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In this study, the oral bioavailability of Pb, Cd, and As in three types of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and TCM decoctions were investigated through in vitro PBET digestion/MDKC cell model. Furthermore, a novel cumulative risk assessment model associated with co-exposure of heavy metal(loid)s in TCM and TCM decoction based on bioavailability was developed using hazard index (HI) for rapid screening and target organ toxicity dose modification of the HI (TTD) method for precise assessment. The results revealed that the bioavailability of Pb, Cd, and As in three types of TCM and TCM decoction was 5.32–72.49% and 4.98–51.97%, respectively. After rapid screening of the co-exposure health risks of heavy metal(loid)s by the HI method, cumulative risk assessment results acquired by TTD method based on total metal contents in TCMs indicated that potential health risks associated with the co-exposure of Pb, Cd, and As in Pheretima aspergillum (E. Perrier) and Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb were of concern. However, considering both the factors of decoction and bioavailability, TTD-adjusted HI outcomes for TCMs in this study were

Introduction: The advancement and advocacy of the 3R principle and safety evaluation and risk assessment technology has given rise to an innovative method on a global scale, which known as the Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA). This progressive approach adopts a tiered assessment strategy based on prepositive hypothesis and exposure analysis. Unlike traditional risk assessment methods that rely on toxicological endpoint animal tests, NGRA lays emphasis on evaluating the exposure process by outlining the mechanisms and significant key events leading to adverse outcomes. The NGRA process entails prioritizing the robust high-throughput screening and prediction tools to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and relevance of the assessment. Result: This review provides an overview of the principles, framework, and tools of NGRA as recommended by the International Cosmetics Regulatory Cooperation Organization (ICCR). Furthermore, the review encompasses published case studies of cosmetics ingredients and elucidates the potential applications and technical challenges associated with NGRA while considering the extant safety evaluation requirements for cosmetics ingredients in China. Moreover, the review synthesizes a selection of case studies of cosmetics ingredients and hope to proffer implications for the assessment of risk in traditional Chinese medicine. Conclusion: It was hoped to help researchers to investigate novel techniques of safety risk assessment and propose research concepts for both cosmetics and traditional Chinese medicine.

The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is significantly increasing due to the aging world population, and the currently available drug treatments cannot cure or even slow its progression. α-lipoic acid (LA) is a biological factor widely found in spinach and meat and can dissolve in both lipid and aqueous phases. In medicine, LA has been shown to reduce the symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy, acute kidney injury, cancers, and some metabolism-related diseases. This study to proves that α-lipoic acid (LA) can stabilize the cognitive function of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). BV2 cells were divided into control, LA, Aβ25–35, and LA + Aβ25–35 groups. Cell growth; IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, SOD, GPx, CAT, ROS, NO, and iNOS secretion; Wnt-related proteins; cell apoptosis; and cell activation were examined. Here, we found that LA could effectively repress apoptosis and changes in the morphology of microglia BV2 cells activated by Aβ25–35, accompanied by the inhibition of the inflammatory response induced by Aβ25–35. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is also involved in preventing Aβ25–35-induced cytotoxicity in microglia by LA. We found an inhibitory effect of LA on microglia toxicity induced by Aβ25–35, suggesting that a combination of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant substances may offer a promising approach to the treatment of AD.

Blockchain technology is considered to be a subversive innovation of computing mode after mainframe, personal computer and Internet. In the financial, medical, supply chain and other industries show great development potential. As an important part of financial management, financial transfer payment system is an important part of modern financial system. This paper combines blockchain technology with the management of financial transfer payment, analyzes the adaptation scenarios of blockchain technology, summarizes the status and development bottleneck of financial transfer payment informatization, tries to establish a financial transfer payment system based on blockchain technology, describes the advantages of blockchain technology in supporting the management of financial transfer payment, and puts forward suggestions on the possible problems.

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