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Automobile engine materials require higher thermal fatigue resistance with increasing combustion temperature. Porosity in aluminum alloy castings is a serious defect which decreases the strength of the castings. In this study, the effect of porosity on thermal fatigue lives was investigated using JIS AC2B-T6 alloy castings. The thermal fatigue lives were evaluated by a newly-developed test method using restraining holders composed of low-thermal-expansion material. In a high total strain range, the maximum pore area on a fracture surface correlated to the thermal fatigue life. In a low total strain range, on the other hand, the total porosity area on a fracture surface correlated to the thermal fatigue life. It has been clarified that the fracture mechanism was changed by the total strain range, affecting the correlation between the porosity and the thermal fatigue lives.

This paper describes the thermo-mechanical fatigue behavior of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloy. The alloy is widely used for cylinder heads and pistons of automobile engines. Repeated cycling between driving and resting, or low-power and high-power driving cause thermal cycling in the engine materials. The thermo-mechanical fatigue property is therefore very important to develop high-performance engines. This study aims to characterize the cyclic stress-strain behavior of this alloy and to clarify the factors dominating the fracture life. Results obtained are : (1) The stress-strain behavior changes remarkably during thermal cycling. Cyclic hardening and cycling softening occur in the higher and lower strain ranges, respectively. (2) A thermo-mechanical fatigue fracture limit diagram is obtained by connecting fracture points on the inelastic strain range - number of cycles relationship. (3) Consequently, in 10 3 - 10 4 cycles, it is considered that poor ductility and inelastic strain increase due to overaging dominate the thermo-mechanical fatigue life of the alloy.

The polyphenolic substance(s) in the hot water extract of Bupleurum chinense (PSF) showed strong mitogenic activity. In this paper, we analyzed PSF by using ESR spectroscopy, and found that i) PSF showed a strong ESR signal on g = 2.005 which was similar to the commercially available lignin; ii) Sho-saiko-to, which contains an extract of B. chinense, also showed similar signals on ESR; iii) Powdered B. chinense also showed similar signals on g = 2.005. Peroxidase activity, essential for producing polyphenolic substances, was detected in the cold water extract of B. chinense. In addition, the signal intensity of the ESR spectrum of B. chinense was increased after boiling. The data of the ESR spectra of the model reactions using lignin, arginine, proline and maltose also strongly suggested that a certain chemical modification proceeded during the hot water extraction to increase the percentage of the stable free radical. These facts strongly suggested that the mitogenic substance in B. chinense is a polyphenolic substance extracted by hot water, and the structure was modified during the extraction to increase the stable free radical components.

Bupleuri Radix is a commonly used medicinal plant in Kampo medicine, and its hot water extracts show mitogenic activity to murine lymphocytes. In this paper the mitogenic substances in the hot water extracts of Bupleuri Radix (Bup-HWE) were fractionated and characterized physicochemically and immunologically. Most of these substances were recovered from mol. wt of more than 200 kDA fraction (fr. C-13). Separation of fr. C-13 by phenol-water fractionation method gave water soluble and phenol soluble mitogenic substances. These substances showed the activity even in C3H/HeJ mice, and polymyxin B or lysozyme treatment did not abrogate the activity, suggesting that the active substances are not related to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Treatment of the mitogenic substances recovered from the phenol layer with NaCLO2, a polyphenol degrading chemical, significantly reduced the activity, but pronase and pectinase treatments were not effective. The mitogenic substances in the water layer were active even after NaCLO2 treatment. These findings suggested that the mitogenic substances of Bup-HWE are large molecular weight polyphenolic compounds and polysaccharide. The mitogenic substances are suggested to be B cell mitogens.

Heat Checking is a very important problem limiting the service life of aluminum die casting dies. In this paper, the relationship between the surface residual stress, which varies with die casting operation, and the initiation and propagation of heat checking is described.Measurement of residual stress and observation of heat checking were carried out on a cover and an ejector production die made by SKD61 (AISI H13). The surface residual stress was measured by X-ray and the heat checking was observed in detail by SEM after every prescribed shots from the beginning to the end of the die service life. The mechanism of residual stress variation and the effects of the position and the cavity shape of dies on the residual stress variation and the initiation and propagation of heat checking were clarified.The following conclusions were drawn from this investigation.(1) The surface residual stress, which was compressive before die casting operation, changed immediately toward tensile side and saturated in the early stage of operation, say at only 50 shots. This fact is considered to result from the following process; the surface layer of dies is rapidly heated by molten aluminum. The thermal expansion due to this rapid heating is restrainted by the substratum and thus the surface layer is subjected plastically to compressive strain. After cooling, the surface residual stress changes toward tensile side and saturates at some tensile value in the early stage of die casting operation.(2) The value of saturated tensile residual stress depended on the position and the shape of die cavity. This experimental result is caused by the magnitude of thermal load and restraint.(3) On the gate side of die cavity, in which the saturated tensile residual stress is large because of large thermal load, microcracks initiated in the saturated period. But on the position apart from the gate, in which the saturated tensile residual stress is small because of small thermal load, the residual stress did not decrease and microcracks did not initiate even at the end of die service life.(4) In the later stage of crack propagation on the gate side of die cavity, heat checking was observed by the naked eye and the residual stress decreased to zero.

This paper describes the initiation and propagation of heat checking and the variation of residual stress on aluminum die casting dies. Detailed observations by SEM were conducted repeatedly after every prescribed number of shots on the cavity surface near the gate of die casting dies made of steel, SKD61 (AISI H13), in actual service, and the origins of heat checking were searched. Using the newly defined crack density, the propagation of heat checking on the cavity surface was discussed quantitatively. The residual stress on the surface of dies, which was produced by cyclic thermal stress, was measured by X-ray, and the variation of residual stress in the early part of the service life was made clear.The following conclusions were drawn from this investigation.(1) Cracks, appearing in the early stage of heat checking, started from three types of origins: First, pits and wavy patterns, which initiated during the use of the die from the clean surface without any defect before use, second, various machining scratches and defects such as indentations, and third, strain concentrated parts of the die surface.(2) The crack density, obtained from the number of surface cracks longer than 0.2mm, increased rapidly in the first period, and then saturated in the latter period of crack propagation.(3) The residual stress of die surface before use, was compressive stress which had been created during the making of the dies, but it changed immediately toward the tensile side and satulated in the early stage of casting process before 50 shots.

In order to clarify how the number of strain cycles to failure is influenced by temperature and frequency of straining in low cycle fatigue, it is necessary to observe the process of the fatigue failure. To obtain the knowledge of the process, crack appearances existing on the failed specimens were compared with each other. Fatigue tests were carried out in a push-pull testing machine on the AISI 321 stainless steel under various temperatures and frequencies of straining conditions. According to the results, the crack appearance does not depend on the temperature and frequency of straining conditions but on the plastic strain range. If fatigue tests are carried out in the same plastic strain range but at different temperatures and frequencies of straining conditions, similar distributions of crack density from the outer surface to the interior of specimens are always observed in the failed specimens. Thus, it is concluded that in low cycle fatigue the behaviour of fatigue cracks is governed primarily by the plastic strain range and it is deduced that the rate of fatigue process depends on temperature, strain rate, and plastic strain energy per cycle.

X-ray stress measurement is widely applied to the estimation of residual stress. In real machine parts, residual stress is often observed to have a steep gradient in their near surface layers. In the present study, the effect of the stress gradient on the stress data obtained by the X-ray stress measurement based on the sin2ψ method, was investigated experimentally and analytically.Three kinds of steel specimens were prepared, namely, (A) a shot-peened spring steel plate with decarburized surfaces, (B) a finish ground 0.55%C steel round bar and (C) a shot-peened spring steel plate with non-decarburized surfaces. The residual stress distributions of (A) and (B) specimens showed, respectively, steep negative and positive stress gradients in the near surface layers. But the residual stress near the surface of (C) specimen remained almost constant. The characteristic X-ray used was CrKα radiation.Experimental data for (C) specimen, when plotted on the sin2ψ-cosecθ diagram, can almost be represented by a straight line. But for (A) and (B) specimens, the data on the same diagram nearly fit to the concave and convex curves, respectively.The sin2ψ-cosecθ diagrams of the specimens with a steep stress gradient near the surface were also obtained by calculating the Bragg's angle as the weighted average value of the diffracted X-ray intensity. The analytical results mostly agree with the experimental ones.According to the theoretical analysis of residual stress on the assumption that it varies linearly with depth and σx=σy, the stress obtained by using the sin2ψ method with CrKα radiation was found to correspond to that of the layer 4.4μ deep from the surface.

In this paper, as an attempt at the quantitative representation of the behavior of fatigue cracks during thermal fatigue, the concept of "crack density"is proposed. This can be defined by n^-=1/(2πr)∫2πr0 nds where n denotes the number of cracks intersecting a meridian line drawn on the surface of specimen, and r indicates the radius of cylindrical specimen. Experiments were carried out in two different temperature ranges ; 200∼600°C and 300∼700°C. The values of crack density on the surface of a specimen, after a certain number of repetitions of thermal load before failure, were measured by optical microscope. Then relations between the values of crack density and crack depth were investigated. The behavior of cracks at a certain stage is discussed also. It was found that the crack density n^- is one of the appropriate parameters to represent the damaged state of specimen.