Search

In addition to high cleaning performance, many consumers pay special attention to low energy and water consumption in automatic dishwashers. Eco programs are designed to effectively clean normally soiled dishes with low energy and water consumption. However, Eco programs are relatively long and consumer acceptance of programs lasting longer than 2 h is not very high. The vast majority of short programs for lightly soiled dishes consume equal to lower amounts of energy and water than Eco cycles on average. In this study, we investigate the effect of different dishwasher programs on the cleaning performance for a variety of soils using four different market detergents. The results show that the detergent has a major influence on the cleaning result, especially for short cycles and that for certain short cycle/cleaner combinations similar good results can be achieved as with Eco cycles. The data collected were also used to train predictive models to make forecasts on cleaning performance for unknown program parameter combinations, and to examine the multivariate relationships of the program parameters and the cleaners in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the current high awareness and rising energy costs, the energy label of domestic appliances is an important indicator for consumers when buying a dishwasher. However, not all consumers use efficient Eco cycles on a regular basis. When investigating the use of domestic dishwashers and the chosen programs in a survey with 6090 participants from 11 countries in Europe, it turned out that only 25% used Eco cycles regularly while the vast majority of 48% prefer to use Normal/Auto cycles. We also assessed individual energy and water consumption as well as duration and temperature of the programs. Considering the fact that Eco programs are not well accepted due to their duration, our study shows that Short programs, which on average only last about 30 min and consume little energy and water, might be an economical and convenient alternative to the more time-consuming Eco programs. In fact, some Short programs considered in this study proved to consume less energy for a full dishwasher load (0.74 kWh on average) than the standard Eco programs (0.90 kWh on average), especially due to their shorter duration, but it is important to note that, according to the manufacturer, these programs are designed for rather lightly soiled dishes.

Due to the current high awareness and rising energy costs, the energy label of domestic appliances is an important indicator for consumers when buying a dishwasher. However, not all consumers use efficient Eco cycles on a regular basis. When investigating the use of domestic dishwashers and the chosen programs in a survey with 6090 participants from 11 countries in Europe, it turned out that only 25% used Eco cycles regularly while the vast majority of 48% prefer to use Normal/Auto cycles. We also assessed individual energy and water consumption as well as duration and temperature of the programs. Considering the fact that Eco programs are not well accepted due to their duration, our study shows that Short programs, which on average only last about 30 min and consume little energy and water, might be an economical and convenient alternative to the more time-consuming Eco programs. In fact, some Short programs considered in this study proved to consume less energy for a full dishwasher load (0.74 kWh on average) than the standard Eco programs (0.90 kWh on average), especially due to their shorter duration, but it is important to note that, according to the manufacturer, these programs are designed for rather lightly soiled dishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that delayed Coker unit is one of the most important refinery units in the downstream industry, coke drums are exposed to number of cycles of thermal loads which initiate mechanical deformation in form of bulges and subsequently cracks which occur because of low-cycle fatigue. To increase the coke productivity, some operators have introduced short operational cycles to increase the production rate at some point to increase the revenue, since by shortening the operational cycle, the coke drum will be able to make more cycles in short period and subsequently produce high volume of the final product. But the fact that increasing the revenue now is reducing the fatigue-life time of the coke drum and subsequently the coke drum retires before its normal time, added to that production loss, human safety, and environmental impacts due to failures because of working beyond design parameters. Therefore, this paper discusses the consequences on the coke drum after introducing short operational cycles especially on the cladding materials in the bottom section of the coke drum, and this paper explores how the sulfidation corrosion occurred and what is the impact on the reliability of coke drum itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanitas Taiwanica is the property of National Taiwan University, Humanitas Taiwanica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Domestic dishwashers have become an integral part of modern households, offering convenience and effective cleaning. However, efforts to reduce energy and water consumption have resulted in longer wash programmes, which, despite their high cleaning performance, are not well accepted by consumers due to their long durations. While these eco-programmes are presumed to be well-optimized in terms of their structural components, the role of detergents has been somewhat overlooked, despite their significant contribution to both the cleaning and hygiene performance of domestic dishwashers. Beyond machine parameters, the chemical composition of detergents is crucial in improving the cleaning, drying and hygiene performance of household dishwashers, as they contain various components - such as surfactants, enzymes, and bleaching agents - that interact with soil residues to improve cleaning effectiveness. This review will focus on recent scientific efforts to optimize programme structures concerning cycle durations and energy consumption and the role of detergents in this interrelationship between cleaning, drying and hygiene., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

El artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar el proceso de creación de una Política Pública para el establecimiento de la Educación Superior de Ciclo Corto (ESCC) en Cuba. Este proceso tiene sus antecedentes en estudios realizados desde hace una veintena de años por grupos de expertos cubanos y que ha fructificado a partir del año 2015, con la intención de incluir entre las transformaciones de la educación superior la posibilidad de ofrecer a los jóvenes una nueva vía para su acceso mediante programas de formación de ciclo corto, como existen en diversas naciones. Se expone la metodología empleada desde el organismo central del Ministerio de Educación Superior para la elaboración de la política, su institucionalización e implementación.

With no doubts, bulging in delayed coke drums is one of the most common thermo-mechanical damage to that component linked to their design, fabrication, and normal operation. Coke drums are exposed to several cycles of thermal stresses which will initiate cracks, especially in the welds because of low-cycle fatigue. The bulging is affecting the integrity of the delayed coke drum. If left without repair in the long run, it would subsequently form many cracks on both the internal and external surfaces of the bulges. Therefore, and as recognized by many operators in the last ten years to limit the growth and the progression of bulges, the most common repair method used has been automated, weld overlay using consistent parameters. The first outcome of this paper illustrates the impact of overlay repair on bulge growth during normal cycles. On the other hand, some operators decided to shorten the operation cycle after introducing the repair to exceed the production rate. The second outcome of this paper is discussing the impact of this decision on coke drum integrity and how the overlay weld repair withstands the bulge growing during short cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving in User Equipment (UE) is one of the important issues for limited sources of power in the device. It is critical for the UE to maximize its energy efficiency. In this paper, we have presented two stochastic models, namely the Markov model and semi-Markov model, for the UE based on the states of discontinuous reception (DRX) mechanism, i.e., a power saving method in mobile communication networks. Explicit expressions are derived for transient and steady-state system size probabilities for the Markov model. For the semi-Markov model, steady-state probabilities are computed. Further, the performance measures such as mean and variance are computed for both models. Using these models, based on the states of DRX mechanism, energy saving in the UE is calculated. Finally, sensitivity analysis is performed in which the results obtained are compared for both models. Numerical results obtained in this paper ensure that energy saving can be maximized in the UE using the Markov modelling of DRX mechanism rather than semi-Markov modelling. The energy saving using the Markov model is atleast 33.19 % more than the semi-Markov model. Also, for energy saving in the UE, the semi-Markov model for DRX mechanism is compared with the Markov model. The semi-Markov models for the DRX mechanism are available in the literature without considering the packet arrivals. Our analysis of DRX mechanism and conclusion on its performance can be designed and implemented to an extension for the existing DRX mechanism. We believe that, these models can also be extended to study the energy saving of hardware and other components of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the only nonlinear component for symmetric cryptography, S-Box plays an important role. An S-Box may be vulnerable because of the existence of fixed point, reverse fixed point or short iteration cycles. To construct a keyed strong S-Box, first, a 2D enhanced quadratic map (EQM) was constructed, and its dynamic behaviors were analyzed through phase diagram, Lyapunov exponent, Kolmogorov entropy, bifurcation diagram and randomness testing. The results demonstrated that the state points of EQM have uniform distribution, ergodicity and better randomness. Then a keyed strong S-Box construction algorithm was designed based on EQM, and the fixed point, reverse fixed point, and short cycles were eliminated. Experimental results verified the algorithm's feasibility and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fibonacci cube is the subgraph of the hypercube induced by the vertices whose binary string representations do not contain two consecutive 1s. These cubes were presented as an alternative interconnection network. In this paper, we calculate the number of induced paths and cycles of small length in Fibonacci cubes by using the recursive structure of these graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested whether short-term nutritional supplementation (500 g lupin grain per head daily) would affect the response of ewes to the ram effect. Experiment 1 (end of non-breeding season): ewes were supplemented for either Days −6 to −1 relative to ram introduction (n = 24) or for 12 days after ram introduction (Days 11 to 22 of the ram-induced cycle; n = 29). Controls (n = 30) were not supplemented. Across all groups, 94–100% of ewes ovulated. Supplementation before ram introduction did not affect ovulation rate at the ram-induced ovulation but increased it during the ram-induced cycle (Control 1.37; supplemented 1.66; p < 0.05). Experiment 2 (the middle of non-breeding season): the supplement was fed for Days −5 to −1 relative to ram introduction. Again, supplementation did not increase number ovulating (Control 16/29; Supplemented 10/29) but it did increase ovulation rate at the ram-induced ovulation (Control 1.31; Supplemented 1.68; p < 0.05). In neither experiment did supplementation affect the frequency of short cycles. Supplementation before ram introduction did not improve the percentage of ewes ovulating or reduce the frequency of short cycles (so will not improve the synchrony of lambing). However, supplementation after ram introduction can increase prolificacy.

Copyright of Bearing is the property of Bearing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Loop distribution of Tanner graph affects the BER performance of low-density parity-check codes(LDPC) decoding.To count short cycles in the Tanner graph efficiently,a side by side recursion algorithm based on matrix computation was proposed.Firstly,5 basic graph structures were defined to realize recursive calculate in the implementation process.Compared with previous works,the algorithm provided many methods for counting the same length of cycles.The same result confirmed the correctness of the algorithm.The new algorithm could not only calculate the total number of cycles,but also gave the number each edge participating in fixed-length cycles.Its complexity was proportional to the product of D and square of N,where D was the average degree of variable nodes,and N denoted the code length.For LDPC codes,D was far less than N.For most of the LDPC codes,the calculation for numbers of cycle-length g、g+2、g+4 was only several seconds.

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The European Chemistry Thematic Network is a non-profit making association focused on enhancing the quality and harmonising the features of chemical education and training all over the European Higher Education Area. In the context of quality assurance, it developed European Quality Labels in Chemical Sciences, which were initiated in the frame of the Tuning project, and are following the Tuning methodology. The Labels are awarded to programmes on chemistry or related disciplines, as well as to studies at the interface of chemistry and other subjects. They are based on the Budapest Cycle Level Descriptors, a detailed adaptation of the Dublin Descriptors for the field of chemical sciences. The following aspects are considered in awarding Eurobachelor® and Euromaster® Labels: learning outcomes, including subject knowledge, abilities and skills; modularisation of courses and contents; ECTS credit distribution and student workload; mobility; methods of teaching and learning; assessment; quality assurance. For the Chemistry Doctorate Eurolabel® the considerations are somehow different and include: fitness for purpose; entry to the programme; length of studies; study programme structure; teaching and training in generic competences; transcripts; graduate schools; supervision; examinations; assessment; and quality assurance. The Chemistry Short Cycle Eurolabel® refers to study programmes, which are placed at Level 5 in the in the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning, and are also seen as an intermediate level within or linked to the first cycle of the Qualifications Framework for the European Higher Education Area. Aspects considered are analogous to those mentioned for the Eurobachelor® Label.