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Mango is an evergreen plant belonging to the genus Mangifera of the Anacardiaceae family. Genus Mangifera has 69 species of Mangifera around the world that are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical countries, including India, Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, and South China. It is a popular tropical fruit known as the “King of Tropical Fruits”. However, the study of the structure information of the complete chloroplast genome of Mangifera was microscopic, there was no report about the comparison of SSR, Ka/Ks, codons analysis and RNA editing, so in this study, we sequenced the 6 Mangifera samples and used three different ways to analyze the relationship of 6 species of Mangifera. Then we got some results, through the RNA editing and Ka/Ks calculating, we found the species could be divided into two groups, and the difference between the two groups was protein-coding gene ccsA. Moreover, all RNA editing occurred conversion of C to T and the gene ndhB had the most RNA editing sites in all species. In Ka/Ks analysis, the gene atpB, cemA, clpP, ndhD, petD, petB and ycf15 would be suffered from the positive selection after divergence. We also find the IR regions in these seven samples were very conservation through IR contraction and expansion and Sequence Divergence Analysis. Finally, we tried to confirm the relationship between 7 samples of Mangifera in Angiosperms in 3 different ways. Then we got that ML210 and MP090 had a closer relationship than others, MS796 had a closer relationship with ML210 and MP090 than others. At the same time, the method of phylogenetic analysis based on the gene ycf2 was not more accurate at the genus level than the method based on complete cp genome and proteincoding genes.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease that affects the musculoskeletal structure of the whole joint, which is characterized by progressive destruction of both articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Treatment of the bone pathologies, particularly osteoclast‐mediated subchondral bone loss in the early stages of OA, could prevent subsequent cartilage degeneration and progression of OA. In the present study, the PKC inhibitor, Sotrastaurin, was found to inhibit RANKL‐induced osteoclast formation in vitro in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. In particular, SO exerted its anti‐osteoclastic effect predominantly at the early stages of RANKL stimulation, suggesting inhibitory effects on precursor cell fusion. Using mature osteoclasts cultured on bovine bone discs, we showed that SO also exerts anti‐resorptive effects on mature osteoclasts bone resorptive function. Mechanistically, SO attenuates the early activation of the p38, ERK and JNK signalling pathways, leeding to impaired induction of crucial osteoclast transcription factors c‐Jun, c‐Fos and NFATc1. We also showed that SO treatment significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of PKCδ and MARCKS, an upstream regulator of cathepsin K secretion. Finally, in animal studies, SO significantly alleviates the osteochondral pathologies of subchondral bone destruction as well as articular cartilage degeneration following DMM‐induced OA, markedly improving OARSI scores. The reduced subchondral bone loss was associated with marked reductions in TRAP(+) osteoclasts in the subchondral bone tissue. Collectively, our data provide evidence for the protective effects of SO against OA by preventing aberrant subchondral bone and articular cartilage changes. Thus, SO demonstrates potential for further development as an alternative therapeutic option against OA.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disease with a series of changes occurring in aging cartilage, such as increased oxidative stress, decreased markers of healthy cartilage and alterations in the autophagy pathway. And increasing evidence indicates that osteoarthritis affects the whole joint, including both cartilage and subchondral bone. The agents that can effectively suppress chondrocyte degradation and subchondral bone deterioration are crucial for the prevention and treatment of OA. Ruboxistaurin (RU), an orally active protein kinase C inhibitor, can reduce macrophage adhesion to endothelial cells and relieve the local inflammation when applicating in diabetes and kinds of aging-related vasculopathy, which were realized by its effects on decreasing inflammatory cytokines' expression and increasing cell anti-oxidative stress ability. However, whether ruboxistaurin protects against OA remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of ruboxistaurin in an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced OA model by preventing the bone mass loss of subchondral bone. We found that ruboxistaurin can effectively alleviate ACLT-induced osteoarthritis, as demonstrated by the phenomenon of correcting pathological bone loss caused by osteoclasts overactivated in the early stage of osteoarthritis and protecting against articular cartilage degeneration. Moreover, we found that ruboxistaurin inhibited osteoclast formation and resorption activity by suppressing the expressions of osteoclast‐related genes and (PKCδ/MAPKs) signaling cascade. Taken together, these results show that ruboxistaurin may be a potential therapeutic agent for rescuing abnormal subchondral bone deterioration and cartilage degradation in OA and reverses the vicious cycle related to osteoarthritis.

Background Interleukin-16 (IL-16), a pleiotropic cytokine, plays a fundamental role in inflammatory diseases. This study investigates the association between IL-16 polymorphisms and the risk of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a Chinese population. Methods The IL-16 rs11556218, rs4072111, and rs4778889 polymorphisms were determined in 150 knee OA cases and 147 healthy controls through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results The results suggested that the variants in IL-16 gene rs11556218 site were associated with a decreased knee OA risk after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and smoking and drinking status (TG vs. TT: OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53–0.89; P = 0.006; GG vs. TT: OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.45–0.90; P = 0.042; dominant model: OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.29–0.87; P = 0.002; G vs. T allele: OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.66–0.90; P = 0.003). Similarly, subjects bearing the rs4072111 variant genotypes and alleles also had a lower susceptibility to knee OA compared with those bearing the wild-type (CT vs. CC: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53–0.83; P = 0.002; TT vs. CC: OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40–0.82; P = 0.027; dominant model: OR, 0.65; 95%, CI 0.52–0.80; P

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to set a reference interval (RI) for osteocalcin (OC) in a healthy Han male population from the Fangchenggang Area Male Health and Examination Survey (FAMHES) project and study the effects of age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption. METHODS We used data from 2018 Han ethnic males who participated in FAMHES project from September 2009 to December 2009. Serum OC values were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on COBAS 6000 system E601 (Elecsys module) immunoassay analyzers. RESULTS OC data does not have a normal distribution or Gaussian pattern (Z = 3.791, p < 0.001). After log-transformation, data took on a normal, Gaussian distribution (Z = 0.968, p = 0.306). The RI of serum OC was 12.49 - 43.94 ng/mL. No difference in OC concentration was noted either between non-smoker or smoker groups (p = 0.629) or non-drinker and drinker groups (p = 0.748). OC levels varied with age (r = -0.371, p < 0.001) and BMI (r = -0.331, p < 0.001), and the age-dependent and BMI-dependent RIs were calculated. CONCLUSIONS The RIs for serum OC exhibit slight differences compared to previously reported reference ranges. Age-dependent and BMI-dependent RIs for serum OC should be implemented in clinical laboratories.

Purpose The arguments about whether posterior-substituting prostheses or cruciate-retaining prostheses are superior to the other after total knee arthroplasty never stop. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the clinical effects of these two different designs. Methods The study was performed according to the guidelines described in the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Methodological features were collected and extracted by two reviewers independently. Results Nine randomized controlled trials with 1261 knees were eligible for pooled analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated there were no statistical differences in the Knee Society Score, Hospital for Special Surgery, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities index, tibial component alignment, femoral component alignment, tibial posterior slope, joint line, and incidence of complications with short-to medium-term follow-up ( p >0.01). Statistically difference in postoperative range of motion (WMD: 4.34°, 95% CI: 3.18° to 5.50°) in favor of PS prostheses was found between groups ( p Conclusion The findings indicate there were no significant statistical differences in knee scores, radiological outcomes, and complications between the two types of implants. Statistically significant difference in postoperative ROM was found between the two groups, but no clinical difference.

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of anterior subcutaneous and submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve in treating cubital tunnel syndrome.From August 2006 to August 2008, 66 patients with cubital tunnel syndrome were treated with anterior subcutaneous transposition (subcutaneous group, 24 cases) and with anterior submuscular transposition (submuscular group, 42 cases). According to McGowan stages, all patients were at Stage 2 or 3 entrapment neuropathy with paresthesia in the ring and small fingers. Respectively, 3 cases and 8 cases complicated by interosseous muscle atrophy in subcutaneous group and in submuscular group. No significant difference was found in gender, age, duration of the disease, and complication between two groups (P0.05). The surgical features, distribution of Bishop rates, two-point discrimination test, muscular strength, and complications were recorded.The operation time was (28.4 +/- 5.2) minutes in subcutaneous group and (43.8 +/- 5.6) minutes in submuscular group, showing significant difference (P0.01). The incision length was (12.2 +/- 2.5) cm in subcutaneous group and (13.6 +/- 2.8) cm in submuscular group, showing significant difference (P0.05). All patients were followed up 1-3 years. According to Bishop scoring system, the results were excellent in 18 cases, good in 4 cases, and poor in 2 cases in subcutaneous group; excellent in 36 cases, good in 3 cases, and poor in 3 cases in submuscular group; and showing no significant difference between two groups (P0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, two-point discrimination and grip strength were improved when compared with that of preoperation (P0.05), but there was no significant difference between two groups (P0.05). Pain and dysesthesia of the scar were noted in 1 patient of the subcutaneous group and 3 patients of the submuscular group. No infection or hematoma was found and no patient needed reoperation.Both operative methods are effective alternative for treating cubital tunnel syndrome. The anterior subcutaneous anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve has fewer traumas, and it is a better choice for some old patients.

Whether high-flexion prostheses are superior to conventional prostheses after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of these 2 different designs. After a comprehensive search, 11 trials with 1204 knees were eligible for data extraction and pooled analysis. The results demonstrated that there were no differences in range of motion of high-flexion posterior-stabilized vs standard posterior-stabilized TKA (weighted mean improvement, 0.93°; 95% confidence intervals, -0.75° to 2.60°; P = .28), range of motion of high-flexion cruciate-retaining vs cruciate-retaining TKA (2.06°; 0.06°-4.17°; P = .06), weight-bearing flexion (2.05°; 0.99°-5.08°; P = .19), Knee Society Scores (1.59 points; 0.42-3.60 points; P = .12), and Hospital for Special Surgery Scores (0.84 points; 0.37-2.04 points; P = .17) with at least 1-year follow-up. No infection, loosening, and osteolysis were found. The current evidences cannot confirm that high-flexion prostheses are superior to conventional prostheses.

To discuss the recent advancement of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the aspects of prosthesis selection, and compare the clinical effect of every kind of knee prostheses so as to provide more information for clinical application.The literature concerning prosthesis selection was extensively reviewed, and the methods and data were analyzed and summarized.The major disputes consisted of posterior cruciate retained versus excised, fixed-bearing versus mobile-bearing, high-flex versus standard implants and patella resurfacing versus nonresurfacing for TKA. Every kind of knee prostheses displayed safety and effectiveness in early and medium term follow-up, no significant differences were found in clinical results.Prosthesis selection in TKA should be overall considered, and the merits of every kind of prostheses should be judged with long-term follow-up results.