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Objectives: The present research was conducted with the aim of studying intensive parenting, parenting goals and parental perfectionism in two groups Iranian mothers and fathers.Methods: A total of 706 parents (532 women and 174 men) were selected to participate in the research by volunteer. The measurements were included Parenting Goals Scale (PGS), intensive parenting questionnaire (IPS) and parental perfectionism scale (MPPQ).Finding: The results of t-test showed that mothers were significantly different from fathers in intensive parenting in general and specifically in essentialism and challenging (p< .05) and fathers had a significant difference in child-centered with mothers (p< .01). The results also showed that fathers were significantly different from mothers in child development (p< .05) and parental image (p< .05) of parental goals and perfectionism in both self-oriented and social-oriented dimensions (p< .05).Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the special role of fathers and mothers in the outcomes of parenting, focusing on reinforced parenting goals with the aim of shaping the child's social identity, paying attention to the special responsibility of fathers in raising children, considering the components of parenting in Iranian culture.

One of the main goals of marriage and family forming is achieving tranquility, but analyzing the situation of families based on cases referred to counseling centers and family courts as well as the rising divorce rate show that marital life does not bring tranquility for many people. Therefore, as the impairment of the tranquility feeling is a challenge in Iranian families’ marital life and women tranquility has a special significance due to their educational role in the family, the question of the present study is to explain the obstacles of tranquility feeling in marital life from the view of women. In this regard, using qualitative method, with in-depth interview with 60 married women living in Tehran and content analysis of interviews, the factors that disturb the women's tranquility in marital life have been extracted in five main categories. contextual conditions of "disruptive selection", "disruptive attitude", "disruptive performance" and "disruptive structure" lead to the realization of causal conditions of disruption of sense of tranquility that is "the gap between the assets and demands". The extracted content of the categories was the "disturbance in security-based fulfilling the family members’ needs" which is the factor of disturbance in women's tranquility in marital life.

Women's studies degree has been established in Iran as a master degree in 1380, after ten years Ph.d program was approved. The ups and downs of academic process of women's studies was required to examine its scientific status. In this regard, this paper attempts to discover the challenges and approaches of women's studies by a qualitative method and interviewing twenty experts. At next step, we analyze the data through content analysis techniques and coding all interviews. Our findings indicate that some of the challenges are as follow: unstructured academic discipline, curriculum problems and defects, non-expert and inefficient reviews, lack of qualified professors, incorrect admission, lack of scientific expertise and graduates' efficiency, lack of suitable jobs for graduates, opposite Approaches, lack of theorizing, dissemination of university-government interaction in women's studies, the inefficiency of the field in providing solutions for women's issues and its full impact from politics. The experts had some suggestions on approaches and solutions, some of them are: Specialized review of the curriculum, improve the academic structure of discipline, experienced professors, systematic admission process, interaction between university and effective institutions on women's issues and link between different intellectual schools in women studies.

Abstract The aim of this research is to study the process which shapes women’s experience of tranquility feeling in marital life. This study was fulfilled by the grounded theory method and data was gathered through in-depth interviews with 60 married women in Tehran, and were analyzed by theoretical coding. The main purpose of marriage is to achieve tranquility. Women in interviews described feeling of security and absence of disquieting trouble as feeling of tranquility. The core category was “security of needs provision”. From the point of view of women to achieve tranquility in marital life, firstly the needs of all family members should be provided within the family;secondly, the family must provide all the needs which are expected from it to be the provider of; thirdly, providing the needs should be accompanied with the feeling of security.