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5. Reliability Risk Mitigation in Advanced Packages by Aging-Induced Precipitation of Bi in Water-Quenched Sn–Ag–Cu–Bi Solder.

Author

Shukla, Vishnu, Ahmed, Omar, Su, Peng, and Jiang, Tengfei

Subjects
*LEAD-free solder, *SOLDER joints, *SOLDER & soldering, *CREEP (Materials), *SCANNING electron microscopes, *COPPER-tin alloys
Abstract

Bi-doped Sn–Ag–Cu (SAC) microelectronic solder is gaining attention for its utility as a material for solder joints that connect substrates to printed circuit boards (PCB) in future advanced packages, as Bi-doped SAC is reported to have a lower melting temperature, higher strength, higher wettability on conducting pads, and lower intermetallic compound (IMC) formation at the solder-pad interface. As solder joints are subjected to aging during their service life, an investigation of aging-induced changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the solder alloy is needed before its wider acceptance in advanced packages. This study focuses on the effects of 1 to 3 wt.% Bi doping in an Sn–3.0Ag–0.5Cu (SAC305) solder alloy on aging-induced changes in hardness and creep resistance for samples prepared by high cooling rates (>5 °C/s). The specimens were aged at ambient and elevated temperatures for up to 90 days and subjected to quasistatic nanoindentation to determine hardness and nanoscale dynamic nanoindentation to determine creep behavior. The microstructural evolution was investigated with a scanning electron microscope in tandem with energy-dispersive spectroscopy to correlate with aging-induced property changes. The hardness and creep strength of the samples were found to increase as the Bi content increased. Moreover, the hardness and creep strength of the 0–1 wt.% Bi-doped SAC305 was significantly reduced with aging, while that of the 2–3 wt.% Bi-doped SAC305 increased with aging. The changes in these properties with aging were correlated to the interplay of multiple hardening and softening mechanisms. In particular, for 2–3 wt.% Bi, the enhanced performance was attributed to the potential formation of additional Ag3Sn IMCs with aging due to non-equilibrium solidification and the more uniform distribution of Bi precipitates. The observations that 2–3 wt.% Bi enhances the hardness and creep strength of the SAC305 alloy with isothermal aging to mitigate reliability risks is relevant for solder samples prepared using high cooling rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Effect of Bi on the Tensile and Viscoplastic Behavior of Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi Alloys Used for Microelectronics Applications.

Author

Shukla, Vishnu, Ahmed, Omar, Su, Peng, Tian, Tian, and Jiang, Tengfei

Subjects
LEAD-free solder, SOLDER & soldering, MICROELECTRONIC packaging, SCANNING electron microscopes, TENSILE strength, VISCOPLASTICITY
Abstract

Sn-Ag-Cu-Bi (SAC-Bi) alloys are gaining popularity as a potential replacement for current lead-free solder alloys in microelectronic packages. In this study, the tensile and viscoplastic behaviors of eight SAC-Bi alloys with 0, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, and 3 wt.% Bi content were investigated. The samples of these eight alloys were cast, aged at room temperature, 75 °C and 125 °C, and tensile-tested at rates of 0.1/s, 0.01/s, and 0.001/s in ambient and elevated temperature environments to facilitate the quantification of viscoplasticity using the Anand viscoplastic model. The Anand parameters of all eight alloys in the as-cast and aged conditions were determined. Tensile strength was found to increase with the addition of Bi. Additionally, alloys containing 2 and 3 wt.% Bi showed a 5 to 10% increase in tensile strength after isothermal aging of 90 days at 125 °C. On the contrary, the tensile strength of alloys with up to 1 wt.% Bi decreased by 22 to 48% after such aging. Using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the microstructure of the alloys was characterized. The aging-induced property changes in the samples were correlated to strengthening by Bi solute atoms for alloys with 1 wt.% Bi and the formation of Bi precipitation for alloys with 2 wt.% and 3 wt.% Bi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. DRM : Technological Measure for Digital Contents on the Silicon Plaform

Author

Shukla, Vishnu Kant, Chaturvedi, Neha, and Vijayakumar, J. K.

Subjects
ID. Knowledge representation., IF. Information transfer: protocols, formats, techniques.
Abstract

Electronic Information is the logical extension of the development in technology and the response to the growing need of the users for easy access to information. Rights holders can also gain better access to large amounts of rights data online. Managing electronic information needs tools for Electronic Information Management (EIM). EIM means using office technology systematically to help one store, retrieve, and safeguard his organization’s information. When we think of reducing paper, we rely more and more on technology to create digital information - software files, digital photographs, and Email which gives EIM a broader scope. With current technology it’s possible to manage a complete “library” of information with centralized security, backups and control, different levels of retrieval and access, and archival storage. Digital Right Management offers a better way to manage the records we rely on. Whether documents are stored in an original electronic file format or scanned from paper, managing their storage, access and retention becomes easier with EIM technology.

Published
2004

23. Underpinning wheat physiological and molecular responses to co-occurring iron and 1 phosphate deficiency stress 2

Author

Kaur, Gazaldeep, Shukla, Vishnu, Meena, Varsha, Kumar, Anil, Singh, Jagtar, Kandoth, Kaitheri, Mantri, Shrikant, Raouched, Hatem, Kumar Pandey, Ajay, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
iron, growth, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Triticum aestivum, food and beverages, nutrient homeostasis, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, transcriptome, phosphate
Abstract

Iron (Fe) and phosphate (P) are essential mineral nutrients for plant growth and development. While it is known that Fe and P pathways interacts within plants however, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating nutrient interaction during plant vegetative and reproductive stages remains largely unknown. Herein, we provide a comprehensive physiological and molecular analysis of hexaploid wheat response to single P/Fe and combined Fe and P deficiency. Our data showed that wheat primary root growth was inhibited in response to –Fe, and remarkably rescued by co-occurring deficiencies of Fe and P. Transcriptome analysis revealed drastic and distinct molecular rearrangements to adapt the single and combined nutrient stress with dominance of Fe responsive cis-regulatory elements. Gene-based clustering and root-specific transcriptome expression analysis identify several important unique components induced in response to combined stress –Fe–P, including UDP glycosyltransferases and cytochrome-P450 and glutathione metabolism. These data are consistent with our metabolome data, which further reveals specific metabolite accumulation in –Fe–P those include amino-isobutyric acid, arabinonic acid and aconitic acid. Finally, at reproductive stage alleviations of the negative effect of Fe was also observed in –Fe–P (i.e. spikelet and grain development). Collectively, the data obtained is essential for designing new strategies to improve resilience of crops to cope with the limited nutrients in soils.

Published
2020

26. Genome-wide expression analysis id 1 entifies core components during iron starvation in hexaploid wheat

Author

Kaur, Gazaldeep, Shukla, Vishnu, Kumar, Anil, Kaur, Mandeep, Goel, Parul, Singh, Palvinder, Shukla, Anuj, Kaur, Jaspreet, Singh, Jagtar, Mantri, Shrikant, Rouached, Hatem, Pandey, Ajay Kumar, Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, (IUET), Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
genome bias, gene expression, Triticum aestivum, food and beverages, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, glutathione metabolism, transcriptome, iron starvation
Abstract

Iron is one of essential micronutrient for all organisms. Its deficiency 33 causes a severe loss in crops yield. Nevertheless, our current understanding on major crops response to Fe deficiency remains limited. Herein, we investigated the effect of Fe deprivation at both transcriptomic and metabolic levels in hexaploid wheat. A genome-wide gene expression reprogramming was observed with a total of 5854 genes showing differential expression in roots of wheat subjected to Fe-starved medium. Subsequent, analysis revealed a predominance of strategy-II mode of Fe uptake, with induced genome bias contribution from the A and B genomes. In general, the predominance of genes encoding for nicotianamine synthase, yellow stripe like transporters, metal transporters, ABC transporters and zinc42 induced facilitator-like protein was noticed. Our transcriptomic data were in agreement with the GC-MS analysis that showed an enhancement of accumulation of various metabolites such as fumarate, malonate, succinate and xylofuranose, which could be linked for enhancing Fe-mobilization. Interestingly, Fe starvation causes a significant temporal increase of glutathione-S-transferase both at transcriptional and enzymatic activity, which indicate the important role of glutathione in the response to Fe starvation in wheat roots. Taken together, our result provides new insight on wheat response to Fe starvation and lays foundation to design strategies to improve Fe nutrition in crops.

Published
2019

27. Integrative analysis of hexaploid wheat roots identifies signature components during iron starvation

Author

Kaur, Gazaldeep, Shukla, Vishnu, Kumar, Anil, Kaur, Mandeep, Goel, Parul, Singh, Palvinder, Shukla, Anuj, Kaur, Jaspreet, Singh, Jagtar, Mantri, Shrikant, Rouached, Hatem, Kumar, Ajay Kumar, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, (IUET), Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Equipe Hormones, Nutriments et Développement (HoNuDe) (HONUDE), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
iron starvation, Triticum aestivum, glutathione metabolism, gene expression, genome bias, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], food and beverages, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, transcriptome
Abstract

Iron is one of essential micronutrient for all organisms. Its deficiency 33 causes a severe loss in crops yield. Nevertheless, our current understanding on major crops response to Fe deficiency remains limited. Herein, we investigated the effect of Fe deprivation at both transcriptomic and metabolic levels in hexaploid wheat. A genome-wide gene expression reprogramming was observed with a total of 5854 genes showing differential expression in roots of wheat subjected to Fe-starved medium. Subsequent, analysis revealed a predominance of strategy-II mode of Fe uptake, with induced genome bias contribution from the A and B genomes. In general, the predominance of genes encoding for nicotianamine synthase, yellow stripe like transporters, metal transporters, ABC transporters and zinc42induced facilitator-like protein was noticed. Our transcriptomic data were in agreement with the GC-MS analysis that showed an enhancement of accumulation of various metabolites such as fumarate, malonate, succinate and xylofuranose, which could be linked for enhancing Fe-mobilization. Interestingly, Fe starvation causes a significant temporal increase of glutathione-S-transferase both at transcriptional and enzymatic activity, which indicate the important role of glutathione in the response to Fe starvation in wheat roots. Taken together, our result provides new insight on wheat response to Fe starvation and lays foundation to design strategies to improve Fe nutrition in crops.

Published
2019

28. Phosphorus Transport in Arabidopsis and Wheat: Emerging Strategies to Improve P Pool in Seeds

Author

Kisko, Mushtak, Shukla, Vishnu, Kaur, Mandeep, Bouain, Nadia, Chaiwong, Nanthana, Lacombe, Benoît, Pandey, Ajay, Rouached, Hatem, Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes (BPMP), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
absorption de phosphore, engrais phosphaté, carence en phosphore, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis, seeds, lcsh:S1-972, croissance des graines, phosphorus fertilizers, blé, wheat, lcsh:Agriculture (General), phosphate
Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plants to complete their life cycle. P taken up from the soil by the roots is transported to the rest of the plant and ultimately stored in seeds. This stored P is used during germination to sustain the nutritional demands of the growing seedling in the absence of a developed root system. Nevertheless, P deficiency, an increasing global issue, greatly decreases the vigour of afflicted seeds. To combat P deficiency, current crop production methods rely on heavy P fertilizer application, an unsustainable practice in light of a speculated decrease in worldwide P stocks. Therefore, the overall goal in optimizing P usage for agricultural purposes is both to decrease our dependency on P fertilizers and enhance the P-use efficiency in plants. Achieving this goal requires a robust understanding of how plants regulate inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport, during vegetative growth as well as the reproductive stages of development. In this short review, we present the current knowledge on Pi transport in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and apply the information towards the economically important cereal crop wheat. We highlight the importance of developing our knowledge on the regulation of these plants’ P transport systems and P accumulation in seeds due to its involvement in maintaining their vigour and nutritional quality. We additionally discuss further discoveries in the subjects this review discusses substantiate this importance in their practical applications for practical food security and geopolitical applications.

Published
2018

29. Integrative analysis of hexaploid wheat roots identifies signature components during iron starvation

Author

Kaur, Gazaldeep, primary, Shukla, Vishnu, additional, Kumar, Anil, additional, Kaur, Mandeep, additional, Goel, Parul, additional, Singh, Palvinder, additional, Shukla, Anuj, additional, Meena, Varsha, additional, Kaur, Jaspreet, additional, Singh, Jagtar, additional, Mantri, Shrikant, additional, Rouached, Hatem, additional, and Pandey, Ajay Kumar, additional

Published
2019
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