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We introduce the notion of a properly ordered coloring (POC) of a weighted graph, that generalizes the notion of vertex coloring of a graph. Under a POC, if $xy$ is an edge, then the larger weighted vertex receives a larger color; in the case of equal weights of $x$ and $y$, their colors must be different. In this paper, we shall initiate the study of this special coloring in graphs. For a graph $G$, we introduce the function $f(G)$ which gives the maximum number of colors required by a POC over all weightings of $G$. We show that $f(G)=\ell(G)$, where $\ell(G)$ is the number of vertices of a longest path in $G$. Another function we introduce is $\chi_{POC}(G;t)$ giving the minimum number of colors required over all weightings of $G$ using $t$ distinct weights. We show that the ratio of $\chi_{POC}(G;t)-1$ to $\chi(G)-1$ can be bounded by $t$ for any graph $G$; in fact, the result is shown by determining $\chi_{POC}(G;t)$ when $G$ is a complete multipartite graph. We also determine the minimum number of colors to give a POC on a vertex-weighted graph in terms of the number of vertices of a longest directed path in an orientation of the underlying graph. This extends the so called Gallai-Hasse-Roy-Vitaver theorem, a classical result concerning the relationship between the chromatic number of a graph $G$ and the number of vertices of a longest directed path in an orientation of $G$., Comment: To appear in "Order"

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of 4-day chemotherapy with methotrexate, etoposide, and actinomycin D (MEA) for patients who were diagnosed with choriocarcinoma and high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Between January 1999 and December 2015, 29 patients were treated with 4-day MEA after being diagnosed with choriocarcinoma or high-risk GTN. Complete remission to 4-day MEA and adverse effects were retrospectively evaluated. The complete remission rates were 79.3% (23/29) and 87.5% (21/24) in all patients and in those who received 4-day MEA as first-line therapy, respectively. Of six patients who developed drug resistance to 4-day MEA, three patients showed complete remission by other treatments, while the other three patients died of the disease. The major adverse effects were leukocytopenia, anemia, and nausea. Of 23 patients who were cured with 4-day MEA, treatment was changed to the etoposide and actinomycin D (EA) regimen in 14 patients, because of leukocytopenia, hepatotoxicity, and stomatitis. Among 20 patients who required hormonal therapy, 15 patients showed normal menstrual cycles after therapy. Five patients had nine conceptions (seven term live births and two spontaneous abortions). No babies were premature or had low birth weight nor did they have congenital anomalies. The results suggest that the efficacy and the adverse effects of 4-day MEA for choriocarcinoma and high-risk GTN may be the same level as EMA/CO. However, further study will be needed for determining the criteria of changing the treatment regimen from 4-day MEA to the EA regimen.

While it has been suggested that IL-33 plays pathogenic roles in various disorders, the factors that stimulate IL-33 production are poorly characterized. In the present study, the effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling on IL-33 production in RAW264.7 macrophages in response to various doses of LPS was examined. High-dose LPS treatment induced IL-33 and TNF protein production in RAW264.7 macrophages. In contrast, low-dose LPS failed to induce IL-33 production while significantly inducing TNF production. In the presence of the membrane-permeable cAMP analog 8-Br-cAMP, low-dose LPS induced vigorous IL-33 production. This phenomenon was consistent with amounts of mRNA. Similarly, the cAMP-increasing agent adrenaline also enhanced the sensitivity of RAW264.7 macrophages to LPS as demonstrated by IL-33 production. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 blocked the effects of 8-Br-cAMP and adrenaline on IL-33 production, suggesting that PKA is involved in IL-33 induction. Taken together, cAMP-mediated signaling pathway appears to enhance the sensitivity of RAW264.7 macrophages to LPS with respect to IL-33 production. Our findings suggest that stress events and the subsequent secretion of adrenaline enhance macrophage production via IL-33; this process may be associated with the pathogenesis of various disorders involving IL-33.

This article reflects on certain cultural phenomena in the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011 and discusses the significant role of Japanese religiosity (shukyosei) in mental health care practices. The authors introduce these cultural phenomena by presenting (1) the results of a survey related to the ritual of giving graduation certificates to children lost in the earthquake and (2) a case illustration reported by a Buddhist priest and clinical psychologist who performed many funeral services at a temporary morgue for the victims and their families. The issues of Japanese cultural contexts and the religiosity (shukyosei) of Japanese people will be also discussed. The authors propose that mental health care workers who engage in relief activities ought to understand the culturally and contextually sensitive religiosity of the people and community they are serving and explore ways to incorporate this religiosity in their clinical practices.

AgBr-doped silsesquioxane–titania films with a thickness of approximately 5 μm were prepared using a sol–gel technique. The dopant AgBr crystals were converted into very small Ag nanoparticles (mainly several nanometers) upon blue laser irradiation, leading to an increase in the absorption of the film in the visible region. An excess of Ag + ions in the film was required for the conversion of AgBr into Ag upon blue laser irradiation. A maximum diffraction efficiency of 0.03% was achieved after two-beam interference exposure with a blue laser for 1300 s. These results imply that the films are suitable for use as holographic materials.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality and characteristics in collage work. Seventy undergraduates filled the Yatabe-Guilford (YG) personality test and produced a piece of collage work. The YG personality types were not different in terms of collage work characteristics. However, emotional adaptation and introvert/extrovert scores were reflected in the number of cuttings used in the piece. General activity score was reflected in the number of vehicle pictures used. Those who used an eye picture had a tendency to be depressed and lacking in confidence. Those who used a "stone circle" picture tended to be more emotionally adapted and extroverted. The results suggested a possibility that personality traits were reflected in specific characteristics in collage work.

In recent years, as use of the Internet became widespread, numerous music videos became available on Web. In Japan, many of these music videos are the CGM (Consumer Generated Media) that are created using a singing synthesis software called Hatsune Miku, and published on YouTube and other similar Web sites. Existing Web sites, however, support only the search methods based on music video title and artist name, which could not be effectively used to search for the unknown music videos such as the CGM ones. This paper presents a system model for effectively searching for the unknown music videos, which is characterized by the use of the onomatopoeia. The system model consists of a music video collecting engine for collecting pairs of music video URL and its tags, an onomatopoeia assigning engine for assigning onomatopoeias to music videos, and an onomatopoeia retriever for presenting users the music video URLs satisfying their onomatopoeia requirements. We have implemented a prototype system of the proposed system model and conducted experiments to study its performance. It has been found that with the proposed system model, a precision ratio of 66.82%, a recall ratio of 56.36%, and an F-measure of 61.14% could be achieved.

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An application of collage as an art form has been made in clinical psychology, and has been established as collage therapy. This paper attempted to answer the following questions: What kind of behavior people show during production of collage work; how the production behavior differs from person to person; what causes the behavior differences. The framework of creative problem solving and behavior analysis technique with VTR were used, and behavior characteristics of mentally retarded subjects (N = 20) were compared with non-retarded adults (N = 20). Results revealed three behavior patterns: Whole linear type ([SEAF]n), partially repeated linear type ([SE]n and [AF]m), and circuit type ([SEA]n and [AF]m) from the analysis of transition probability of four fundamental action elements (search [S], extraction [E], arrangement [A] and fixation [F]) of collage work production. The difference in the production process of each subject may be attributed to the difference in proportions of the three behavior patterns. The proportion difference in turn appeared to reflect that on the global-local dimension in the work production plan.

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M. E. Sweedler has proved that modular extensions of fields are characterized by a tensor product of primitive elements, and also by the equivalent condition that the ground field is the fixed field under higher derivations. In this paper we shall give an extension of his work about modular field extensions to modular integral domain extensions. Moreover, we shall prove that a modular extension is an extension that the derivation algebra is generated by components of higher derivations under some conditions. For example, in a finite extension of a field, a modular extension is characterized by the fact that the derivation algebra is generated by components of higher derivations.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the process by which collage material was chosen, by looking at the structure in material pictures in terms of their transitive chain and connection strength, and investigate the relationship between planning process and artwork characteristics. For the purpose, successive choices of material pictures were analyzed, and graph theory applied. Forty mentally retarded and normal subjects participated in an experiment of collage work production. The transitive chain of collage material pictures for normal subjects was long (deep) and showed story development, and connections among material pictures were strong. On the other hand, the chain for retarded subjects was short (shallow), without story development, and the connections weak. These results showed a correspondence between planning process and artwork characteristics. It was suggested that the method used in this study was effective in analyzing the structure of collage as well as Hakoniwa work.

The estimation of elasticity distribution in static elastography methods strongly depends on the shape of the transducer head. It is known that the insertion of a damper layer is effective in improving the spatial nonuniformity of an applied strain distribution. We have developed a new estimation method for assessing the effectiveness of this technique through structural analysis using the finite element method and acoustic analysis using the finite-difference time-domain method with multilayered tissues. From the results, the strain flatness inside the compressed tissue is markedly improved, especially near the tissue surface, by inserting a damper layer between the transducer and the tissue surface. The elasticity of an inclusion and the deeper region of a three-layer tissue are also adequately imaged.

Photoinduced reduction, resulting in nanoparticle formation, and heat-induced oxidation of doped silver have been demonstrated in silsesquioxane (RSiO(3/2)) and RSiO(3/2)-TiO(2) films (R = methyl, vinyl, and glycidoxypropyl) synthesized via the sol-gel method. The occurrence of redox behavior in the doped silver, i.e. formation and dissociation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the films, was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The films containing vinyl and glycidoxypropyl organic functional groups were found to effectively reduce silver ions upon UV irradiation, whereas the film containing the methyl group substituent did not. Incorporation of a TiO(2) component into the RSiO(3/2) films caused thermal dissociation of the AgNPs. The formation and dissociation of AgNPs in the films was reversible by reiterating the cycle of UV irradiation and heat treatment.

Let K ⫅ R K \subseteqq R be commutative rings with identity 1. Let D = { D i } D = \{ {D_i}\} be a higher derivation of R R . We shall prove in this paper that if K K is invariant with respect to D D , the purely inseparable closure K R ¯ \overline {{K_R}} of K K in R R is invariant with respect to D D and the formal power series ring K R ¯ [ [ t ] ] \overline {{K_R}} [[t]] is purely inseparably closed in R [ [ t ] ] R[[t]] .

Aus den obigen Versuchen geht sehr deutlich hervor, dass die Abkuhlung der Bauchwand, besonders in der Epigastrialgegend die sensiblen Nervenenden an der betreffenden Stelle in Erregung versetzt, wodurch dann die Zentren des autonomen Nervensystems ebenfalls in Erregung geraten. Von diesen wird das parasympathische Zentrum starker, aber etwas spater als das sympathische erregt, sodass im Magen nach einer vorubergebenden unbedeutendenTonusherabsetzung und Peristaltikabschwachungeine deutliche Tonussteigerung und Peristaltikverstarkung erfolgen, die hochstwahrscheinlich die Ursache des Magenschmerzes bei einer Abkuhlung des Bauches sind. Eine starke Abkuhlung der Epigastrial-gegend verursacht indessen eine Temperatursenkung des Magens, die im Gegensatz zu der schwachen Abkuhlung eine deutliche Tonussen-kung und Peristaltikabschwachung zur Folge hat.

Bei Kaninchen ubt das Adrenalin auf die den Magen innervie-renden, fordernden sowie hemmenden sympathischen Nervenenden eine erregende Wirkung aus, sodass je nach den Dosen des verwende-ten Adrenalins und je nach den Abschnitten des Magens verschiedene Zustandsanderungen erfolgen. Am Korpus und Antrum fulirt das Adrenalin in kleinen Dosen eine Tonussteigerung und Pcristaltikverstarkung herbei, die dadurch zustande kommen, dass die Erregung der fordernden sympathischen Nervenenden die der hemmenden ubertrifft. In grossen Dosen verursacht es dagegen zuerst eine Tonusherabsetzung sowie Peristaltik-abschwachung, da die Erregung der fordernden Nervenenden der der hemmenden an Intensitat nachsteht, und spater umgekehrte Zustands-anderungen, da sich das Adrenalin in diesem Stadium infolge der Zersetzung seiner Hauptmenge nur in kleiner Dosis im Korper befindet. Mengen, die zwischen den beiden Extremen liegen, konnen bei lang-samer Darreichung anfanglich diejenigen Zustandsanderungen, die durch die kleinen Dosen hervorgeruft werden, und spater diejenigen, die durch die grossen herbeigefuhrt werden, zur Folge haben. Der Pylorus verhalt sich gegen das Adrenalin gerade umgekehrt wie der Korpus und das Antrum. Die verschiedenen Angaben fruherer Forscher uber die Wirkung des Adrenalins auf den Magen im Tierkorper sind vielleicht auf these Beziehungen zutirckzufuhren.

Das Morphin ubt in kleinen Dosen auf die hemmenden sympathischen Nervenzentren, die den Korpus, das Antrum und den Pylorus innervieren, eine erregende Wirkung aus, sodass eine Tonusherabsetzung und Bewegungshemmung dieser Abschnitte erfolgen. In grossen Dosen versetzt es uberdies noch das fordernde Zentrum der den Pylorus beherrschenden, sympathischen Nerven in Erregung, die an Intensitat die des hemmenden Zentrums ubertrifft, sodass im Pylorus eine Tonussteigerung zum Vorschein kommt. Es scheint moglich, dass die Zentren der mit den anderen Magenabschnitten in Zusammenhang stehenden, fordernden, sympathischen Nerven ebenfalls durch das Gift erregt werden, wenn dies auch in Versuchen mit den oben angegebenen Morphindosen nicht konstatiert werden konnte. Da die Verwendung des Morphins in klinischen Fallen nur in kleinen Dosen in Betracht kommt, muss sein Effekt auf den Magen ausschliesslich in einer Erschlaffung und Bewegungsabschwachung bestehen, die vielleicht die Verzogerung des Transportes des Magen-inhaltes in das Duodenum verursachen konnen.