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Tree peony is a well-known ornamental plant that is also valued for its medical uses and edible oil production. A long breeding period and low propagation rate are the main hurdles hindering the development of the tree peony industry, for which micropropagation can offer a solution. This article reviews the advances in tree peony micropropagation during the past three decades, providing a detailed analysis of the conditions required for the four stages of micropropagation (initiation, multiplication, in vitro rooting, and acclimatization). Additionally, potential of tree peony micropropagation for commercial application was evaluated. This review provides valuable information for the successful micropropagation of tree peony, permitting more targeted and in-depth research into tree peony micropropagation. The review summarized in detail the results achieved in tree peony micropropagation over the last three decades. Furthermore, the potential of the existing micropropagation protocol was evaluated and the problems and the future perspectives were summarized.

Tree peony (Paeonia sect. Moutan) is a famous ornamental crop worldwide that is difficult to propagate. The present study provides efficient protocols for the micropropagation of three economically important tree peony cultivars (Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Jin Pao Hong’, P. suffruticosa ‘Wu Long Peng Sheng’, and P. × lemoinei ‘High Noon’). For optimal shoot multiplication, different concentrations of GA3 were added into woody plant medium (WPM) (double strength Ca2+) containing 1.0 mg l−1 BAP; 0.5 mg l−1 GA3 yielded the highest multiplication rate with more than 4 shoots per explant for the three cultivars. For better rooting, different polyamines (putrescine, spermine, or spermidine) were added individually to half-strength MS medium containing 1.0 mg l−1 IBA. 5.0, 1.0, and 1.0 mg l−1 putrescine produced the optimal rooting for ‘Jin Pao Hong’ (100%), ‘Wu Long Peng Sheng’ (100%), and ‘High Noon’ (80%), respectively; each rooted shoot had 4–6 roots measuring 4–6 cm in length. Poor survival rates during acclimatization were obtained for ‘Jin Pao Hong’ (52.6%), ‘Wu Long Peng Sheng’ (40.1%), and ‘High Noon’ (64.0%) when the plantlets were grown in uninoculated vermiculite/peat/perlite sterilized substrate; in contrast, ‘High Noon’ plantlets inoculated with Glomus mosseae showed a high survival rate (83.4%) and vigorous growth. The protocols reported in this study can be used for rapid and large-scale propagation of the three tree peony cultivars. Furthermore, this study raises interesting possibilities for stimulating the in vitro rooting of tree peony cultivars through polyamine application and for improving the ex vitro establishment of tree peony plantlets through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of total extracorporeal circulation on hemodynamics and placental function in an ovine fetal model. Mid-term ovine fetuses (n=6) underwent extracorporeal circulation (30 min), cardioplegic arrest (20 min) and monitoring (120 min). The ascending aorta and umbilical cords of the fetuses were occluded during the bypass and an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator was used as the oxygen source. Biventricular intracardiac pressures, echocardiographic data, blood gas levels and placental function variables were recorded, and statistical analysis was performed using the repeated-measure analysis of variance test. The data indicated that fetal heart rate and blood pressure at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following the bypass were stable relative to pre-arrest baseline (pre-bypass) values (P>0.05). However, end diastolic pressures in the ovine right ventricles post-bypass were significantly increased at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min relative to pre-bypass pressures (P0.05), while the mean Tei index values for the left and right ventricles post-bypass were significantly higher at all time points relative to pre-bypass values (P0.05). Fetal hemodynamics and placental function additionally remained stable for up to 2 h upon reperfusion following total extracorporeal circulation and cardioplegic arrest. Collectively these data suggest that the reproducible ovine fetal model may be useful in the evaluation of fetal cardiac surgery.

To summarize the anesthetic management in fetal lamb cardiac bypass.Five ewes at 120-140 days of gestation were anesthetized intramuscularly with katamine hydrochloride, intubated and ventilated with a respirator. Anesthesia was maintained with fentanyl and vecuronium. Lactated Ringer's solution and magnesium sulfate were infused to maintain the mean blood pressure (MAP) over 70 mmHg and uterine relaxation. The fetal lambs received anesthesia with fentanyl and vecuronium intramuscularly via the uterine wall. Fetal cardiac bypass was established with pulmonary artery and right atrium cannulation, lasting for 30 min. The hemodynamic and blood gas data of the ewes and fetal lambs were recorded before bypass, at 30 min during bypass, and at 1 and 2 h after cessation of bypass. The pulse index of the umbilical artery (PIua) and the ewe's uterine artery (PIeu) were monitored simultaneously.The MAP and heart rate (HR) of the fetus remained normal during the anesthesia. PIua increased significantly after cessation of bypass (P0.05). Although the fetal oxygen tension in the axillary artery remained normal, the fetal lambs showed hypercarbia and acidosis after cessation of bypass (P0.05). The maternal MAP and HR remained normal. The PIeu decreased significantly during bypass (P0.05) and recovered the normal level after cessation of bypass. The arterial blood gas of the ewes was normal during the experiment.Maintaining high hemodynamics in the ewes, application of uterine relaxation and intensive care during anesthesia are crucial in anesthetic management of cardiac bypass in fetal lambs.