigian, Lm, Kitamura, T, Klinken, Sp, Knox, Aj, Kojima, M, Kojima, S, Kondo, N, Koseki, H, Koyasu, S, Krampitz, S, Kubosaki, A, Kwon, At, Laros, Jf, Lee, W, Lennartsson, A, Li, K, Lilje, B, Lipovich, L, Mackay Sim, A, Manabe, R, Mar, Jc, Marchand, B, Mathelier, A, Mejhert, N, Meynert, A, Mizuno, Y, Morais, Da, Morimoto, M, Moro, K, Motakis, E, Motohashi, H, Mummery, Cl, Murata, M, Nakachi, Y, Nakahara, F, Nakamura, T, Nakamura, Y, Nakazato, K, van Nimwegen, E, Ninomiya, N, Nishiyori, H, Noma, S, Nozaki, T, Ogishima, S, Ohmiya, H, Ohno, H, Ohshima, M, Okada Hatakeyama, M, Okazaki, Y, Orlando, V, Ovchinnikov, Da, Pain, A, Passier, R, Patrikakis, M, Persson, H, Piazza, S, Prendergast, Jg, Rackham, Oj, Ramilowski, Ja, Rashid, M, Ravasi, T, Rizzu, P, Roncador, M, Roy, S, Rye, Mb, Saijyo, E, Sajantila, A, Saka, A, Sakai, M, Sato, H, Satoh, H, Savvi, S, Saxena, A, Schneider, C, Schultes, Ea, Schulze Tanzil GG, Schwegmann, A, Sengstag, T, Sheng, G, Shimoji, H, Shimoni, Y, Shin, Jw, Simon, C, Sugiyama, D, Sugiyama, T, Suzuki, M, Swoboda, Rk, 't Hoen PA, Tagami, M, Takahashi, N, Takai, J, Tanaka, H, Tatsukawa, H, Tatum, Z, Thompson, M, Toyoda, H, Toyoda, T, Valen, E, van de Wetering, M, van den Berg LM, Verardo, R, Vijayan, D, Vorontsov, Ie, Wasserman, Ww, Watanabe, S, Wells, Ca, Winteringham, Ln, Wolvetang, E, Wood, Ej, Yamaguchi, Y, Yamamoto, M, Yoneda, M, Yonekura, Y, Yoshida, S, Zabierowski, Se, Zhang, Pg, Zhao, X, Zucchelli, S, Summers, Km, Suzuki, H, Daub, Co, Kawai, J, Heutink, P, Hide, W, Freeman, Tc, Lenhard, B, Bajic, Vb, Taylor, Ms, Makeev, Vj, Sandelin, A, Hume, Da, Hayashizaki, Y., AII - Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Experimental Immunology, and Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research

Subjects
Transcription, Genetic, Regulatory T cell, T-Lymphocytes, Down-Regulation, chemical and pharmacologic phenomena, Biology, Inbred C57BL, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Epigenesis, Genetic, Mice, Genetic, Settore BIO/13 - Biologia Applicata, medicine, Transcriptional regulation, Animals, Epigenetics, Gene, Inbred BALB C, Genetics, Regulation of gene expression, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Multidisciplinary, Binding Sites, FOXP3, hemic and immune systems, Forkhead Transcription Factors, DNA Methylation, Biological Sciences, Regulatory, Cap analysis gene expression, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, Gene Expression Regulation, DNA methylation, Transcription, Epigenesis
Abstract

Naturally occurring regulatory T (Treg) cells, which specifically express the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), are engaged in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis. By transcriptional start site cluster analysis, we assessed here how genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation or Foxp3 binding sites were associated with Treg-specific gene expression. We found that Treg-specific DNA hypomethylated regions were closely associated with Treg up-regulated transcriptional start site clusters, whereas Foxp3 binding regions had no significant correlation with either up- or down-regulated clusters in nonactivated Treg cells. However, in activated Treg cells, Foxp3 binding regions showed a strong correlation with down-regulated clusters. In accordance with these findings, the above two features of activation-dependent gene regulation in Treg cells tend to occur at different locations in the genome. The results collectively indicate that Treg-specific DNA hypomethylation is instrumental in gene up-regulation in steady state Treg cells, whereas Foxp3 down-regulates the expression of its target genes in activated Treg cells. Thus, the two events seem to play distinct but complementary roles in Treg-specific gene expression.

Published
2014
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34. Nitric oxide suppresses the energy transduction of plant mitochondria

Author

Shimoji, H., Sakihama, Y., Yamasaki, H., Shimoji, H., Sakihama, Y., and Yamasaki, H.

Abstract

Plant mitochondria are known to possess two respiratory electron transport pathways, i.e. the cytochrome and alternative pathways. The cytochrome pathway, which ends at cytochrome c oxidase (COX), is almost identical to the respiratory electron transport pathway in animal mitochondria. The alternative pathway, which ends at alternative oxidase (AOX), is unique in plants, fungi and parasitic protozoa. Although thermogenesis has been considered as a possible role for alternative pathway. the physiological significance of this non-energy producing pathways is not fully understood. Millar and Day (1996) have proposed that the alternative pathway may play an important role in preventing oxidative damage induced by nitric oxide (NO). Nitric Oxide (NO) is a free radical that can act as a signal messenger in animal cells (Packer 1996). It has been known that NO sometimes disturbs the energy transduction system in animal mitochondria by inhibiting the activity of COX (Brookes e al. 1999), In contrast to extensive knowledge on biochemistry and physiology on NO in animal systems, the source and role of NO in plants have been not yet confirmed. We have recently revealed that plant nitrate reductase (NR) is capable of converting nitrite to NO in the presence of NADH (Yamasaki, Sakihama 2000; Yamasaki 2000). NR is a key enzyme in nitrate assimilation pathway. By using the NR-catalyzed NO production system, here we demonstrate in vitro effects of NO on the energy transduction system of mitochondria. The results presented in this study provide substantial evidence to confirm that the plant alternative pathway is resistant to NO>

Published
2002

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