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The residual oil saturation of the matrix near the well zone of a tight reservoir is high due to the tight reservoir’s complex conditions, such as the small pore throat radius and low permeability of the matrix and the development of microfractures, which can result in serious water channeling, even after long-term water injection development. The aim of this paper is to improve the effects of depressurization and augmented injection for tight reservoir waterflooding development by reducing the tight matrix’s residual oil saturation, increasing and maintaining its water phase permeability near the well zone using a nano-SiO2 microemulsion system with a small particle size and high interfacial activity. Therefore, four nano-microemulsion systems were evaluated and screened for their temperature resistance, salt resistance, interfacial tension, solubilization, and dilution resistance. A microemulsion system of 13% A + 4% B + 4% C + 4% n-butanol + 6% oil phase + 69% NaCl solution (10%) + 1% OP-5 + 0.5% anti-temperature agent + 0.3% nanosilica material was preferred. According to the core displacement experiment, the depressurization rate can reach 28~60% when the injection concentration of the system is 1~10% and the injection volume is 2~5 PV. The results of the on-site test show that the water injection pressure dropped to 17.5 MPa, which was lower than the reservoir fracture re-opening pressure. The pressure reduction rate was approximately 20%. The validity period of the depressurization and augmented injection has reached 23 months to date.