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1. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author

McCrae, Robert R., Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Ficková, Emília, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reátigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martínez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Purić, Danka, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2013
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2. Personality, Longevity, and Successful Aging among Tokyo Metropolitan Centenarians.

Author

Shimonaka, Yoshiko

Abstract

Examined two hypotheses: (1) that androgyny and Type B behavior are related to longevity; and (2) that personality characteristics associated with longevity may also be related to successful aging. Participants were 82 centenarians (37 men, 45 women) who were compared with 605 elderly in their sixties, seventies, and eighties. Discusses study findings. (KW)

Published
1996

3. The Emergence of Sex Differences in Personality Traits in Early Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional, Cross-Cultural Study

Author

De Bolle, Marleen, De Fruyt, Filip, McCrae, Robert R., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chan, Wayne, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Graf, Sylvie, Gülgöz, Sami, Hřebíčková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lima, Margarida P., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2015
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4. Stereotypes of Age Differences in Personality Traits: Universal and Accurate?

Author

Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martínez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V. S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Published
2012
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5. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author

Löckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Ficková, Emília, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hřebíčková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V. S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle

Published
2009

9. Psychological Characteristics of Japanese Aged: A Comparison of Sentence Completion Test Responses of Older and Younger Adults.

Author

Shimonaka, Yoshiko and Nakazato, Katsuharu

Abstract

Older Japanese adults had a positive family image and more positive perceptions of their present selves. Younger adults were more positive towards friends and future self-image. Women had consistantly better self-concepts. Both groups were negative toward aging but positive toward the aged. (Author/JAC)

Published
1980

10. Gender stereotypes of personality : universal and accurate?

Author

Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jérôme, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane E., Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V. S., Terracciano, Antonio, Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, Bolle, Marleen de, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jüri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hřebíčková, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Ficková, Emília, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), and HAL Nanterre, Administrateur

Subjects
[SCCO.PSYC] Cognitive science/Psychology, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Emotion Cognition et Comportement, [SDV.NEU.SC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

12. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data from Ratings of Young Adolescents

Author

McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele J., Costa, Paul T., Jr., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., de Lima, Margarida P., Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Purić, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Department of psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Centre de Recherche sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Siuta, Jerzy, and Szmigielska-Siuta, Barbara

Subjects
cechy charakteru, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, psychology of adolescents, personality traits, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, psychologia nastolatków, Emotion Cognition et Comportement
Abstract

We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted. This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: McCrae, R. R.; Terracciano, A.; De Fruyt, F.; De Bolle, M.; Gelfand, M. J.; Costa, P. T.; Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E.; Ahn, C.-K.; Ahn, H.; Alcalay, L.; Allik, J.; Avdeyeva, T. V.; Blatny, M.; Bratko, D.; Brunner-Sciarra, M.; Cain, T. R.; Chittcharat, N.; Crawford, J. T.; de Lima, M. P.; Fehr, R.; Fickova, E.; Gulgoz, S.; Hrebickova, M.; Jussim, L.; Klinkosz, W.; Knežević, G.; de Figueroa, N. L.; Loeckenhoff, C. E.; Martin, T. A.; Marušić, I.; Mastor, K. A.; Nakazato, K.; Nansubuga, F.; Porrata, J.; Purić, D.; Realo, A.; Reategui, N.; Rolland, J.-P.; Schmidt, V.; Sekowski, A.; Shakespeare-Finch, J.; Shimonaka, Y.; Simonetti, F.; Siuta, J.; Szmigielska, B.; Vanno, V.; Wang, L.; Yik, M. The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents. Journal of Personality 2010, 78 (3), 815–838. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00634.x]

Published
2010
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13. Gender Stereotypes of Personality Universal and Accurate?

Author

Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., Terracciano, Antonio, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert R., De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul T., Jr., Sutin, Angelina R., Realo, Anu, Allik, Jueri, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, de Figueora, Nora Leibovich, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel R., Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marušić, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knežević, Goran, Martin, Thomas A., Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter B., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida P., Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Pramila, V.S., and Terracciano, Antonio

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

14. Gender stereotypes of personality: Universal and accurate?

Author

Lockenhoff, Corinna, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert, De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V., Terracciano, Antonio, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Chan, Wayne, McCrae, Robert, De Fruyt, Filip, Jussim, Lee, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Sutin, Angelina, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jamin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V., and Terracciano, Antonio

Abstract

Numerous studies have documented subtle but consistent sex differences in self-reports and observer-ratings of five-factor personality traits, and such effects were found to show well-defined developmental trajectories and remarkable similarity across nations. In contrast, very little is known about perceived gender differences in five-factor traits in spite of their potential implications for gender biases at the interpersonal and societal level. In particular, it is not clear how perceived gender differences in five-factor personality vary across age groups and national contexts and to what extent they accurately reflect assessed sex differences in personality. To address these questions, we analyzed responses from 3,323 individuals across 26 nations (mean age = 22.3 years, 31% male) who were asked to rate the five-factor personality traits of typical men or women in three age groups (adolescent, adult, and older adult) in their respective nations. Raters perceived women as slightly higher in openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness as well as some aspects of extraversion and neuroticism. Perceived gender differences were fairly consistent across nations and target age groups and mapped closely onto assessed sex differences in self- and observer-rated personality. Associations between the average size of perceived gender differences and national variations in sociodemographic characteristics, value systems, or gender equality did not reach statistical significance. Findings contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender stereotypes of personality and suggest that perceptions of actual sex differences may play a more important role than culturally based gender roles and socialization processes.

Published
2014

15. The Japanese state-trait anxiety inventory: age and sex differences

Author

Nakazato, Katsuharu and Shimonaka, Yoshiko

Subjects
Sex differences -- Psychological aspects, Aging -- Psychological aspects, Anxiety -- Physiological aspects, Japanese -- Psychological aspects, Health, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

Purpose of the present study was to investigate scores on anxiety among adults of different ages. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to a representative community sample of 1,234 men and women whose ages ranged from 25 to 92 yr. Anxiety declined linearly over the series of age groups. A sex difference was also observed on trait anxiety; women showed higher anxiety than men. Occupation was associated with anxiety for men but with education for women. Possible development of anxiety and differential association of demographic variables with anxiety between sexes were discussed in relation to personality.

Published
1989

16. The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Author

McCrae, Robert, Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Anwar Mastor, Khairul, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert, Chan, Wayne, Jussim, Lee, De Fruyt, Filip, Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Hrebickova, Martina, Graf, Sylvie, Realo, Anu, Allik, Juri, Nakazato, Katsharu, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Yik, Michelle, Fickova, Emilia, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Reatigui, Norma, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, Schmidt, Vanina, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Anwar Mastor, Khairul, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Nansubuga, Florence, Miramontez, Daniel, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Rossier, Jerome, Bratko, Denis, Marusic, Iris, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Yamaguchi, Mami, Knezevic, Goran, Puric, Danka, Martin, Thomas, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Smith, Peter, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Wang, Lei, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Lima, Margarida, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Sekowski, Andrzej, Alcalay, Lidia, Simonetti, Franco, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Pramila, V, and Terracciano, Antonio

Abstract

Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N= 3323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes

Published
2013

17. The validity and structure of culture-level personality scores: Data from ratings of young adolescents

Author

McCrae, Robert, Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret, de Lima, Margarida, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, McCrae, Robert, Terracciano, Antonio, De Fruyt, Filip, De Bolle, Marleen, Gelfand, Michele, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas, Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret, de Lima, Margarida, Fehr, Ryan, Fickova, Emilia, Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Lockenhoff, Corinna, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (N=5,109) ages 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, 8 of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.

Published
2010

18. Perceptions of Aging Across 26 Cultures and Their Culture-Level Associates

Author

Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Loeckenhoff, Corinna E., De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert R., De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Jr, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas R., Crawford, Jarret T., Lima, Margarida P., Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jamin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas A., Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel R., Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V.S., Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (a) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning; (b) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect; and (c) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.

Published
2009

19. Assessing the universal structure of personality in early adolescence: The NEO-PI-R and NEO-PI-3 in 24 cultures

Author

de Fruyt, Filip, de Bolle, Marleen, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang Kyu, Ahn, Hyun Nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebuícková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Kneževic, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Lima, Margarida P., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, de Fruyt, Filip, de Bolle, Marleen, McCrae, Robert R., Terracciano, Antonio, Costa, Paul T., Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., Ahn, Chang Kyu, Ahn, Hyun Nie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jüri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., Blatný, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Cain, Thomas R., Chittcharat, Niyada, Crawford, Jarret T., Fehr, Ryan, Ficková, Emília, Gelfand, Michele J., Gulgoz, Sami, Hrebuícková, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Kneževic, Goran, de Figueroa, Nora Leibovich, Lima, Margarida P., Löckenhoff, Corinna E., Martin, Thomas A., Marušic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Porrata, Jose, Puric, Danka, Realo, Anu, Reátegui, Norma, Rolland, Jean Pierre, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Szmigielska, Barbara, Vanno, Vitanya, Wang, Lei, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

The structure and psychometric characteristics of the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3), a more readable version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), are examined and compared with NEO-PI-R characteristics using data from college student observer ratings of 5,109 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from 24 cultures. Replacement items in the PI-3 showed on average stronger item-total correlations and slightly improved facet reliabilities compared with the NEO-PI-R in both English- and non-English-speaking samples. NEO-PI-3 replacement items did not substantially affect scale means compared with the original scales. Analyses across and within cultures confirmed the intended factor structure of both versions when used to describe young adolescents. The authors discuss implications of these cross-cultural findings for the advancement of studies in adolescence and personality development across the lifespan.

Published
2009

20. Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates

Author

Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Lima, Margarida, Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V, Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter, Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, Yik, Michelle, Lockenhoff, Corinna, De Fruyt, Filip, Terracciano, Antonio, McCrae, Robert, De Bolle, Marleen, Costa, Paul, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria, Ahn, Chang-kyu, Ahn, Hyun-kie, Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Juri, Avdeyeva, Tatyana, Barbaranelli, Claudio, Benet-Martinez, Veronica, Blatny, Marek, Bratko, Denis, Cain, Thomas, Crawford, Jarret, Lima, Margarida, Fickova, Emilia, Gheorghiu, Mirona, Halberstadt, Jasmin, Hrebickova, Martina, Jussim, Lee, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knezevic, Goran, Leibovich de Figueroa, Nora, Martin, Thomas, Marusic, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Miramontez, Daniel, Nakazato, Katsharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Pramila, V, Realo, Anu, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Schmidt, Vanina, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter, Szmigielska, Barbara, Wang, Lei, Yamaguchi, Mami, and Yik, Michelle

Abstract

College students (N = 3,435) in 26 cultures reported their perceptions of age-related changes in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional areas of functioning and rated societal views of aging within their culture. There was widespread cross-cultural consensus regarding the expected direction of aging trajectories with (1) perceived declines in societal views of aging, physical attractiveness, the ability to perform everyday tasks, and new learning, (2) perceived increases in wisdom, knowledge, and received respect, and (3) perceived stability in family authority and life satisfaction. Cross-cultural variations in aging perceptions were associated with culture-level indicators of population aging, education levels, values, and national character stereotypes. These associations were stronger for societal views on aging and perceptions of socioemotional changes than for perceptions of physical and cognitive changes. A consideration of culture-level variables also suggested that previously reported differences in aging perceptions between Asian and Western countries may be related to differences in population structure.

Published
2009

21. Gender Stereotypes of Personality

Author

Löckenhoff, Corinna E., primary, Chan, Wayne, additional, McCrae, Robert R., additional, De Fruyt, Filip, additional, Jussim, Lee, additional, De Bolle, Marleen, additional, Costa, Paul T., additional, Sutin, Angelina R., additional, Realo, Anu, additional, Allik, Jüri, additional, Nakazato, Katsuharu, additional, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, additional, Hřebíčková, Martina, additional, Graf, Sylvie, additional, Yik, Michelle, additional, Ficková, Emília, additional, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, additional, Leibovich de Figueora, Nora, additional, Schmidt, Vanina, additional, Ahn, Chang-kyu, additional, Ahn, Hyun-nie, additional, Aguilar-Vafaie, Maria E., additional, Siuta, Jerzy, additional, Szmigielska, Barbara, additional, Cain, Thomas R., additional, Crawford, Jarret T., additional, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, additional, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, additional, Nansubuga, Florence, additional, Miramontez, Daniel R., additional, Benet-Martínez, Veronica, additional, Rossier, Jérôme, additional, Bratko, Denis, additional, Marušić, Iris, additional, Halberstadt, Jamin, additional, Yamaguchi, Mami, additional, Knežević, Goran, additional, Martin, Thomas A., additional, Gheorghiu, Mirona, additional, Smith, Peter B., additional, Barbaranelli, Claudio, additional, Wang, Lei, additional, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, additional, Lima, Margarida P., additional, Klinkosz, Waldemar, additional, Sekowski, Andrzej, additional, Alcalay, Lidia, additional, Simonetti, Franco, additional, Avdeyeva, Tatyana V., additional, Pramila, V. S., additional, and Terracciano, Antonio, additional

Published
2014
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22. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author

Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, McCrae, RR, Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, and McCrae, RR

Abstract

Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.

Published
2005

34. <E2>The role of the prefrontal cortex in the go/no-go task in humans: a positron emission tomography study</E2>.

Author

Gondo, Yasuyuki, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Senda, Michio, Mishina, Masahiro, and Toyama, Hinako

Subjects
*POSITRON emission tomography, *PREFRONTAL cortex, *PHYSIOLOGY
Abstract

To study the localization of response inhibition in the human brain, especially the role of the prefrontal cortex and laterality of its activation, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure regional cerebral blood flow in 11 right-handed participants while they performed a go/no-go and a simple control reaction-time task. In the control task, the participants responded to a target stimulus following a cue stimulus. In the go/no-go task they were instructed to inhibit the required response if the target stimulus did not appear. These tasks were performed using each hand. The right prefrontal cortex was found to be significantly activated when the go/no-go task was compared with the control task, regardless of the responding hand. The results indicated that response inhibition per se may be controlled by the right prefrontal cortex regardless of response hand for right-handed participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2000
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35. The Development of Personality Characteristics of Japanese Adults.

Author

Shimonaka, Yoshiko and Nakazato, Katsuharu

Subjects
*JAPANESE people, *PERSONALITY development, *PSYCHOLOGY
Abstract

Investigates personality development by examining cohort differences in dimensions of relationships, including with family, friends, self, and values. Use of a sentence-completion test with a sample of young, middle-aged, and old Japanese; Way that positive self-perception increased with age, reaching the last stage of stability and acceptance of death in old age.

Published
1986
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36. Aging and Terminal Changes in Rorschach Responses Among the Japanese Elderly.

Author

Shimonaka, Yoshiko and Nakazato, Katsuharu

Subjects
*RORSCHACH Test, *PSYCHOLOGICAL testing of older people, *PERSONALITY change
Abstract

The Rorschach Inkblot Test was used to examine how personality changes among the elderly and whether significant changes precede death. Six measurements were conducted over 10 years. The original subjects were 236 healthy Japanese elderly with an average age of 76.4 years; 52 subjects survived throughout the 10-year study. Age-related changes were reflected in the number of responses; responses regarding rejection, shading, and popular; poor form level (F-%); and content range. The changes in these variables suggest that productive and creative thinking, cooperativeness, and concerns for and interests in society lessen with advancing age. Over the 4 to 6 years preceding death, the popular responses and content range declined, and the decline accelerated, before death. Tests within 2 years of death showed less animal movement response (FM), and higher form (F%), F-%, and human content (H%) compared to the survivors. These results suggest that productivity, vital energy, and ego strength become reduced prior to death, whereas interest in and sensitivity to others is maintained to the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1991
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