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The "post-materialist" values hypothesis, positing heightened concern for the environment, should predict convergence in environmental policies. Yet variation persists, even when controlling for income levels. This puzzle deserves further scrutiny: is it attitudes, policies, or both that diverge? What, in the end, are the roles of public opinion and political institutions in determining outcomes in environmental policies? Greater understanding into the causal mechanisms linking attitudes to policy outcomes is required. This will be sought by building upon Congleton's (1992, 1996) median-voter model of environmental policy-making, whereby we develop an extension to include voter-information characteristics and test its effects by applying the model to outcomes for various air pollution issues. The results provide evidence for significant voter-information effects and suggest that two critical antecedent conditions are necessary for political-institutional and voter-information variables to have an effect: opportunity for redistribution over time (or across economic sectors), and the presence of a credible framework for addressing collective action problems. The most important implication of this analysis is that relying on democratic reform alone may not suffice to improve environmental policy outcomes if there is a failure to address underlying collective action problems. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What factors lead to the promotion or dilution of a norm, and what determines the scope of a norm's exceptions? This paper examines two cases of normative change in international relations concerning the norm of territorial integrity and its evolution during the nineteen-seventies. In contrast to a single-case study approach, this paper compares processes in two regions providing variance in state practice and the robustness of the norm, Eastern Europe and the Middle East, in order to understand the role of norms in a larger context of multiple forces and their collective interactions. By comparing negotiations concerning the norm of territorial integrity during the period of détente and the Arab-Israeli wars, we can examine how the content of norms, and especially the scope of exceptions to a norm, are influenced by power differences and the formation of alliances willing to ensure compliance. In other words, norms are a consequence, as well as a cause, of change in the international system, especially in terms of the system's capacity to sanction. The implications for ongoing efforts in normative change such as those to prevent climate change are that any effective agreement must enable the system to restructure incentives through both coordination and the development of linkages so as to provide the material leverage necessary for inducing changes in state policies and individual behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]