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This article extends a small but significant body of work on the motivations of criminal justice students to enter the major and to pursue a criminal justice career (Krimmel & Tartaro 1999; Gabbido...

The spread of crimmigration policies, practices, and rhetoric represents an "economically rational" strategy and has significant implications for the lived experience of noncitizen immigrants. This study draws up in-depth interviews of immigrants with a range of legal statuses to describe the mechanics through which immigrants internalize and respond to the fear of deportation, upon which crimmigration strategies rely. The fear of deportation and its behavioral effects extend beyond undocumented or criminally convicted immigrants, encompassing lawful permanent residents and naturalized citizens alike. This fear causes immigrants to refuse to use public services, endure labor exploitation, and avoid public spaces, resulting in social exclusion and interrupted integration, which is detrimental to US society as a whole.

This entry provides a brief overview of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The entry traces the history of ICE, describes the responsibilities of ICE, and concludes with some recent criticisms that have been directed toward ICE. Keywords: deportation; homeland security; immigration; immigration enforcement

Since the mid-1990s, immigration control policies have been increasingly punitive and implemented with the aim to ease deportation. Some of these policies have been premised on a supposed link between immigration and crime. Social disorganization is the dominant theory linking immigration and crime. Yet recent criminological scholarship has challenged social disorganization’s position that immigrant can lead to factors which cause high crime rates. The immigrant revitalization perspective has emerged as a refutation of social disorganization, suggesting that the social capital and integration fostered in communities resulting from immigration counteract social disorganization theory and actually reduce, rather than increase, crime (Lee and Martinez, Sociol Focus, 35:365–385, 2002). This finding is consistent with existing social science literature, which finds that neighborhoods with high numbers of immigrants are highly cohesive and integrated. If, as the recent criminological studies have found, immigration actually reduces, rather than increases, crime, then it is possible that another mechanism within the immigrant experience leads to social disorganization. Perhaps deportation, which has been documented as having the very same effects social disorganization says leads to increased crime rates, should be examined. Instead of immigration, it is rather immigration control that promotes and creates that which it seeks to curb: crime.