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A class of amorphous carbonaceous materials with large porosity and internal surface area is referred to as “activated carbon,” or AC. Coconut shells, coal, and wood are the basic sources of ACs. Anthracite and bituminous coals have been the main sources of AC until recently, although AC may be made from any carbonaceous material. AC is an extremely effective adsorbent. It may be used to clean, dechlorinate, deodorize, and decolourize both liquid and vapour applications because of its large surface area, pore structure, and high degree of surface reactivity. Since the removal of contaminants requires carbonaceous materials with a high degree of porosity, well-developed surface area, and distinct functional groups, use of ACs is one of the finest methods for eliminating pollutants from aqueous solution and the atmosphere. ACs are also cost-effective adsorbents for a variety of sectors, including water purification, food-grade goods, cosmetics, automotive applications, industrial gas purification, petroleum, and precious metal recovery, mostly for gold. The classification, characteristics, and usage of AC are the main topics of this chapter.

BACKGROUND Medicolegal autopsy is an important procedure to ascertain the causes of sudden and unexplained deaths. It provides direct access to organ and tissues which otherwise is not possible with other diagnostic modalities. In addition to the morphological examination of tissues and organs we can also take representative samples from these tissues and organs. These samples may be subjected to histopathological examination and biochemical examination. These types of examinations prove quite helpful in cases of poisoning and sudden unexplained deaths where simple morphological examination may be inconclusive. It provides us an opportunity to study the natural course of evolution of many diseases. Incidental histopathological findings in autopsy also prove useful to account for many clinically undiagnosed diseases in the community like clinically undiagnosed neoplasms, infections and inflammatory diseases. We wanted to study the pattern of histopathological findings in medicolegal autopsy specimens and also age and sex distribution of cases of medicolegal autopsies. METHODS This prospective and descriptive study was conducted on three hundred and twenty specimens received randomly from one hundred and four cases of medicolegal autopsies irrespective of cause of death in Department of Pathology, Government medical college, Jammu. The specimens were processed and then stained with haematoxylin and eosin stain. RESULTS Maximum patients were seen in the age group of 31-40 yrs. (37.5%) followed by 21- 30 yrs. (25.9%). Males constituted (70.1%), females constituted about (29.8 %). Most common organ received was heart (31.8%), lung (30.6%) and liver (30.3%). Most common cause of death was sudden death 31(29.8%), myocardial infarction 21(20.1%), poisoning 20 (19.2%), assault 7 (6.7%), drowning 7 (6.7%), hanging 6(5.7%), road traffic accidents 5 (4.8%), firearm injuries 4 (3.8%) and electrocution 3 (2.8%). The lungs constituted 44.1% of all the histopathological findings, heart (20.5%), liver (10.2 %) kidney (7.3 %), spleen (5.8%), brain (4.4%), skin and neck structures (4.4%) and uterus (2.9%). CONCLUSIONS Atherosclerosis has become quite frequent cause of sudden and unexplained death in younger age group. So, we need to educate this age group about healthy lifestyle and importance of prophylactic screening to those having risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. KEY WORDS Medicolegal Autopsy, Sudden Death, Atherosclerosis

The effect of Baclofen on the retardation of mild steel corrosion was examined by employing the weight loss, electrochemical techniques and theoretical calculations. Investigations depicted the inc...

The objective of this no interventional, 7 months observational study was to analyze the prevalence of cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in cancer patient populations who were receiving chemotherapy and those who were not receiving chemotherapy. This was an observational study. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 60 subjects (24 male and 36 females) diagnosed with cancer enrolled for the study, which was further allotted into group A (n=30) which was receiving chemotherapy and group B (n=30) which was not receiving chemotherapy. The data collection was performed by administering the validated Fatigue symptoms Inventory (FSI) scale after obtaining the informed consent. The mean age of Group A and B is 49 years and Group B 51 years, respectively. The mean FSI score of the group receiving chemotherapy was 35.70±17.14, whereas the mean FSI score of a group not receiving chemotherapy was 19.50±16.05. An Independent t-test was applied and the independent t value came out to be 2.18. An equal variance t-test reveals, statistically indicating a significant difference in FSI scores in groups receiving chemotherapy and not receiving chemotherapy (p=0.042). From the results, we concluded that Cancer-related fatigue is highly prevalent in patients who are receiving chemotherapy than those who are not receiving chemotherapy. The underlying causes of CRF are poorly understood and further research is warranted in order to assess CRF before and after treatment and develop effective, patient-centred management strategies and to improve quality of life.

In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived composites have emanated as a significant class of substantial materials with specific functional characteristics such as flexibility, high porosity, and diverse composition. Specific chemical modifications can also endow MOFs with specific functionality by offering the possibility of manufacturing all new generation of sensing devices. As on comparison with pure MOFs, the mix up of MOFs with matrix materials(e.g., metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, molecular species, enzymes, silica, and polymers) or functional species not only exhibits enhanced properties, but also widens its applications to modern field of heterogeneous catalysis, gas separation, potential hydrogen storage material and many others due to its high adsorption nature and excellent reversibility kinetics as in result reveals its various undefined attributes, such as reproducible syntheses, amenability to scale-up and chemical modification due to interactions of the functional matrix or species with the MOFs structures.

Introduction: COVID-19 is a newly discovered infectious disease caused by a virus named ‘coronavirus’. To control the rapid spread of the virus, Indian government announced lockdown in whole country. The lockdown has largely affected the lives of students because education was shifted from traditional classroom learning to online learning. After COVID 19 pandemic the online teaching-learning has become more prevalent in India, it becomes particularly important to know its effectiveness and to know whether it’s actually helping the students to achieve what they expect. Aim: The present study was designed to understand the effectiveness, student’s perspective, attitudes and readiness about online classes being conducted at the University level. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive study was conducted with a total sample size of 400. Students studying in four different universities were included in the study. The data was collected using a Questionnaire. A semi structured, self-administered questionnaire was prepared on Google Forms with open and close ended questionnaire and was circulated among university going students via WhatsApp and e-mail. The data was tabulated by Google spreadsheet. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: Out of 400 students, who participated in the study, 55.25% students liked and 44.75% disliked online teaching during the lockdown period. However, 90.5% said that classroom was an effective platform for learning in comparison to online learning. Total of 6.5% subjects were completely satisfied, 24.5% somewhat satisfied and 8.25% were completely unsatisfied with online learning experience. A 44.75% student also felt difficult to spend several hours on mobile or computer. Conclusion: After analysing the results, it was concluded that the students liked the online classes but are not interested in continuing the same way after the lockdown. They felt that classroom teaching was more effective than online learning due to issues related to topic understanding, net connectivity, and lack of practical and/or demonstrations. Hence, certain improvements must be made to increase its acceptability amongst students.

Quantum chemical analysis of some Thiazole derivatives, namely (2-Chlorobenzothiazole; 5-acetyl-2,4dimethylthiazole; 2-Chlorobenzothiazole; Phthalylsulfathaizole; 2,4,5 Trimethyl thiazole) was performed by using Gaussian 9 software with semi-empirical calculation method such as density functional theory (DFT) and the basis sets used were the DFT/B3LYP methods using 6-311G (d, p). Various quantum chemical parameters such as electronic density, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, and the energy difference between highest and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (ELUMO-EHOMO), etc. were calculated. High EHOMO values suggests that the molecule can contribute the electrons towards bond formation; however, the lower values of ELUMO indicate that the molecule can easily accept the electrons. Besides that, the low value of the energy bandgap (ΔE) confirms the excellent inhibition efficiencies of the derivatives. Furthermore, by using these frontier orbital energies, different parameters like ionization energy, electron affinity, global hardness, electronegativity were also calculated. In this article, a theoretical study was performed only to determine the correlation between various parameters related to the electronic structure of Thiazole derivatives and their competence to mitigate the corrosion process.

Over the past decade, green chemistry has been emphasizing the importance of environmental sustainability and human health, aiming to minimize toxins and reducing wastes in an economically beneficial manner. The field of metallic materials deterioration, generally faced by the utilization of toxic compounds, discovered a promising research field in green chemistry. The application of inhibitors is a well-known strategy when metal corrosion needs to be avoided, prevented, controlled or mitigate. Green inhibitors are readily available, biodegradable, ecologically acceptable, sustainable and renewable sources. Their esteem broadens the numerous ranges of potential applications in various sectors besides “waste to energy” in the context of a circular economy. Extensive research on various biomass wastes such as corn stalks, nutshells, straw, forestry residue and plant waste-derived inhibitors tremendously has been utilized in corrosion mitigation in different industries to sustain the environment. All the mentioned aspects are the topic of this current review, which is meant as constructive criticism to spotlight the use of biomass waste as efficient green inhibitors in order to re-evaluate their viability and debate prospective research in the field, which is still lacking justification. As a result, this article aims to solve two current problems; waste and corrosion which will benefit both the environment and industry.

Ionic liquids are compounds that consist entirely of ions. Since the last decade, ionic liquids have evolved as effective corrosion inhibitors. Ionic liquids are extensively used as potent corrosion inhibitors against metals and alloys because of their high solubility, low toxicity, low melting point, high polarity, and very high stability to thermal and chemical processes. This review would focus on the excellent inhibition properties of imidazolium-based ionic liquids, as well as the different factors that affect the inhibition efficacy of these compounds, such as the effect of chain length, molecular surface area, and position of substituents attached to the imidazolium ring, and so on. This article discusses the recently analyzed imidazolium-based ionic liquids and their inhibition mechanisms as studied by employing several techniques such as Potentiodynamic polarization, Weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Density functional theory (DFT) studies, Molecular dynamics simulations and so on.

Introduction: Prolonged use of microscope can result in discomfort and injuries which may lead to functional disability. Aim: To determine the prevalence of functional disability due to neck pain and back pain among microscope users. Materials and Methods: This study was survey; conducted at Punjabi university, Patiala, Punjab, India. Total 100 microscope users of both genders, age; 19 to 40 years from different departments were included in the study. The prevalence of neck pain and back pain was evaluated with the use of an interview questionnaire. Furthermore, the functional disability related to neck pain and back pain was assessed by the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Oswestry low back pain and Disability Index (ODI). Results: The prevalence of neck pain and back pain was 46% and 24% respectively. The subjects who were at the age of 21-30 years were highly affected with neck and back pain. Around 50.0% subjects of back pain and 50% of neck pain had mild disability, 18.2% of back pain and 81.8% of neck pain had moderate disability, 36.4% subjects of back pain and 63.6% of neck pain had indicates severe disability and 13 subjects of back pain and 25 of neck pain indicates complete disability on NDI and ODI. Conclusion: A higher risk of neck pain and low back pain among microscope users predisposes this occupation at high risk of developing spine injuries which needs further consideration like knowledge of ergonomics, appropriate body position while working, selection of good chair and break time, etc.

This analysis includes studies targeting different compounds as inhibitors to corrosion for different metals in different solutions. The article tries to include various types of organic compounds like Drug molecules, Plant extracts, and oils, surfactants, ionic liquids which had already been there in the literature. A brief about research methodology along with a literature review is also mentioned so the information will be beneficial to readers. The Experimental section includes the most frequently used techniques like weight loss, Electrochemical Impedance Study, Thermodynamic parameters, Adsorption isotherms. It was very much clear from the literature that due to the presence of heteroatoms and π electron cloud in conjugation, the inhibition efficiency of organic compounds came out to be exceptionally good.

In this study, we explored the effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos (AM) on hepatic carbohydrate metabolism and insulin downstream signalling in rats given fructose (15%) in drinking water from weaning to adulthood. Wistar albino rats (4 weeks old) were randomly divided into normal control (NC), fructose control (FC), and treatment (AMT) groups and were fed for a period of 8 weeks the following diets: chow + water, chow + fructose (15%), and chow + fructose (15%) + AM (500 mg/kg per day, p.o.), respectively. Compared with the NC group, the FC group was found to have significantly (p < 0.05) raised levels of fasting blood glucose, lipid, visceral mass, plasma insulin and leptin, glycogen, and gluconeogenesis enzyme but decreased glycolytic enzyme activity. Raised levels of glucose transporter 2 protein but decreased activity of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) and Janus kinase – signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK–STAT3) in hepatic tissue indicate a state of insulin and leptin resistance in the FC group. A significant (p < 0.05) lowering of physical and glycemic parameters, strengthening of the hepatic glycolytic pathway over the gluconeogenic pathway, and upregulation of the PI3K/Akt and JAK–STAT3 pathways was observed in the AMT group, as compared with the FC group. For the first time, the mechanism underlying the development of insulin resistance syndrome is delineated here, along with the potential of A. marmelos to impede it.

Background Accidental autoclaving of L-glutamine was found to facilitate the Agrobacterium infection of a non host plant like tea in an earlier study. In the present communication, we elucidate the structural changes in L-glutamine due to autoclaving and also confirm the role of heat transformed L-glutamine in Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of host/non host plants. Results When autoclaved at 121°C and 15 psi for 20 or 40 min, L-glutamine was structurally modified into 5-oxo proline and 3-amino glutarimide (α-amino glutarimide), respectively. Of the two autoclaved products, only α-amino glutarimide facilitated Agrobacterium infection of a number of resistant to susceptible plants. However, the compound did not have any vir gene inducing property. Conclusions We report a one pot autoclave process for the synthesis of 5-oxo proline and α-amino glutarimide from L-glutamine. Xenobiotic detoxifying property of α-amino glutarimide is also proposed.