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To support the planning of future solar energy production in India, forthcoming changes in incoming surface solar radiation and the main physical factors contributing to the change were inferred from simulations performed with 27 global CMIP5 climate models. According to the multimodel-mean response, radiation diminishes by 0.5%–4% by the period 2030–59 (relative to 1971–2000), in tandem with strengthening aerosol and water vapor dimming. The largest reduction is anticipated for northern India. The evolution of incident radiation in the mid- and late twenty-first century depends substantially on the emission scenario. According to the representative concentration pathways RCP2.6 and RCP4.5, solar radiation would gradually recover close to the level that prevailed in the late twentieth century. This results from the peaking of aerosol loading before midcentury while the water vapor content continuously increases somewhat. Conversely, under RCP8.5, incident radiation would still decline, although more slowly than during the early century. This coincides with a substantial increase in atmospheric water vapor content and a modest decrease in aerosol forcing. In cloud forcing, multimodel-mean changes are minor, but divergence among the model simulations is substantial. Moreover, cloud forcing proved to be the factor that correlates most strongly with intermodel differences in the solar radiation response. Multimodel-mean changes in solar radiation are small and would not crucially affect the conditions of solar energy production. Nevertheless, some individual models simulate far more substantial reductions of up to ~10%.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic system (BIPV) with energy storage (ES) can help in reducing the peak demand, improving the power quality and control dispatching of the power. Adding a proper size of battery ES to the grid-connected PV system could reduce the overall investment cost as well as reducing the grid-dependency. A typical battery energy storage capacity is going to be determined by considering the real-time operational (PV production as well as load consumption) data. In this study, real-time operational data of a residential load (C6 house) with BIPV system located Southern Norway as well as institutional load (Teri university) with BIPV located in New Delhi, India are used for estimating the size of the battery energy storage considering the maximum reduction in the annual electricity bill. The estimation of battery capacity is done considering the characteristics of lead-acid battery technology and the electrical pricing mechanism. Based on the results, it is observed that for these typical PV and load profiles, installation a capacity of 2100 Ah lead-acid battery to C6 house will reduce the annual electricity bill by 17.6 % of the bill before installing the battery. Similarly, the annual electricity bill is minimum for a battery capacity of 6000 Ah for Teri university. If this battery capacity (6000 Ah) is added, then the annual electricity bill is reduced by 5500 Indian rupee INR.

The operation of hybrid energy system is influenced not only by the availability of the local energy resources, but also due to the market energy pricings. In this work, a typical institutional hybrid energy system of TERI’s Retreat building, India is selected for evaluating the performance by considering Time-of-Use (ToU) tariff, and with and without distributed generator. The considered hybrid system consists of PV, battery and grid connectivity for meeting the institutional load demand. The real-time operation data of one year is used to analyze battery energy throughput with contribution from the distributed generator specially during the grid outage period. It is observed that effective use of ToU energy tariff can significantly improve the local PV utilization and operation of energy storage within the hybrid energy system.

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) with energy storage can play an important role not only in demand side management but also in a micro-grid system in coordination with other distributed generators. The operational analysis of BIPV system and energy storage with contribution to local load profile is needed for its grid connected operation, as well as for integrating it in the micro-grid system. In this work, a typical institution has been selected, where the PV system and energy storage are operated for supplying local load in coordination with the grid. The institutional load profile has been analyzed with essential and non-essential loads for understanding the operation and contributions from the PV and battery energy storage in addition from the grid. Annual institutional load variations and PV system outputs are analyzed for evaluating the installed battery’s energy throughput and energy contents. Two typical scenarios, with worst and best cases, are used for performance assessment of the considered energy system. It is observed that essential loads are fulfilled during the grid outage through batteries, but load reliability has significant impact if the grid outage is longer. It is noticed that the battery energy throughput must be maximized for effective PV output utilization to fulfil local demand. Results from this work are going to contribute for developing an institutional micro-grid with appropriate sizing of distributed generator as well as on demand side management with grid constraints.

A building integrated photovoltaic (PV) system with energy storage within an institution may need appropriate coordination among distributed energy sources (DERs). It is required to have an appropriate energy management strategy to improve system performance as well as to operate it as a micro-grid during the grid outage condition. In this paper, TERI’s (India) Retreat Facility’s energy system has been used, and its performance with a distributed generator has been assessed with operational strategies for fulfilling the institutional load demand in coordination with the PV, grid and battery storage; and with possibility of operating it as a micro-grid during the grid outage period too. The energy management techniques have been proposed for minimizing the energy cost of locally generated electricity with maximization of PV contribution and battery energy throughput to meet the institutional load demand. It has been observed that the effective coordination of DERs with the battery energy storage can contribute in fulfilling the institutional essential load, and to supply the total load during the grid outage conditions. The presented results are going to be useful for techno-economic analysis of sustainable energy systems for minimizing the energy cost and to operate it as a micro-grid.

Integration of photovoltaic systems (PV)into the low voltage (LV)grid is seen as a viable and globally accepted optionto meet the ever-increasing energy demands. However, the high PV penetration into the LV distribution grid has raised up many concerns for various stakeholders e.g. distribution company, industry partners, end users etc. The suddenchanges in the voltage level, is one of the main issues due to the reverse power flowfrom distributed energy sources to the grid, has significantly affected the behavior of the traditional LV grid. This paper has reviewed the impacts on voltage profile due to high PV penetration and different techniques used for mitigation these issues such as active power curtailment, reactive power compensation, use of distributed energy storage and relevant microgrid architectures.

An innovative and smart micro-grid model is an essentialfor the integration of distributed energy resources into the electrical power distribution network. There are various types of micro-grid architectures that have been designed and implemented in the last few years. These micro-grid architectures have their key advantages and limitations. This paper has been prepared with the objective to identify and address, key challenges and solutions for integration of micro-grid into the distribution network. It reviewsdifferent micro-grid architectures and control strategies which can help to address various challenges i.e. voltage imbalance, power quality, demand side management, smooth islanding operation of a micro-grid. Keywords- Micro-Grid,Architecture & Control, Distributed Energy Sources.

The growing challenges of Smart Micro-Grid can only be met if secure and fast information and communication technology (ICT) solutions are developed. In this paper, some of the ICT techniques are reviewed for smart micro-grid automation. Firstly, an overview of the role of ICT in grid distribution is explained with respect to electricity value chain in power distribution. Further, each domain in the value chain is analyzed with respect to ICT applications in power generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. ICT stands as a prominent driving force to enhance trustworthiness, security, and productivity of the power distribution through information exchange, regulated generation, demand management, and the active involvement of the end consumer. It helpsevadepeak hours and switch between renewable and other energy sources. When many consumers are subscribed to smart micro-grid system, the demand of its reliability and security can only be guaranteed through robust ICT applications. ICTs in smart micro-grid helps to advance power reliability and quality avoiding electricity blackouts. When automation, remote monitoring, supervision and controlling entities are integrated in substantial scale, security of the micro-grid system is challenged due to more flexibility accessibility and information openness. ICT challenges and issues in the smart micro-grid are discussed and next generation innovative micro-grid control center is explained to recognize the potential of ICTs in the smart micro-grid automation.

In most of the institutional buildings solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are used for fulfilling the local energy requirement. In this work, a typical institution with solar PV and battery energy storage is selected for analyzing the system’s operation to fulfil the institutional energy demand. To operate this energy system as a micro-grid, distributed generator is selected for fulfilling the institutional load demand in coordination with PV, battery and during the grid outage time. The operation of distributed generator has improved the system performance and coordinated the contribution among local energy resources e.g. PV energy and battery throughput. In this work, relative analysis of the intuitional energy system with and without distributed generator has been analyzed for annual load profile. It has been observed; the distributed generator is not only useful for supplying the energy to the essential load but also during the grid outage conditions. The analysis shows that if, the grid outage continues for longer period then distributed generator can provide the power to the institutional load and operate as a micro-grid. It has been observed, the battery energy throughput as well as effective utilization of local energy resources can be improved by installing distributed generator. The presented analysis is going to be useful for operating the institutional energy system as a micro-grid with different energy and power management strategies.