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Partnership status among sexual minority men (SMM) is a potentially important yet underexplored predictor of cognitive functioning. Using data from the understanding patterns of healthy aging among men who have sex with men substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, we assessed the associations of partnership status and quality with cognitive performance in middle-aged and older SMM, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical covariates. Partnership status was classified into four types: "only a primary partnership," "only a secondary partnership," "both a primary and secondary relationship," and "neither a primary nor secondary relationship." Partnership quality was assessed based on perceived support or strain from partners. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the z-scores on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Trail Making Test Parts A (TMT-A) and B (TMT-B), and a composite Z-score that summed the SDMT, TMT-A, and TMT-B z-scores. Among 1067 participants (median age 60, 85.7% college educated), having a primary partner was associated with better cognitive performance (Z-score composite β^ = 0.41 [95% CI 0.12-0.70]), TMT-A ( β^ = 0.16 [95% CI 0.02-0.30]), and TMT-B ( β^ = 0.19 [95% CI 0.06-0.33]). Support from secondary partners was also linked to better cognition. Additionally, there was a significant interaction between partnership and HIV status, indicating that SMM with HIV and both primary and secondary partners showed better cognitive outcomes than unpartnered SMM with HIV. These findings suggest that having a primary partner and receiving support from secondary partners may contribute to better cognitive health among middle-aged and older SMM, especially those with HIV.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the rapid implementation of telemedicine for HIV care at federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in the United States. We sought to understand use of telemedicine (telephone and video) at two FQHCs in Los Angeles, and the client attitudes towards and experiences with telemedicine as part of future HIV care. METHODS: We conducted surveys with 271 people living with HIV (PLHIV), with questions covering sociodemographic factors, telemedicine attitudes and experiences, technological literacy, and access to technological resources and privacy. Survey data were analyzed utilizing summary statistics, chi-square analyses, and Fishers exact test to understand associations between sociodemographic factors and telemedicine attitudes and experiences. RESULTS: Sixty percent of the sample had used any telemedicine and, of these, 93% utilized only telephone visits. Almost all respondents (95%, n = 257) had access to a functioning smartphone and self-rated their technological literacy as high. Most had consistent access to privacy (88%, n = 239), and those without privacy noted this as a barrier to the use of telemedicine. The main benefits of telemedicine (compared to in person) were savings of time and money, convenience, and ability to complete appointments as scheduled. Just over half of PLHIV said they would feel more comfortable discussing sensitive topics (e.g., substance use, relationship issues) in person than over telephone (60%, n = 164) or video (55%, n = 151). Despite limited experience with video telemedicine, half of all participants desired a mix of telephone and video visits as part of their future HIV care. CONCLUSIONS: During a mature phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, PLHIV in our study showed high satisfaction with telemedicine, largely conducted as telephone visits, and high interest in telemedicine visits as a component of their future HIV care. Future studies should explore barriers to implementing video telemedicine in FQHCs and determine telemedicines impact on clinical outcomes, including engagement and viral suppression.

Interpersonal management of homophobic stigma (e.g., selectively constructing ones social network; confronting stigma) is an understudied area of resilience among sexual minority people. Among a sample of cisgender sexual minority men (SMM; N = 798) in midlife and older adulthood, we assessed the psychometric properties and characterized the sociodemographic differences of our newly developed, theory-informed homophobia management scale. Data come from the Healthy Aging substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, which is a prospective longitudinal study implemented to evaluate the natural trajectories of HIV risk and treatment among sexual minority men. Guided by the proactive coping processes model, the Healthy Aging team proposed eight items to measure homophobia management, which were included at four waves of survey data collection completed at semiannual study visits. Using factor analyses and linear regressions, we assessed our scales construct validity, convergent validity, and internal consistency, and characterized scores by age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and HIV status. Factor analyses yielded a six-item scale with adequate construct validity and acceptable internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha = .69). Our final scale exhibited convergent validity given its statistically significant inverse association with internalized homophobia and positive association with psychological connections to the gay community. Bivariate differences in homophobia management emerged by age, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation but were not statistically significant in multivariable analyses. Our study provides a validated, unidimensional scale to assess homophobia management among SMM in midlife and older adulthood. We provide recommendations to improve the implementation of our scale in future surveillance.

In South Africa, alcohol use during pregnancy is prevalent and associated with increased HIV risk. Developing locally sensitive and contextually appropriate evidence-based interventions to address alcohol use among pregnant and breastfeeding women in South Africa requires comprehensive understanding of the context of perinatal alcohol use and how relationships and lived environments may serve as barriers or supports for alcohol reduction. We conducted twenty in-depth qualitative interviews with isiXhosa speaking women who reported alcohol use during their recent pregnancy and/or recent intimate partner violence in Cape Town, South Africa between September and November 2022. We describe patterns and drivers of ongoing alcohol use during pregnancy and map them onto levels of the socioecological model. Data were analyzed utilizing the interpretivist paradigm and interpretive thematic analysis. Eight women reported alcohol use during pregnancy, sixteen reported experiencing recent IPV, and four women reported both alcohol use during pregnancy and recent IPV. In interviews, commonly cited reasons for continued alcohol use in pregnancy included stress (e.g., due to financial concerns), peer pressure, the central role of alcohol use in socialization and the persistence of misconceptions regarding the safety of alcohol use in pregnancy. Still, despite women reporting social norms that supported continued alcohol use in pregnancy, many altered who they drank with due to fear of judgement from close friends and family, leaving them isolated from their social support system. Interventions aimed at increasing interpersonal support, such as the use of peer mentors, could prove beneficial. Although the clinic provides messaging around the harms of alcohol use in pregnancy, these messages conflict with messaging received from their peers, limiting their impact on behavior. Locally sensitive tailored, relevant programming that intervenes on barriers to reducing alcohol use in pregnancy at multiple levels of the socioeconomic model are vital to effectively addressing this public health issue.

IntroductionMethamphetamine use is highly prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM), but knowledge of the long-term dynamics, and how they are affected by substance use treatment, is limited. This study aimed to describe trajectories of methamphetamine use among MSM, and to evaluate the impact of treatment for any kind of substance use on frequency of methamphetamine use.MethodsThis analysis used data from a cohort of MSM in Los Angeles, CA, who participated in semi-annual study visits from 2014 to 2022. The study characterized trajectories of methamphetamine use using a continuous time multistate Markov model with three states. States were defined using self-reported frequency of methamphetamine use in the past six months: frequent (daily), occasional (weekly or less), and never. The model estimated the association between receiving treatment for any kind of substance use and changes in state of frequency of methamphetamine use.ResultsThis analysis included 2348 study visits among 285 individuals who were followed-up for an average of 4.4 years. Among participants who were in the frequent use state, 65 % (n = 26) of those who were receiving any kind of substance use treatment at a study visit had reduced their methamphetamine use at their next visit, compared to 33 % (n = 95) of those who were not receiving treatment. Controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and HIV-status, those who reported receiving current treatment for substance use were more likely to transition from occasional to no use (HR: 1.63, 95 % CI: 1.10-2.42) and frequent to occasional use (HR: 4.25, 95 % CI: 2.11-8.59) in comparison to those who did not report receiving current treatment for substance use.ConclusionsFindings from this dynamic modeling study provide a new method for assessing longitudinal methamphetamine use outcomes and add important evidence outside of clinical trials that substance use treatment may reduce methamphetamine use.

INTRODUCTION: Initiation of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) within the hospital setting may improve outcomes for people who inject drugs (PWID) hospitalized because of an infection. Many studies used International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes to identify PWID, although these may be misclassified and thus, inaccurate. We hypothesized that bias from misclassification of PWID using ICD codes may impact analyses of MOUD outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed a cohort of 36 868 cases of patients diagnosed with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at 124 US Veterans Health Administration hospitals between 2003 and 2014. To identify PWID, we implemented an ICD code-based algorithm and a natural language processing (NLP) algorithm for classification of admission notes. We analyzed outcomes of prescribing MOUD as an inpatient using both approaches. Our primary outcome was 365-day all-cause mortality. We fit mixed-effects Cox regression models with receipt or not of MOUD during the index hospitalization as the primary predictor and 365-day mortality as the outcome. RESULTS: NLP identified 2389 cases as PWID, whereas ICD codes identified 6804 cases as PWID. In the cohort identified by NLP, receipt of inpatient MOUD was associated with a protective effect on 365-day survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, .29-.81; P < .01) compared with those not receiving MOUD. There was no significant effect of MOUD receipt in the cohort identified by ICD codes (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, .77-1.30; P = .99). CONCLUSIONS: MOUD was protective of all-cause mortality when NLP was used to identify PWID, but not significant when ICD codes were used to identify the analytic subjects.

BackgroundThe syndemic of HIV, substance use (SU), and mental illness has serious implications for HIV disease progression among women. We described co-utilization of HIV care, SU treatment, and mental health treatment among women with or at risk for HIV.MethodsWe included data from women with or at risk for HIV (n = 2559) enrolled in all 10 sites of the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) from 2013 to 2020. Current SU was defined as self-reported, non-medical use of drugs in the past year, excluding use of only marijuana. Tobacco and alcohol were assessed separately. We described co-utilization of SU treatment, tobacco and alcohol use treatment, HIV care, and mental health care in the past year among women who were eligible for each service. We compared service utilization by those who did/did not utilize SU treatment using Wald Chi-square tests.ResultsAmong women with current SU (n = 358), 42% reported utilizing SU treatment. Among those with current SU+HIV (n = 224), 84% saw their HIV provider, and 34% saw a mental health provider. Among women with current SU+heavy alcohol use (n = 95), 18% utilized alcohol use treatment; among current SU+tobacco use (n = 276), 8% utilized tobacco use treatment. Women who utilized SU treatment had higher utilization of alcohol use treatment (59% vs. 5%; P

BackgroundThe co-occurrence of suicidality and substance use disorders has been well established, but rating scales to examine suicidal behavior and risk are sparse among participants with substance use disorders. We examined the psychometric properties of the 16-item Concise Health Risk Tracking Scale - Self Report (CHRT-SR16) to measure suicidality among adults with moderate-to-severe methamphetamine use disorder.MethodsParticipants (n = 403) with moderate-to-severe methamphetamine use disorder completed the CHRT-SR16 as part of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pharmacotherapy trial. The CHRT-SR16 factor structure was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency was estimated with coefficients alpha (α) and omega (ω), test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement, and convergent validity using Spearman's ρ rank order correlation coefficient test between CHRT-SR16 factors and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The analyses utilized baseline and week 1 data (for test-retest reliability only).ResultsCFA revealed a seven-factor model of Pessimism, Helplessness, Social Support, Despair, Impulsivity, Irritability, and Suicidal Thoughts as the best-fitting model. The CHRT-SR16 also exhibited strong internal consistency (α = 0.89; ω = 0.89), test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.78) and convergent validity with the PHQ-9 total score (ρ = 0.62).ConclusionThe CHRT-SR16 showed strong psychometric properties in a sample of participants with primary methamphetamine use disorder.Clinicaltrialsgov identifierNCT03078075.

Family rejection has negative health consequences for Latinx sexual minority men (LSMM). However, LSMM often reconcile with their families, a phenomenon cross-sectional studies miss. We analyzed longitudinal data from the Healthy Young Men's Study in Los Angeles. We used individual fixed-effects Poisson regression to model changes over time in the associations among family support, drug use, and depressive symptoms. We found that (1) the initiation of drug use was associated with a 7.2% (Ratio=1.072, 95% CI 1.006 - 1.142, p = 0.03) increase in family support among LSMM who reported high depressive symptoms (depression subscale T-score ≥ 63) in at least one data wave; (2) a 1-unit increase in family support was associated with a 4.7% (RR = ;0.953, 95% CI 0.931 - 0.976, p < 0.001) decrease in the probability of high depressive symptoms; and (3) no significant association between a change in drug use and a change in high depressive symptoms. Over time, LSMM appear to benefit from the health effects of family support associated with Latinx family structures.

BackgroundMultiple HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) have occurred in the USA since 2015, highlighting the need for additional HIV prevention tools. Despite high levels of need, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is drastically underutilized among PWIDs. Implicit bias toward PWID held by clinicians may impede PrEP scale-up among these underserved patients. This study examined how primary care providers' (PCPs) clinical decisions related to PrEP can be impacted by biases when the patient has a history of substance use.MethodsWe conducted an online survey of PCPs (n = 208). The survey included the implicit association test (IAT) to assess unconscious attitudes toward PWIDs, direct questions regarding clinicians' explicit PWID attitudes, and an embedded experiment in which we systematically varied the risk behavior of a hypothetical patient and asked PCPs to make clinical judgments.ResultsA minority (32%) of PCPs reported explicit PWID bias. The IAT indicated strong implicit PWID bias (meant IAT score = 0.59, p

BackgroundMethamphetamine use disorder (MethUD) disproportionately affects men who have sex exclusively with men or with men and women (collectively MSM/W), compared to men who have sex with women (MSW). This study is the first MethUD medication trial to compare treatment effect for these groups, hypothesizing that extended-release injectable naltrexone 380mg every 3 weeks plus oral extended-release bupropion 450mg daily would be less effective for MSM/W than MSW.MethodsData come from men (N = 246) in a multi-site, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with sequential parallel comparison design. In Stage 1 (6-weeks), participants were randomized to active treatment or placebo. In Stage 2 (6-weeks), Stage 1 placebo non-responders were rerandomized. Treatment response was ≥3 methamphetamine-negative urine samples, out of four obtained at the end of Stages 1 and 2. Treatment effect was the active-versus-placebo between-group difference in the weighted average Stages 1 and 2 responses.ResultsMSM/W (n = 151) were more likely than MSW (n = 95) to be Hispanic, college-educated, and living with HIV. Adjusting for demographics, among MSM/W, response rates were 13.95 % (active treatment) and 2.78 % (placebo) in Stage 1; 23.26 % (active treatment) and 4.26 % (placebo) in Stage 2. Among MSW, response rates were 7.69 % (active treatment) and 5.80 % (placebo) in Stage 1; 3.57 % (active treatment) and 0 % (placebo) in Stage 2. Treatment effect was significantly larger for MSM/W (h = 0.1479) than MSW (h = 0.0227) (p = 0.04).ConclusionsFindings suggest efficacy of extended-release naltrexone plus bupropion for MSM/W, a population heavily burdened by MethUD. While a secondary outcome, this intriguing finding merits testing in prospective trials.

Purpose: We examined associations between vaccine confidence and COVID-19 vaccine uptake among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Methods: Computer-assisted self-interviews were conducted among 249 GBMSM participating in mSTUDY from May to October 2021-a cohort of GBMSM with a history of substance use in Los Angeles. Data were collected using a vaccine confidence index. The association between vaccine confidence and COVID-19 vaccine uptake was assessed using multivariable log-binomial regression. Results: Two-thirds (64.7%) of GBMSM reported receiving at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccine confidence was positively associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Participants expressed neutral attitudes on government trust and vaccine safety. Perceived health benefit and vaccine effectiveness were statistically significantly associated with vaccine uptake (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-2.16; APR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.07-2.15). Conclusions: Public health programs should prioritize public benefit and vaccine effectiveness messaging to advance vaccination among GBMSM who use substances.

IntroductionMethamphetamine (MA) use is marked by high rates of comorbid tobacco smoking, which is associated with more severe drug use and worse clinical outcomes compared to single use of either drug. Research has shown the combination of naltrexone plus oral bupropion (NTX-BUP) improves smoking cessation outcomes in non-MA-using populations. In the Accelerated Development of Additive Pharmacotherapy Treatment (ADAPT-2) study, NTX-BUP successfully reduced MA use. Our aim in this secondary data analysis was to examine changes in cigarette smoking among the subgroup of participants reporting comorbid tobacco use in the ADAPT-2 trial.MethodsThe multi-site ADAPT-2 study used a randomized, double blind, sequential parallel comparison design to evaluate treatment with extended-release injectable NTX (380 mg every 3 weeks) combined with once-daily oral extended-release BUP (450 mg/day) vs matching injectable and oral placebo in outpatients with moderate or severe MA use disorder. The study assessed smoking outcomes, based on self-reported timeline followback (TLFB) data, twice/week for 13 weeks.ResultsOf the 403 participants in the ADAPT-2 trial, 290 reported being current cigarette smokers (71.9 %). The study found significant differences (p's

BackgroundHeavy drinking, smoking, and depression are common among people with HIV. Little is known about the co-occurring, synergistic effect of having two or more of these conditions long-term -a sustained syndemic - on mortality among women with HIV (WWH).MethodsData from 3282 WWH of the Women's Interagency HIV Study from 1994 to 2017 were utilized. National Death Index review identified cause of death (n=616). Sustained syndemic phenotypes were based on membership in high-risk groups defined by group-based trajectory models of repeated self-reported alcohol use, smoking, and depressive symptoms and their co-occurrence. Cox proportional hazard models estimated associations of sustained syndemic phenotypes with all-cause, non-AIDS, and non-overdose mortality, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, education, enrollment wave, illicit drug use, and time-varying HIV viral load and CD4+ T-cell count.ResultsWWH were 58% Black and 26% Hispanic, with a mean baseline age of 36.7 years. Syndemic phenotypes included zero (45%, n=1463), heavy drinking only (1%, n=35), smoking only (28%, n=928), depressive symptoms only (9%, n=282), and 2+ trajectories (17%, n=574). Compared to zero trajectories, having 2+ trajectories was associated with 3.93 times greater all-cause mortality risk (95% CI 3.07, 5.04) after controlling for confounders and each high-risk trajectory alone. These findings persisted in sensitivity analyses, removing AIDS- and overdose-related mortalities.ConclusionsClustering of 2+ conditions of heavy drinking, smoking, and depression affected nearly one in five WWH and was associated with higher mortality than zero or one condition. Our findings underscore the need for coordinated screening and parsimonious treatment strategies for these co-occurring conditions.

Stimulant use is an important driver of HIV/STI transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM). Evaluating factors associated with increased stimulant use is critical to inform HIV prevention programming efforts. This study seeks to use machine learning variable selection techniques to determine characteristics associated with increased stimulant use and whether these factors differ by HIV status. Data from a longitudinal cohort of predominantly Black/Latinx MSM in Los Angeles, CA was used. Every 6 months from 8/2014-12/2020, participants underwent STI testing and completed surveys evaluating the following: demographics, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and last partnership characteristics. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) was used to select variables and create predictive models for an interval increase in self-reported stimulant use across study visits. Mixed-effects logistic regression was then used to describe associations between selected variables and the same outcome. Models were also stratified based on HIV status to evaluate differences in predictors associated with increased stimulant use. Among 2095 study visits from 467 MSM, increased stimulant use was reported at 20.9% (n = 438) visits. Increased stimulant use was positively associated with unstable housing (adjusted [a]OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.27-2.57), STI diagnosis (1.59; 1.14-2.21), transactional sex (2.30; 1.60-3.30), and last partner stimulant use (2.21; 1.62-3.00). Among MSM living with HIV, increased stimulant use was associated with binge drinking, vaping/cigarette use (aOR 1.99; 95% CI 1.36-2.92), and regular use of poppers (2.28; 1.38-3.76). Among HIV-negative MSM, increased stimulant use was associated with participating in group sex while intoxicated (aOR 1.81; 95% CI 1.04-3.18), transactional sex (2.53; 1.40-2.55), and last partner injection drug use (1.96; 1.02-3.74). Our findings demonstrate that lasso can be a useful tool for variable selection and creation of predictive models. These results indicate that risk behaviors associated with increased stimulant use may differ based on HIV status and suggest that co-substance use and partnership contexts should be considered in the development of HIV prevention/treatment interventions.

ObjectiveTo longitudinally evaluate differences in HIV viral suppression (

Methamphetamine (MA) use is associated with HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) and lapses in medication adherence. Contingency Management (CM) is effective in reducing MA use, but studies of CM to support adherence to HIV prevention or treatment are limited. We conducted a pilot trial of a CM intervention to reduce MA use and improve PrEP/ART adherence among MSM prescribed a tenofovir (TFV)-based regimen for HIV prevention or treatment. Participants were randomly assigned to receive escalating incentives for either MA abstinence or TFV adherence (based on point-of-care urine testing), and to a monitoring schedule of either 2 or 3 visits/week for 4 weeks. 19 MSM were randomized to either CM for MA use or CM for PrEP/ART adherence (median age: 38; IQR: 28-46) and 15 were living with HIV. Participants attended 95.7% (67/70) of scheduled visits in the 2x/week arm and 74.8% (74/99) in the 3x/week arm. TFV adherence was higher among participants in the TFV adherence arm with 93.5% (n = 72/77) of urine samples positive for TFV, compared to 76.6% (n = 49/64) in the MA abstinence arm (p = 0.007). Participants in the MA abstinence arm had more urine samples negative for MA metabolites (20.3%, n = 13/64) than those receiving CM for TFV adherence (6.5%, n = 5/77; p = 0.021). A CM model for MA abstinence and PrEP/ART adherence using twice-weekly visits and urine testing for MA and TFV for MSM who use MA is feasible and potentially effective as an integrated harm reduction strategy.

It is estimated that a majority of people who use psychostimulants, particularly methamphetamine (MA) and cocaine, experience withdrawal upon abstinence from sustained use. This review of clinical research reports the evidence regarding biomedical and behavioral treatments for psychostimulant withdrawal symptoms. It provides a framework for clinicians and scientists to increase impact on attenuating MA and cocaine withdrawal during initial and sustained abstinence. Articles reviewed included reports of controlled clinical trials (randomized or non-randomized) reporting at least one withdrawal symptom among the outcomes or specifically studying patients in withdrawal. Potential efficacy for MA withdrawal is noted for a few medications (mirtazapine, naltrexone, bupropion) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during acute (first week), early protracted (weeks 2-4) and late protracted (> 4 weeks) withdrawal phases. Topiramate shows mixed evidence of efficacy for cocaine withdrawal. In general, there is inconsistent signal for biomedical and behavioral treatments on MA and cocaine withdrawal.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with poor mental health outcomes in adulthood. Childhood maltreatment is related to both depressive and anxiety symptoms. Our objective was to investigate these associations among low-income, mostly Black and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM), as these may be a particularly vulnerable population group. Data come from a longitudinal study of MSM with varied substance use behaviors (n = 321) collected between August 2014 and April 2022. Cumulative, childhood maltreatment ACEs, and the single ACE of childhood sexual abuse were investigated as potential predictors of self-reported depressive and anxiety symptoms in mixed-effects logistic and ordinal regression models. There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship between the number of ACEs and the predicted probability of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Compared to MSM reporting fewer than five ACEs, those with five or more ACEs had approximately double the odds ratio of reporting depressive (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.04-3.60) and anxiety symptoms (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.05-4.68). The dimension of childhood maltreatment had a more robust prediction of depressive symptoms than the dimension of household dysfunction across all models. The association between childhood sexual abuse history and depressive symptoms remained after adjustment for the other nine ACEs (OR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.11-4.68). The ordinal logistic model suggested that cumulative ACEs more than triple the odds of being in a higher anxiety category (OR = 3.12; 95% CI: 1.58-6.14), with associations reported for childhood maltreatment ACEs (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.06-1.66) and childhood sexual abuse (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 0.89-4.21). Childhood maltreatment ACEs, particularly childhood sexual abuse, are salient predictors of depressive and anxiety symptoms among adult urban MSM. Mitigating the impact of childhood maltreatment requires understanding the additional burden of social distress often faced by MSM throughout the life course.

Decision-making tendencies and spending within cash voucher-based interventions have individually been shown to be related to future abstinence among participants with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), but less is known of their independent contributions. This study of participants in a contingency management (CM) trial investigated whether decision-making and spending were each associated with future abstinence. Thirty-two outpatients with MUD, predominately male (68%) and mixed ancestry (94%) with a median age of 34 years, participated in an 8-week cash voucher-based CM pilot trial. Prior to commencing the trial, participants completed a computerized Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) to measure decision-making preferences for more frequent rewards and longer term gains of greater magnitude. Spending and abstinence of participants were tracked over the duration of the trial. In a secondary analysis, time-lagged counting process Cox Proportional Hazard models were conducted. Baseline decision-making, characterized by a preference for frequent rewards, was associated with a greater likelihood of future spending, Hazard Ratio; HR = 1.13 [1.06: 1.21]. Avoidance of short-term rewards to realize longer term, higher magnitude rewards, and spending at the prior visit were each associated with abstinence on the trial, HR = 1.12 [1.03: 1.22] and HR = 1.32 [1.08: 1.61], respectively. Controlling for decision-making, spending, and cumulative abstinence, prior abstinence remained the largest predictor of future abstinence, HR = 3.85 [2.88: 5.16]. Decision-making tendencies and spending are correlated yet independently associated with abstinence reinforcement in CM. Findings highlight the opportunity for behavioral treatment programs to tailor program structures to individual-specific characteristics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

BackgroundSouth African women experience high levels of alcohol use and HIV infection during the perinatal period. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective at reducing HIV risk. We examined associations between alcohol use and PrEP use during pregnancy and postpartum.MethodsThe PrEP in Pregnant and Postpartum women study is a prospective observational cohort of 1200 HIV-negative pregnant women enrolled at first antenatal care visit and followed through 12 months' postpartum in Cape Town, South Africa. The analytic sample comprised pregnant women who initiated PrEP at baseline and were not censored from study follow-up before 3-month follow-up. We examined associations between any or hazardous alcohol use (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption score ≥3) in the year before pregnancy and PrEP continuation and adherence during pregnancy (self-report of missing

Objectives: Studies have shown that grit-defined as perseverance and passion for achieving one's long-term goals-is associated with improved health outcomes, including lower levels of psychological distress. However, the psychometric properties of the original Grit Scale (Grit-O Scale) has not been validated among sexual minority men (SMM). The present study aimed to validate the Grit-O Scale among a sample of older SMM and assess the relationships between the Grit-O Scale factors and symptoms of psychological distress.Method: We used data from a single visit of participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) Healthy Aging longitudinal study. The sample included 981 older SMM (mean age = 61, SD = 8.5) with and without HIV. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to identify the two factors of the Grit-O Scale: consistency of interest and perseverance of effort. We also conducted a latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify distinct profiles of psychological distress from self-reported scales of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress.Results:The Grit-O Scale showed acceptable reliability estimates for the items with Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients ranging from 0.77 to 0.82. The CFA identified the two factors of the Grit-O Scale with acceptable model fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.058 [95% CI = 0.050, 0.067], comparative fit index = 0.95, Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.93, standardized root mean square residual = 0.07). The LPA yielded three mutually exclusive profiles of psychological distress (profile 1: low stress, anxiety, and depression; profile 2: high stress and depression and low anxiety; and profile 3: high stress, anxiety, and depression). In adjusted multinominal logistic regression analysis, we found that both higher levels of consistency of interest and perseverance of effort factors of the Grit-O Scale were significantly associated with decreased odds of being in profiles 2 and 3 compared with being in profile 1.Conclusion: Our findings support the use of the Grit-O Scale among older SMM. Grit factors could explain variability in the negative psychological symptoms among older SMM and warrant further investigation.Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2032594.

BackgroundStarting in 2008, Vietnam's national MMT program expanded quickly, but it is struggling with increasing attrition rates and poor adherence among patients. Several studies have reported on MMT retention and adherence, but no overview has yet been published. The objective of this study is to fill that gap and to review factors associated with retention and adherence in MMT in Vietnam.MethodsA systematic search was conducted using databases of literature - Pubmed, Cochrane, Scopus, Academic search premiere, and SoINDEX. Peer-reviewed empirical studies with full text in English discussing retention attrition and adherence regarding MMT in Vietnam were selected. The results were synthesized using qualitative methods.ResultsAdherence and retention rates varied among the 11 included studies. In general, patients in mountainous provinces had lower adherence and retention rates than those in big cities. Retention rates decreased with the studies' follow-up period and had a downward trend over time. Factors associated with adherence and retention can be classified into three groups: individual, community, and institutional factors. Important individual factors areage, education, awareness of MMT and HIV, and co-occurring disorders and comorbidities. Stigma is the major community risk factor, and methadone daily dose, the distance between home and clinic, and clinic's service hours are the three most important institutional factors.ConclusionsThe literature reviewed identifies important factors associated with MMT adherence and retention in Vietnam. The findings suggest further research exploring both subjective and objective factors and more policies to remove social and structural barriers to enhance treatment outcomes.

BackgroundBlack men who have sex with men (MSM) experience disproportionate rates of HIV infection in the USA, despite being no more likely to engage in sexual risk behaviors than other MSM racial/ethnic groups. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to reduce risk of HIV acquisition; however, rates of PrEP use among Black MSM remain low. Clinical, psychosocial, and structural factors have been shown to impact PrEP use and adherence among Black MSM. Care coordination of HIV prevention services has the potential to improve PrEP use and adherence for Black MSM, as it has been shown to improve HIV-related care outcomes among people living with HIV.MethodsClient-centered care coordination (C4) is a multi-level intervention designed to address clinical, psychosocial, and structural barriers to HIV prevention services for Black MSM within HPTN 073, a PrEP demonstration project among Black MSM in three cities in the USA. The current study examined the implementation process of C4, specifically investigating the activities, cost, time, and outcomes associated with the C4 intervention.ResultsOn average, participants engaged in five care coordination encounters. The vast majority of care coordination activities were conducted by counselors, averaging 30 min per encounter. The cost of care coordination was relatively low with a mean cost of $8.70 per client encounter.ConclusionAlthough client-centered care coordination was initially implemented in well-resourced communities with robust HIV research and service infrastructure, our findings suggest that C4 can be successfully implemented in resource constrained communities.

BackgroundSubstance use (SU) contributes to poor health outcomes, yet limited data exist to inform strategies to optimize SU treatment among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We describe SU and SU treatment utilization among women with and without HIV in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS).MethodsWe included data from women enrolled in WIHS from 2013 to 2020. Current SU was self-reported, nonmedical use of drugs in the past year, excluding use of only marijuana. SU treatment utilization was self-reported use of a drug treatment program in the past year. Multivariable regression models were used to investigate associations between participant characteristics and SU treatment.ResultsAmong 2559 women (1802 women living with HIV [WWH], 757 women without HIV), 14% reported current SU. Among those with current SU (n = 367), 71% reported crack/cocaine followed by 40% reporting opioids, and 42% reported any treatment in the past year. The most common treatments were methadone (64%), Narcotics Anonymous (29%), inpatient programs (28%), and outpatient programs (16%). Among women using opioids (n = 147), 67% reported methadone use in the past year compared to 5% using buprenorphine/naloxone. Multivariable analysis showed lower odds of treatment utilization among WWH with concurrent alcohol or marijuana use. Visiting a psychiatrist/counselor was associated with higher odds of treatment. Among WWH, SU treatment was not associated with HIV-related clinical outcomes.ConclusionsTreatment utilization was high, especially for methadone use. Our results highlight opportunities for accessing SU treatment for WWH, such as the need to prioritize buprenorphine and comprehensive, wraparound services in HIV care settings.

BackgroundThe Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative in the United States relies on HIV hotspots to identify where to geographically target new resources, expertise, and technology. However, interventions targeted at places with high HIV transmission and infection risk, not just places with high HIV incidence, may be more effective at reducing HIV incidence and achieving health equity.ObjectiveWe described the implementation and validation of a web-based activity space survey on HIV risk behaviors. The survey was intended to collect geographic information that will be used to map risk behavior hotspots as well as the geography of sexual networks in Los Angeles County.MethodsThe survey design team developed a series of geospatial questions that follow a 3-level structure that becomes more geographically precise as participants move through the levels. The survey was validated through 9 cognitive interviews and iteratively updated based on participant feedback until the saturation of topics and technical issues was reached.ResultsIn total, 4 themes were identified through the cognitive interviews: functionality of geospatial questions, representation and accessibility, privacy, and length and understanding of the survey. The ease of use for the geospatial questions was critical as many participants were not familiar with mapping software. The inclusion of well-known places, landmarks, and road networks was critical for ease of use. The addition of a Google Maps interface, which was familiar to many participants, aided in collecting accurate and precise location information. The geospatial questions increased the length of the survey and warranted the inclusion of features to simplify it and speed it up. Using nicknames to refer to previously entered geographic locations limited the number of geospatial questions that appeared in the survey and reduced the time taken to complete it. The long-standing relationship between participants and the research team improved comfort to disclose sensitive geographic information related to drug use and sex. Participants in the cognitive interviews highlighted how trust and inclusive and validating language in the survey alleviated concerns related to privacy and representation.ConclusionsThis study provides promising results regarding the feasibility of using a web-based mapping survey to collect sensitive location information relevant to ending the HIV epidemic. Data collection at several geographic levels will allow for insights into spatial recall of behaviors as well as future sensitivity analysis of the spatial scale of hotspots and network characteristics. This design also promotes the privacy and comfort of participants who provide location information for sensitive topics. Key considerations for implementing this type of survey include trust from participants, community partners, or research teams to overcome concerns related to privacy and comfort. The implementation of similar surveys should consider local characteristics and knowledge when crafting the geospatial components.

This study examines baseline associations between alcohol use and HIV sexual risk among a cohort of HIV-uninfected pregnant women (n = 1201) residing in a high HIV burdened community in Cape Town, South Africa. Alcohol use was measured using a modified version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). HIV sexual risk was measured through a composite variable of four risk factors: diagnosis with a STI, self-report of > 1 recent sex partners, partner HIV serostatus (unknown or HIV+) and condomless sex at last sex. Any past year alcohol use prior to pregnancy was reported by half of participants (50%); 6.0% reported alcohol use during pregnancy. Alcohol use prior to pregnancy was associated with increased odds of being at high risk of HIV (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.68, for 2 risks and aOR = 1.47, 95% CI 0.95-2.27 for 3 risks). In addition to reducing alcohol use, several other strategies to address HIV sexual risk were identified. Evidence-based interventions to address alcohol use and other HIV sexual risk behaviors during pregnancy in South Africa are desperately needed. Qualitative work exploring individual and community level drivers of alcohol use among pregnant and breastfeeding women in this setting could support development of a culturally tailored intervention to address these issues in this population.

BackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in an increase in telemedicine utilization for routine HIV care. However, there is limited information on perceptions of and experiences with telemedicine from United States (U.S.) federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) offering HIV care. We sought to understand telemedicine experiences of stakeholders with various roles: people living with HIV (PLHIV), clinical (clinicians and case managers), programmatic (clinic administrators), and policy (policymakers).MethodsQualitative interviews about benefits and challenges of telemedicine (telephone and video) for HIV care were conducted with 31 PLHIV and 23 other stakeholders (clinicians, case managers, clinic administrators, and policymakers). Interviews were transcribed, translated to English if conducted in Spanish, coded, and analyzed for major themes.ResultsAlmost all PLHIV felt capable of engaging in telephone visits, with some expressing interest in learning how to use video visits as well. Nearly all PLHIV wanted to continue telemedicine as part of their routine HIV care, and this was also endorsed by clinical, programmatic and policy stakeholders. Interviewees agreed that telemedicine for HIV care has benefits for PLHIV, especially savings of time and transportation costs, which also reduced stress. Clinical, programmatic, and policy stakeholders expressed concerns around patients' technological literacy and resources, as well as their access to privacy, and some felt that PLHIV strongly preferred in-person visits. These stakeholders also commonly reported clinic-level implementation challenges, including integrating telephone and video telemedicine into workflows and difficulty with video visit platforms.ConclusionsTelemedicine for HIV care, largely delivered via telephone (audio-only), was highly acceptable and feasible for both PLHIV, clinicians, and other stakeholders. Addressing barriers for stakeholders in incorporating video visits will be important for the successful implementation of telemedicine with video as part of routine HIV care at FQHCs.

BackgroundPrior to the COVID-19 pandemic, cannabis use social practices often involved sharing prepared cannabis (joints/blunts/cigarettes) and cannabis-related paraphernalia. Previous studies have demonstrated that sharing paraphernalia for cannabis, tobacco, and crack cocaine is a risk factor for respiratory viral and bacterial infections. Although COVID-19 is a respiratory viral infection that spreads through droplets and airborne transmission, it is unclear if many individuals adopted harm reduction practices around sharing cannabis. This study: quantifies the prevalence of sharing prepared non-medical cannabis and cannabis-related paraphernalia reported before and during the pandemic; assesses changes in sharing of non-medical cannabis from before to during the pandemic; assess the association between frequency of non-medical cannabis use and sharing of cannabis during the pandemic; and describes how respondents obtained their cannabis and the reasons for changing their cannabis use during the pandemic to explain differences in sharing patterns.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data collected from an anonymous, US-based web survey on cannabis-related behaviors from August to September 2020 (n = 1833). Participants were included if they reported using a mode of inhalation for non-medical cannabis consumption. We calculated proportional changes in sharing cannabis before/during the COVID-19 pandemic. Associations between frequency of cannabis use and cannabis sharing during the COVID-19 pandemic were assessed using logistic regression analysis.ResultsOverall, 1,112 participants reported non-medical cannabis use; 925 (83.2%) reported a mode of cannabis inhalation. More respondents reported no sharing during (24.9%) than before the pandemic (12.4%; p

Long-acting injectable antiretroviral medications are new to HIV treatment. People with HIV may benefit from a treatment option that better aligns with their preferences, but could also face new challenges and barriers. Authors from the fields of HIV, substance use treatment, and mental health collaborated on this commentary on the issues surrounding equitable implementation and uptake of LAI ART by drawing lessons from all three fields. We employ a socio-ecological framework beginning at the policy level and moving through the community, organizational, interpersonal, and patient levels. We look at extant literature on the topic as well as draw from the direct experience of our clinician-authors.

BackgroundSmoking contributes to significant morbidity and mortality in people with HIV. People with HIV have relatively high nicotine metabolism rates, as measured by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine). A higher NMR is associated with difficulty quitting smoking. We hypothesized that HIV infection might upregulate nicotine metabolism.SettingA retrospective study of male current smokers in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study who HIV seroconverted between 1985 and 1993.MethodsEligibility included having plasma stored before and after confirmed HIV seroconversion and current tobacco use. Samples were selected from the closest available visits before (median 3.3 months) and after (median 9.4 months) seroconversion. Antiretroviral therapy use was exclusionary. Cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We compared NMR from plasma pre-HIV and post-HIV infection using signed-rank tests. We targeted a sample size of 71 pairs to achieve 80% power to detect a 0.1 unit increase in NMR with P = 0.05.ResultsWe analyzed paired samples from 78 participants; the median age was 34.5 years [interquartile range (IQR 29-40 years)]. The median NMR pre-HIV and post-HIV was 0.45 (IQR 0.32-0.54) and 0.46 (IQR 0.34-0.56), respectively. The median change in NMR postseroconversion was +0.01 (IQR -0.05, +0.09), P = 0.25. Stratification of median change in NMR by timing between samples or time since HIV seroconversion did not alter this finding.ConclusionsAcquiring HIV had no measurable effect on NMR. We postulate that upregulation of the NMR may be due to direct pharmacologic effects of HIV medications or metabolic changes in response to HIV infection.

BackgroundMethamphetamine (MA) use increased during COVID-19, with men who have sex with men (MSM) exhibiting 3-fold greater use than heterosexual men. Understanding links between reported MA use and COVID-19 prevention behaviors among MSM can inform current transmission risks for HIV, Monkeypox, and other infectious diseases.MethodsThis study assesses relationships between self-reported pattern of MA use (past six months; past two weeks) and reported COVID-19 preventive behaviors, adjusting for participant characteristics (HIV serostatus, race/ethnicity, employment and housing stability), in a cohort of ethnically diverse MSM in Los Angeles, California, between April 1 and September 30, 2020.ResultsCompared to those who reported no MA use, MSM who reported weekly or more MA use in the past six months were significantly less likely to use COVID-19 protective behaviors of physical distancing (61.8% vs. 81.6%; AOR = 0.39, 95% CI [0.19, 0.81]), of avoiding public transportation (34.5% vs. 60.3%; AOR = 0.42, 95% CI [0.21, 0.83]) and of avoiding traveling overall (32.7% vs. 62.6%; AOR = 0.32, 95% CI [0.16, 0.63]). Parallel findings were observed in analyses of past two-week reported MA use and COVID-19 protective behaviors.ConclusionFindings highlight ways in which reported MA use frequency links with avoidance of reported preventive behaviors for COVID-19 in urban diverse MSM. Findings also provide evidence to guide public health interventions in future outbreaks of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases among MSM.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the longstanding drug poisoning crisis in Canada and the United States (US). Research is needed to understand the contributions of COVID-19 and subsequent infection control measures. We sought to estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with nonfatal overdose among participants in nine prospective cohorts of people who use unregulated drugs (PWUD) in Canada and the US.MethodsData were derived from nine cohorts of PWUD in urban centres in Canada (Vancouver, BC) and the US (Baltimore, MD; Miami, FL; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA) between May, 2020 and April, 2021. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with nonfatal overdose among participants who used unregulated drugs in the past month.ResultsAmong 885 participants (including 253 females), 41 (4.6 %) experienced a non-fatal overdose in the past month, and 453 (51.2 %) reported being highly impacted day-to-day by the pandemic. In multivariable analyses, people who experienced a non-fatal overdose were more likely to be female (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=2.18;95 % Confidence Interval [CI]=1.10-4.30); unstably housed/homeless (AOR=2.16;95 % CI=1.11-4.26); engaged in medications for opioid use disorder (AOR=2.45;95 % CI=1.19-4.97); and highly impacted day-to-day (AOR=2.42;95 % CI=1.22-5.10).ConclusionOur findings may reflect characteristics of participants who experienced a compounding of vulnerabilities during the pandemic and thus are vulnerable to overdose, including women, those unstably housed/homeless, and those who perceived their daily lives were highly impacted by the pandemic. Multi-level interventions are needed to remediate the vulnerabilities and address the main driver of poisoning crisis.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the normal delivery of HIV care, altered social support networks, and caused economic insecurity. People with HIV (PWH) are vulnerable to such disruptions, particularly if they have a history of substance use. We describe engagement in care and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for PWH during the pandemic.MethodsFrom May 2020 to February 2021, 773 PWH enrolled in 6 existing cohorts completed 1495 surveys about substance use and engagement in HIV care during the COVID-19 pandemic. We described the prevalence and correlates of having missed a visit with an HIV provider in the past month and having missed a dose of ART in the past week.ResultsThirteen percent of people missed an HIV visit in the past month. Missing a visit was associated with unstable housing, food insecurity, anxiety, low resiliency, disruptions to mental health care, and substance use including cigarette smoking, hazardous alcohol use, cocaine, and cannabis use. Nineteen percent of people reported missing at least one dose of ART in the week prior to their survey. Missing a dose of ART was associated with being a man, low resiliency, disruptions to mental health care, cigarette smoking, hazardous alcohol use, cocaine, and cannabis use, and experiencing disruptions to substance use treatment.ConclusionsSocial determinants of health, substance use, and disruptions to mental health and substance use treatment were associated with poorer engagement in HIV care. Close attention to continuity of care during times of social disruption is especially critical for PWH.

BackgroundThis study examines individual-level factors associated with avoiding two important health services for people who use drugs-medications for treatment of opioid use disorder and syringe service programs-during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsData come from two subsamples of people who use drugs who were active participants in one of nine cohort studies in Vancouver, British Columbia; Baltimore, Maryland; Los Angeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; and Miami, Florida. Participants were interviewed remotely about COVID-19-associated disruptions to healthcare. We estimated the association of demographic, social, and health factors with each outcome using logistic regression among 702 participants (medication analysis) and 304 participants (syringe service analysis.) Analyses were repeated, stratified by city of residence, to examine geographic variation in risk.ResultsThere were large differences between cities in the prevalence of avoiding picking up medications for opioid use disorder, with almost no avoidance in Vancouver (3%) and nearly universal avoidance in Los Angeles, Chicago, and Miami (>90%). After accounting for between-city differences, no individual factors were associated with avoiding picking up medications. The only factor significantly associated with avoiding syringe service programs was higher levels of self-reported worry about COVID-19.ConclusionDuring the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, geographic differences in service and policy contexts likely influenced avoidance of health and harm reduction services by people who use drugs in the United States and Canada more than individual differences between people.

BackgroundAlcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic increased. People living with HIV or at risk for HIV acquisition often have psycho-social and structural barriers or co-occurring substance use making them vulnerable to the adverse effects of alcohol. We describe factors associated with alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic in this group.MethodsFrom May 2020 to February 2021, 1984 people enrolled in 6 existing cohort studies completed surveys about alcohol and other drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe the past-month prevalence of no alcohol use, low-risk use, and hazardous use. We use multinomial regression to describe factors associated with low-risk or hazardous alcohol use relative to no alcohol use.ResultsForty-five percent of participants reported no alcohol use, 33% low-risk use, and 22% hazardous use in the past 30 days. Cannabis and stimulant use were associated with a higher prevalence of low-risk use relative to no use. Tobacco, stimulant, cannabis use and recent overdose were associated with a higher prevalence of hazardous use relative to no use. Substance use treatment and living with HIV were associated with a lower prevalence of low-risk or hazardous use relative to no use.ConclusionsStimulant use was strongly associated with a higher prevalence of hazardous alcohol use while engagement in substance use treatment or living with HIV was associated with a lower prevalence. Ascertaining hazardous alcohol and other drug use, particularly stimulants, in clinical care could identify people at higher risk for adverse outcome and harm reduction counseling.

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of engaging unhoused peer ambassadors (PAs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination efforts to reach people experiencing unsheltered homelessness in Los Angeles County.MethodsFrom August to December 2021, vaccinated PAs aged ≥18 years who could provide informed consent were recruited during vaccination events for same-day participation. Events were held at encampments, service providers (eg, housing agencies, food lines, and mobile showers), and roving locations around Los Angeles. PAs were asked to join outreach alongside community health workers and shared their experience getting vaccinated, receiving a $25 gift card for each hour they participated. Postevent surveys evaluated how many PAs enrolled and how long they participated. In October 2021, we added a preliminary effectiveness evaluation of how many additional vaccinations were attributable to PAs. Staff who enrolled the PAs estimated the number of additional people vaccinated because of talking with the PA.ResultsA total of 117 PAs were enrolled at 103 events, participating for an average of 2 hours. At events with the effectiveness evaluation, 197 additional people were vaccinated over 167 PA hours ($21.19 gift card cost per additional person vaccinated), accounting for >25% of all vaccines given at these events.DiscussionRecruiting same-day unhoused PAs is a feasible, acceptable, and preliminarily effective technique to increase COVID-19 vaccination in unsheltered settings. The findings can inform delivery of other health services for people experiencing homelessness.

BackgroundAlterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with HIV infection, but the relative impact of HIV versus other factors on the gut microbiome has been difficult to determine in cross-sectional studies.MethodsTo address this, we examined the gut microbiome, serum metabolome, and cytokines longitudinally within 27 individuals before and during acute HIV using samples collected from several ongoing cohort studies. Matched control participants (n=28) from the same cohort studies without HIV but at similar behavioral risk were used for comparison.FindingsWe identified few changes in the microbiome during acute HIV infection, but did find alterations in serum metabolites involving secondary bile acid (lithocholate sulfate, glycocholenate sulfate) and amino acid metabolism (3-methyl-2-oxovalerate, serine, cysteine, N-acetylputrescine). Greater microbiome differences, including decreased Bacteroides spp and increased Megasphaera elsdenii, were seen when comparing pre-HIV infection visits to matched at-risk controls. Those who acquired HIV also had elevated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, B cell activating factor, IL-8) and bioactive lipids (palmitoyl-sphingosine-phosphoethanolamide and glycerophosphoinositol) prior to HIV acquisition compared to matched controls.InterpretationLongitudinal sampling identified pre-existing microbiome differences in participants with acute HIV compared to matched control participants observed over the same period. These data highlight the importance of increasing understanding of the role of the microbiome in HIV susceptibility.FundingThis work was supported by NIH/NIAID (K08AI124979; P30AI117943), NIH/NIDA (U01DA036267; U01DA036939; U01DA036926; U24DA044554), and NIH/NIMH (P30MH058107; R34MH105272).