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The air separation (O2/N2) based on polymeric membranes is critical because it is more energy efficient than traditional methods. Dense polymeric membranes are now the main stay of industrial processes that generate oxygen and nitrogen enriched gas. Though, regular polymeric membranes often fall short of selective pressure demands because O2 and N2 gases have such comparable equivalent diameters. While polymer composites have their benefits, nanocomposite (NCs) allows for the production of high-performance barriers. Utilising Matrimid® 5218 (Matrimid) as the base framework and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as the filler, a novel NCs for O2/N2 separation was developed. Both matrimid and MWCNTs were chemically modified quaternization and functionalizing the MWCNTs. The membranes were casted using solution casting with a combination of quaternized matrimid and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT). When f-MWCNT was added to quaternized matrimid, it created interfacial compatibility, which increased O2/N2 selectivity and permeability by 65 % and 35 %, respectively. In the current study, increasing O2 diffusivity and O2/N2 solubility selectivity resulted in improved performance, this paves a way for manufacturing innovation.

In this study, Mn(x)Zn(1-x)Fe2O4 ferrite samples with x=0.4 and 0.6 were synthesized using a solid-state method and co-precipitation method. In order to determine the effects of various concentrations (x) on the ferrite's structure, particle size, and crystalline phases, prepared samples were analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns revealed that the synthesized samples display a single-phase cubic spinel structure.FTIR analysis showed for both synthesis method have absorption band in the range 400 to 1000 cm-1.SEM analysis shows extreme homogeneity of all the samples. EDX analysis was used to examine for Mn0.4Zn0.6Fe204,The prepared ferrites powders contain Mn, Zn, and Fe, as shown in both synthesis methods.In this approach, alternative synthesis routes for these ferrites are suggested in this study in order to get around some limitations of the traditional preparation method.

Gas sensors that are highly sensitive, stable, and selective are increasingly in demand to detect toxic gases. As a result of the need to monitor concentrations of these gases, humans, animals, and the environment are all protected. Metal ferrites (AFe2O3, where A is a metal) are a major factor in this field. The development of ferrite gas sensors has made remarkable advances in the detection of toxic gases from vehicle exhaust, biological hazards, environmental monitoring, and pollution monitoring over the last decade. It is important for ferrite gas sensors to consider parameters like phase formation, crystallite size, particle size, grain size, dopants, surface area, sensitivity, selectivity, operating temperature, gas concentration, response time, and recovery time. There are various materials for gas sensing use such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), C2H5COOH, oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2), chlorine (Cl2), NH3, C4H10, CH3COOH, gasoline, acetylene, petrol, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Various methods are used to prepare ferrite gas sensors. Additionally, a brief description is provided of the various methods employed for synthesizing ferrite gas sensors. A comprehensive survey of ferrites as gas sensors, such as nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, and multi-component ferrites, prepared by various methods.

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Birds are capable of morphing their wings across different flight modes and speeds to improve their aerodynamic performance. In light of this, the study aims to investigate a more optimized solution compared to conventional structural wing designs. The design challenges faced by the aviation industry today require innovative techniques to improve flight efficiency and minimize environmental impact. This study focuses on the aeroelastic impact validation of wing trailing edge morphing, which undergoes significant structural changes to enhance performance as per mission requirements. The approach to design-concept, modeling, and construction described in this study is generalizable and requires lightweight and actively deformable structures. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the aerodynamic efficiency of an innovative structural design and trailing edge morphing concept compared to conventional wing-flap configurations. The analysis revealed that the maximum displacement at a 30-degree deflection is 47.45 mm, while the maximum stress is 21 MPa. Considering that the yield strength of ABS material is 41.14 MPa, this kerf morphing structure, with a safety factor of 2.5, can withstand both structural and aerodynamic loads. The analysis results of the flap and morph configurations showed a 27% efficiency improvement, which was confirmed through the convergence criteria in ANSYS CFX.

The aim of this research work to synthesis the Ni(1−x)CuxMn2O4 NTC ceramics by co precipitation method sintered at 600 °C. The effect of copper on structural and physical properties of nickel manganite examined through XRD, SEM and FTIR analysis. All the diffraction patterns showed the formation of single phase cubic spinel structure with lattice constant 8.5201 Å to 8.3827 Å and average crystallite size (D) 24 nm to 28 nm due to copper doping. Detailed discussion of dislocation density (ρD), mechanical properties (strain), hopping length (tetrahedral LA and octahedral LB), and texture co-efficient using XRD data are reported. FTIR spectra demonstrating two significant absorption bands in between 400 cm−1 to 600 cm−1 confirms the cubic phase of the samples. Thus structural parameters of copper doped in the nickel manganite are correlated using Williamson-Hall and Size-strain analysis method.

Mg1-xCoxFe2O4 (x = 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35 and 0.4) ferrites were synthesized by co-precipitation method and characterised by XRD, SEM and FTIR Spectroscopy. XRD was used to analyse the cubic structure and SEM of Mg1-xCoxFe2O4 samples observed polygonal with an average lateral size about 4 μm–6 μm. FTIR spectra evidenced two absorption bands (ν1 and ν2) in the range 400 cm−1–600 cm−1 belonging to tetrahedral and octahedral sites of lattice. The force constants (Kt, Ko), inter-ionic distances, bond angles, and edge and bond lengths, of the ferrite sample. We also report Young’s modulus, Rigidity modulus, Bulk modulus, Debye temperature and velocities of transverse and longitudinal waves of ferrites.

The photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 26 was examined utilizing a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) catalyst and a UV-A light in this study. We investigated how successfully the photocatalytic approach removed Acid Red 26 from synthetic and actual municipal wastewater. Both aqueous matrices allowed for extremely high clearance rates. Wastewater degraded at a slower rate than the other matrices, this might be ascribed to the wastewater’s complicated chemical composition. Using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), the IPs in both synthetic and actual municipal effluent were determined. The photocatalytic degradation mechanisms of Acid Red 26 are hypothesised to comprise oxidation, dealkylation, and methoxy group cleavage based on the observed intermediate products (IPs). Using proven scavengers, we were also able to investigate the role of reactive species in the degradation process and illustrate the significance of h+ and O2• in the reaction. Chlorococcum sp. and Dunaliella tertiolecta microalgae were also utilised to assess the development of ecotoxicity. We observed low toxicity throughout the process when clean water was used as the matrix, with no production of hazardous IPs. In the case of actual municipal wastewater, there was an early rise in toxicity, which scientists believe was caused by the matrix’s chemical make-up. To lower the toxicity, a heterogeneous photocatalysis was used, and at the end of the treatment, nearly full detoxification was obtained.

Since it does not use any dangerous chemicals and is a simple, low-cost process, the green synthesis approach for nanoparticle creation has several benefits compared to the physical and chemical synthesis routes. The current study describes an environmentally friendly synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) using an extract of Punica granatum plant leaves. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize the morphology, composition, and structural properties of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The XRD pattern reveals that the ZnO nanoparticles are crystalline and have a diameter of 20 nm. According to the FESEM studies, the ZnO-NPs have sizes ranging from 50 to 100 nm on average and are almost spherical. When exposed to direct sunlight, the produced ZnO-NPs demonstrate impressive photocatalytic oxidation of textile Orange 16, a reactive dye. As a result, our research advances the development of a green photocatalyst for the removal of harmful dyes from water.

The sol-gel technique was adopted to synthesize the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Nano-sized ZnO particles are embedded in-situ to the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix to form the nanocomposite polymeric membranes. The nanocomposite membranes were fabricated by varying concentration of ZnO nanoparticles of 2.5, 5, and 10 wt.% in the base PVA membrane matrix. The membranes were crosslinked using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) followed by hydrolysis and co-condensation. Immersion in a 2 molar sulphuric acid (H2SO4) bath produced sulfonated membranes. The membranes were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fabricated nano-composite membranes are being evaluated for proton exchange membrane fuel cell research (PEMFC). The computed test results demonstrate that increasing the concentration of ZnO in the membrane increased the ionic exchange capacity and proton conductivity efficiency of the nano-composite membranes. The incorporation of a quantum quantity of ZnO particles in the membrane improved the presentation in terms of proton conductivity characteristics. Membranes demonstrated excellent proton conductivity (10−2 S cm−1 range) while consuming less hydrogen gas. The highest measured proton conductivity is observed for 10 wt.% ZnO embedded PVA membrane and the value is 15.321 × 10−2 S cm−1 for 100% RH. The combination of ZnO and PVA nanocomposite membrane is a novel, next-generation eco-friendly method that is economical and convenient for large-scale commercial production in fuel cell applications.

Whether it is a plant- or animal-based bio-inspiration design, it has always been able to address one or more product/component optimisation issues. Today’s scientists or engineers look to nature for an optimal, economically viable, long-term solution. Similarly, a proposal is made in this current work to use seven different bio-inspired structures for automotive impact resistance. All seven of these structures are derived from plant and animal species and are intended to be tested for compressive loading to achieve load-bearing capacity. The work may even cater to optimisation techniques to solve the real-time problem using algorithm-based generative shape designs built using CATIA V6 in unit dimension. The samples were optimised with Rhino 7 software and then simulated with ANSYS workbench. To carry out the comparative study, an experimental work of bioprinting in fused deposition modelling (3D printing) was carried out. The goal is to compare the results across all formats and choose the best-performing concept. The results were obtained for compressive load, flexural load, and fatigue load conditions, particularly the number of life cycles, safety factor, damage tolerance, and bi-axiality indicator. When compared to previous research, the results are in good agreement. Because of their multifunctional properties combining soft and high stiffness and lightweight properties of novel materials, novel materials have many potential applications in the medical, aerospace, and automotive sectors.

Synthesis of cadmium doped cobalt zinc ferrite (Co0.5Zn0.5Cd1.5xFe2−xO4) series with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 by solid state method and analysis of structural properties using XRD, FTIR, and SEM characterization. To understand the decomposition behavior of the precursors of samples TG/DTA analysis was carried out. TG/DTA/DSC shows that reaction is endothermic in nature and the reaction completion temperature at around 730 °C. The XRD characterization of the samples affirms the cubic spinel structure. Grains in the samples are having nature of octahedron, tetrahedron and granular depicted by SEM images. The FTIR spectra of synthesized ferrites evidenced two strong absorption bands (ν1 and ν2) in the range of 400–600 cm−1 belonging to tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) interstitial sites. In XRD analysis, the shrinkage of unit cell is observed at higher doping concentration. The peak (3 1 1) shown the maximum intensity for x = 0.0, whereas peak (3 1 0) shown maximum intensity for x = 0.5. Williamson Hall (WH) plot and size-strain plot (SSP) results show the variation in the grain size with change in doping concentration. The doping of cadmium plays an important role in crystal growth as observed in SEM images. In FTIR analysis, peaks shift towards lower wave number with raise in doping concentration. Keywords: Co-Zn ferrite, TG/DTA/DSC, FTIR, XRD, SEM

The lead free ferroelectrics, strontium barium niobates, were synthesized via the low cost solid state reaction method and their fritless thick films were fabricated by screen printing technique on alumina substrate. The X band response (complex permittivity at very high frequencies) of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator perturbed with strontium barium niobates (SrxBa1-xNb2O6) in form of bulk and thick film was measured. A new approach for determination of complex permittivity (ε′ and ε′′) in the frequency range 8–12 GHz, using perturbation of Ag thick film microstrip ring resonator (MSRR), was applied for both bulk and thick film of strontium barium niobates (SrxBa1-xNb2O6). The microwave conductivity of the bulk and thick film lie in the range from 1.779 S/cm to 2.874 S/cm and 1.364 S/cm to 2.296 S/cm, respectively. The penetration depth of microwave in strontium barium niobates is also reported.

Objective. To report a case of diabetic muscle infarction (DMI), a rare complication of long-standing poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Methods. We describe a case of a 45-year-old male with an approximately 8-year history of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus with multiple microvascular complications who presented with the sudden onset of left thigh pain and swelling. He had a swollen left thigh and a CK of 1670 U/L. He was initially treated with intravenous antibiotics for a presumptive diagnosis of pyomyositis or necrotizing fasciitis with no improvement. A diagnosis of diabetic muscle infarction was considered. Results. An MRI of the thigh demonstrated diffuse edema in the anterior compartment. A muscle biopsy demonstrated coagulation necrosis in skeletal muscle and inflammation and infarction in the walls of small blood vessels. These studies confirmed the final diagnosis of DMI. He was treated with supportive care and gradually improved. Conclusion. DMI is a rare complication of diabetes that is often mistaken for infections such as pyomyositis and necrotizing fasciitis or thrombophlebitis. Treatment is supportive. Although the short-term prognosis is good in these patients, the long-term prognosis is poor.

[Veterinary World 2011; 4(2.000): 87-87]

This paper investigated the structural properties of nano-crystalline Cd2+ doped cobalt ferrite (C01-xCdxFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction study revealed the formation of mono phase cubic spinels. The crystallite size was found to be increased from 17 to 38 nm with increase of cadmium concentration. The other structural parameters like lattice constant (a), volume (V), hopping lengths (LA and LB), bond lengths (A-O and B-O), ionic radii (rA and rB), X-ray density (Dx), microstrain (e) and dislocation density (OD) were also estimated. Here, W-H and Size-Strain Plot methods were used for obtaining the values of lattice strain and crystallite size from the X-ray diffraction peak broadening analysis. Each method of analysis was different result because, the variation was found in calculated parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in physiological processes like neurotransmission, apoptosis, and vasodilation through its involvement in signalling pathways. Its short half-life and concentration-dependent effects restrict its action to specific sites. External NO supplementation can support cellular functions and treat disorders, prompting interest in controlled NO delivery systems. This review explores the enzymatic production of NO by NO synthase, the function of NO donors, and NO's role in various physiological and pathological processes. It also covers physical, chemical, and supramolecular methods for incorporating NO donors into biomaterials, highlighting their potential in medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, antimicrobial resistance is one of the major cause for the morbidity and mortality of the various diseases in humans as well as livestock. When the antimicrobials were discovered in 19th century we think that we had won against the micro-organisms but soon it known that micro-organisms can develop resistance against these agents. The main mechanism adapted by the micro-organisms for antimicrobial resistance are: limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. By understanding these mechanisms antimicrobials should be developed in such a way that it can withstand over bacterial resistance. Now a days, ethno veterinary medicine place a major role against bacteria or micro-organisms to overcome against the antimicrobial resistance and also in good treatment for the infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins are poisonous secondary metabolites generated by filamentous fungus that grow on a variety of agricultural goods at different phases of production, from planting through shipping and storage. Mycotoxicoses are diseases produced by mycotoxins that can affect a variety of animals, including ruminants. Because certain mycotoxin metabolites, particularly aflatoxin M1, may be excreted in milk, mycotoxin contamination of dairy cow diets is a major problem for human health. This paper provides an overview of current information on the most common mycotoxicoses that affect dairy cows, particularly those caused by mycotoxins generated by Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]