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Background: Primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) is a common eye disease and a common cause of blindness. Inappropriate medical decisions severely affect the prognosis. This study investigated decision-making under risk in PACG patients. Methods: Thirty patients with first acute attack of PACG before surgery and thirty healthy controls were included in the study. Decision-making under risk was evaluated with the game of dice task (GDT). The results of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and GDT between PACG patients and healthy controls were compared. Results: Risky decisions in PACG patients were more than those in healthy controls as measured by mean score of GDT (12.47 ± 5.72 vs. 4.33 ± 3.30, P < 0.001). Higher neuroticism score in EPQ was found in PACG patients compared to healthy controls (14.97 ± 3.93 vs. 9.90 ± 4.49, P < 0.001). Neuroticism scores in EPQ were associated with decision-making performance (r = 0.417, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Neuroticism positively correlated with risky decisions. Decision-making might be influenced by neuroticism. Future studies will show whether therapy compliance will be improved by emotional management and psychological intervention in PACG patients. Key words: Cognitive; Decision-making; Neuroticism; Personality; Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rutin on oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by H2O2 in human lens epithelial (HLE) cells and the associated mechanisms involved.Cell viability was assessed by 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, TUNEL assay and DNA fragmentation assay after 24 h treatment of 100 μM H2O2 with or without rutin pretreatment at various concentrations. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was examined using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate by flow cytometry. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was measured by xanthinoxidase method and the contents of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression change of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 at mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time polymerized chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western-blot analysis, respectively. Activation and translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-кB/p65) were examined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry.Rutin pretreatment protected HLE cells from H2O2-induced cell viability decrease and apoptosis. In addition, in the presence of rutin, H2O2-induced intracellular excessive ROS and MDA were attenuated, whereas intracellular SOD and GSH depletion were prevented. Moreover, rutin also inhibited the up-regulation of caspase-3 and Bax expression and rescued down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression. Lastly, rutin blocked the activation and translocation of NF-кB/p65 induced by H2O2.Our results demonstrated that rutin effectively protects HLE cells from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The involved mechanisms may be related to the regulation of ROS production, the inhabitation of lipid peroxidation, the protection of intracellular antioxidant system and its modulation of Bcl-2/Bax family and NF-кB/p65 signaling pathway.

Background Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a rare autosomal dominant disease. Mutations in the forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) gene cause two types of BPES distinguished by the presence (type I) and absence (type II) of premature ovarian failure (POF). The purpose of this study was to identify possible mutations in FOXL2 in two Chinese families with BPES. Methods Two large autosomal dominant Chinese BPES families were enrolled in this study. Genomic DNA was obtained from the leukocytes in peripheral venous blood. Four overlapping sets of primers were used to amplify the entire coding region and nearby intron sequences of the FOXL2 gene for mutations detection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analyses. The sequencing results were analyzed using DNAstar software. Results All patients of the two families demonstrated typical features of BPES type II, including small palpebral fissures, ptosis, telecanthus, and epicanthus inversus without female infertility (POF). A novel FOXL2 heterozygous indel mutation c.675_690delinsT, including a 16-bp deletion and a 1-bp(T) insertion (p.Ala226_Ala230del), which would result in deletion of 5 alanine residues of a poly-alanine (poly-Ala) tract in the protein, was identified in all affected members of family A. A novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.223C > T, p.Leu75Phe) was identified in family B. Conclusions Two novel FOXL2 mutations were identified in Chinese families with BPES. Our results expand the spectrum of FOXL2 mutations and provide additional structure-function insights into the FOXL2 protein.

Background Epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and glaucoma susceptibility. However, the published data are still inconclusive. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism on glaucoma risk by using meta-analysis. Methods A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Elsevier Science Direct and CNKI databases was conducted to identify relevant articles, with the last report up to January 5, 2014. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the strength of association by using the fixed or random effect model. Results Fifteen separate studies including 2,700 cases and 2,365 controls were included in the meta-analysis. We did not detect a significant association between APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and glaucoma in overall population (P > 0.0083). In Asians, we detected an association of the ε4ε4 genotype with elevated risk for glaucoma (OR = 5.22, 95% CI = 1.85-14.68, P = 0.002), mainly for primary open angle glaucoma (OR = 4.98, 95% CI = 1.75-14.20, P = 0.003). Conclusions The meta-analysis suggests that APOE gene ε4ε4 may be associated with elevated risk for primary open angle glaucoma in Asians. However, more epidemiologic studies based on larger sample size, case–control design and stratified by ethnicity as well as types of glaucoma are suggested to further clarify the relationship between APOE gene ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism and genetic predisposition to glaucoma.