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With the outstanding growth of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, security and power efficiency of integrated circuits can no longer be overlooked. Current approved standards for cryptographic algorithms are not suitable for constrained environments. In this context, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) started a lightweight cryptography (LWC) competition to develop new algorithm standards that can be fit into small devices. In 2023, NIST has decided to standardize the Ascon family for LWC. This algorithm has been designed to be more resilient to side-channel and fault-based analysis. Nonetheless, hardware implementations of Ascon have been broken by multiple statistical fault analysis and power analysis. These attacks have underlined the necessity to develop adapted countermeasures to side-channel and perturbation-based attacks. However, existing countermeasures are power and area consuming. In this article, we propose a new countermeasure for the Ascon cipher that does not significantly increase the area and power consumption. Our architecture relies on the nonvolatile feature of the Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) that is the single element of the emerging Magnetic Random Access Memories (MRAM). The proposed circuit removes the bias exploited by statistical attacks. In addition, we have duplicated and complemented the permutation of Ascon to enhance the power analysis robustness of the circuit. Besides the security aspect, our circuit can save current manipulated data, ensuring energy saving from 11% to 32.5% in case of power failure. The area overhead, compared to an unprotected circuit, is × 2.43 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages clear infections by engulfing and digesting pathogens within phagolysosomes. Pathogens escape this fate by engaging in a molecular arms race; they use WxxxE motif-containing "effector" proteins to subvert the host cells they invade and seek refuge within protective vacuoles. Here, we define the host component of the molecular arms race as an evolutionarily conserved polar "hot spot" on the PH domain of ELMO1 (Engulfment and Cell Motility protein 1), which is targeted by diverse WxxxE effectors. Using homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that a lysine triad within the "patch" directly binds all WxxxE effectors tested: SifA (Salmonella), IpgB1 and IpgB2 (Shigella), and Map (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli). Using an integrated SifA-host protein-protein interaction network, in silico network perturbation, and functional studies, we show that the major consequences of preventing SifA-ELMO1 interaction are reduced Rac1 activity and microbial invasion. That multiple effectors of diverse structure, function, and sequence bind the same hot spot on ELMO1 suggests that the WxxxE effector(s)-ELMO1 interface is a convergence point of intrusion detection and/or host vulnerability. We conclude that the interface may represent the fault line in coevolved molecular adaptations between pathogens and the host, and its disruption may serve as a therapeutic strategy.

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(1), 229-245 | European Forum Insight of 02 July 2024 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. EU approach to International Investment Law. - ii.1. EU competence over Foreign Direct Investment. - ii.2. Integration of sustainable development into investment agreements. - III. EU-Angola SIFA. - iii.1. History of the agreement. - iii.2. Substantive provisions of the EU-Angola SIFA. - IV. Is the EU-Angola SIFA a step forward towards the promotion of sustainable investments? - iv.1. Differences with other IIAs. - iv.2. An effective way to implement SGDs? - V. Conclusion. | (Abstract) In 2019 the EU Commission launched the ambitious so-called European Green Deal, a set of proposals aimed to revise and update EU legislation and to put in place new initiatives with the goal to ensure that EU policies are in line with climate and SDGs goals. To reach the targets set out by the EU institutions, a crucial role is attributed to private investments, which can mobilize the necessary capital to make feasible the green transition. In this regard, trade agreements are an important driver for sustainable growth both in the EU and in partner countries insofar as they promote private investments in strategic sectors while at the same time they contribute to sustainable development. While the EU Commission has already started to insert trade and sustainable development (TSD) chapters in its trade agreements, another possible path has been identified in the conclusion of new-generation bilateral investment agreements. This Insight examines the recently adopted EU-Angola Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement (EU-Angola SIFA) as the first of this new generation of investment agreements. Specifically, this Insight points out that, while the agreement is not yet in force and it will take several years to gauge whether it successfully serves as a stimulus to attract sustainable investments, it can already be considered a further attempt to balance the necessity to attract private capitals indispensable for the green transition with the preservation of States’ regulatory powers.

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Fault injection attacks are a serious concern for cryptographic hardware. Adversaries may extract sensitive information from the faulty output that is produced by a cryptographic circuit after actively disturbing its computation. Alternatively, the information whether an output would have been faulty, even if it is withheld from being released, may be exploited. The former class of attacks, which requires the collection of faulty outputs, such as Differential Fault Analysis (DFA), then either exploits some knowledge about the position of the injected fault or about its value. The latter class of attacks, which can be applied without ever obtaining faulty outputs, such as Statistical Ineffective Fault Attacks (SIFA), then either exploits a dependency between the effectiveness of the fault injection and the value to be faulted (e.g., an LSB stuck-at-0 only affecting odd numbers), denoted as SIFA-1, or a conditional propagation of a faulted value based on a sensitive intermediate (e.g., multiplication of a faulted value by 0 prevents propagation), denoted as SIFA-2. The aptitude of additive masking schemes, which were designed to prevent side-channel analysis, to also thwart fault attacks is typically assumed to be limited. Common fault models, such as toggle/bit-flip, stuck-at-0 or stuck-at-1 survive the recombination of Boolean shares well enough for generic attacks to succeed. More precisely, injecting a fault into one or multiple Boolean shares often results in the same, or at least a predictable, error appearing in the sensitive variable after recombination. In this work, we show that additive masking in prime-order fields breaks such relationships, causing frequently exploited biases to decrease exponentially in the number of shares. As a result, prime masking offers surprisingly strong protection against generic statistical attacks, which require a dependency between the effectiveness of an injected fault and the secret variable that is manipulated, such as SIFA-1. Operation-dependent statistical attacks, such as SIFA-2 and Fault Template Attacks (FTA), may still be performed against certain prime-field structures, even if they are masked with many shares. Yet, we analyze the corresponding cases and are able to provide specific guidelines on how to avoid vulnerabilities either at the cipher design or implementation level by making informed decisions about the primes, non-linear mappings and masked gadgets used. Since prime-field masking appears to be one of the rare instances of affordable countermeasures that naturally provide sound protection against side-channel analysis and certain fault injection attacks, we believe there is a strong incentive for developing new ciphers to leverage these advantages.

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Fault Injection (FI) attacks, which involve intentionally introducing faults into a system to cause it to behave in an unintended manner, are widely recognized and pose a significant threat to the security of cryptographic primitives implemented in hardware, making fault tolerance an increasingly critical concern. However, protecting cryptographic hardware primitives securely and efficiently, even with wellestablished and documented methods such as redundant computation, can be a timeconsuming, error-prone, and expertise-demanding task. In this research, we present a comprehensive and fully-automated software solution for the Automated Generation of Fault-Resistant Circuits (AGEFA). Our application employs a generic and extensively researched methodology for the secure integration of countermeasures based on Error-Correcting Codes (ECCs) into cryptographic hardware circuits. Our software tool allows designers without hardware security expertise to develop fault-tolerant hardware circuits with pre-defined correction capabilities under a comprehensive fault adversary model. Moreover, our tool applies to masked designs without violating the masking security requirements, in particular to designs generated by the tool AGEMA. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach through experiments on various block ciphers and demonstrate its ability to produce fault-tolerant circuits. Additionally, we assess the security of examples generated by AGEFA against Side-Channel Analysis (SCA) and FI using state-of-the-art leakage and fault evaluation tools.

Copyright of Artuklu Akademi is the property of Artuklu Akademi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The minimal genetic requirements for microbes to survive within multiorganism communities, including host-pathogen interactions, remain poorly understood. Here, we combined targeted gene mutagenesis with phenotype-guided genetic reassembly to identify a cooperative network of SPI-2 T3SS effector genes that are sufficient for Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) to cause disease in a natural host organism. Five SPI-2 effector genes support pathogen survival within the host cell cytoplasm by coordinating bacterial replication with Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) division. Unexpectedly, this minimal genetic repertoire does not support STm systemic infection of mice. In vivo screening revealed a second effector-gene network, encoded by the spv operon, that expands the life cycle of STm from growth in cells to deep-tissue colonization in a murine model of typhoid fever. Comparison between Salmonella infection models suggests how cooperation between effector genes drives tissue tropism in a pathogen group.

Copyright of Motif Academy Journal of Folklore is the property of Motif Yayincilik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is possible to express the individual's journey to the sacred space with the trio of "illness, recovery, return". These three stages contain some extraordinary events and rituals within themselves. Wells located in sacred places, each of which is fed by the life story of a charismatic personality, draws a remarkable image in this context. The reason why the ordinary individual tends to these special places is nothing but the desire to be strong and to survive the difficult tests of life. Like other holy places, the "well" functions as a springboard in the individual's effort to reach the "desired self". Wells, located in the perspective of holy places in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, come to the fore with their aspects that are fed by the narratives and beliefs of charismatic religious figures. Wells are resorted to with the intentions of realizing the desire for a child, facilitating birth, increasing breast milk, treating paralysis and itching, and opening the mind. It is seen that the visits of Sunni, Alevi and Assyrian communities in the region with a focus on "sacred place and well" take place in the axis of similar purposes and rituals. Located in holy places such as mosques, tombs, churches؛ It is used by drinking the water of the wells that refer to the miraculous life stories of religious people such as prophets, saints, sheikhs and eren, or by taking a bath with its water. At the same time, rituals such as lighting candles, stacking stones, and leaving votive objects are also encountered in the wells. The "first case study" is repeated with the well visits made in connection with the holy place and it is hoped to reach healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En ilkel kabilelerden en modern toplumlara kadar insanoğlu bedensel ve ruhsal sıkıntılardan kurtulmak için yaşamış olduğu dönemin şartlarına göre çareler aramakta, şifa bulmak için çeşitli yollara başvurmaktadır. Türk halk geleneğinde de şifa bulmak ümidiyle uygulanagelen birçok yöntem vardır. Bu yöntemlerden bazıları fiziksel olarak bitkilerden elde edilen ilaç benzeri maddelere dayansa da çoğu kutsal bir mekânı ziyaret etme ya da bazı materyallerin manevi etkilerinden medet umma gibi folklorik ögeler içermektedir. Türklerin İslam’ı kabulünden sonra ise bu geleneksel metotlara dualar ve Kuran-ı Kerim’den sureler ilave edilerek aynı gelenekler sürdürülmeye devam etmiştir. Mitolojik altyapıları ile binlerce yıllık bir geçmişe dayanan bu gelenekler günümüzde hala Türk toplumunun büyük bir kesimi tarafından uygulanmaktadır. Özellikle manevi ya da günümüzdeki ismi ile psikolojik rahatsızlıkları olanlar ve modern tıbbın imkanlarının yetersiz kaldığı durumlarda insanlar alternatif bir yol olarak geleneksel metotlara yönelmektedir. Tanıtımını yapmış olduğumuz bu eserde geleneksel şifa yöntemleri fiziksel ve ruhi hastalıklara yönelik uygulamalar olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılarak incelenmektedir.

Mitoloji’nin ne olduğu meselesi, Sosyal bilimlerin ana tartışma konusu olan uçsuz bucaksız bir alandır. Konu ile ilgili farklı alanlardan pek çok ilim adamı çalışmalar yapmıştır. Bazı araştırmacılar mitleri anlamsız bulurken bazıları da içlerinden çıktıkları toplumu tanıma açısından gerekli olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Mitoloji ile tartışılan temel konu ise gerçekliğinin ne kadar olduğudur. Mitler içlerinden çıktıkları toplumları yansıtmaktadır. Bu yönüyle anlamsız hikâyeler olarak görülmesindense kültürel bir olgu olarak incelenmelidir. Çünkü bir toplumu oluşturan temel mihenk taşlarından en önemlisi kültürel boyutudur. Mitoloji daha genel anlamda bir toplumun inanç sistemi, kültürün en önemli koruyucu ve oluşturucularından birisidir. Toplum, inanç sistemi ile hayatını maddi ve manevi anlamda şekillendirir. Bunlar bazen belli cisimleri ya da zamanları, bazen de belli ritüelleri kutsallaştırma şeklinde ortaya çıkabilmektedir. İnsanlar kutsallaştırdıkları her şeye saygı göstermeye başlar ve onun etrafında belli ritüeller geliştirmeye başlarlar. Bazen geliştirilen bu davranış şekilleri o toplumun veya bireyin benimsediği dine uygun olabilmekte ya da bu durumun zıddı olarak da ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Halk inanışları kavram olarak bireysel ve toplumsal olarak kabul edilen dinin dışındaki inanış biçimleridir. Birden fazla sebepten ortaya çıkabilmektedirler. Tarihsel olarak yaşanan bir olay veya tarihte yaşamış önemli bir kişinin eylemi sonucu kullanılan nesne veya kişi vb. Toplum içerisinde halk inanışları denilen davranış biçimlerine bakıldığı zaman mitolojiye yönelik pek çok etkileşim olduğu görülecektir. Tarihte büyük medeniyetler kurmuş toplum ve devletlerden tutun en ilkel toplumlara kadar her toplumda halk inanışları mevcuttur. Günümüzde de gelişmiş olarak kabul edilen devletlerin vatandaşlarından geri kalmış denilen ülkelerin vatandaşlarına kadar her toplumda halk inanışları vardır. Bu da halk inanışlarının kabul edilme oranı faklı olsa bile her eğitim seviyesinden insanların kabul ettiği gerçeğini önümüze koymaktadır. Toplumsal hayatla ilgili olarak bizlere en çok fikir veren ve pratik hayatta sürekli karşımıza çıkan konu ise insan sağlığıdır. İnsan sağlığı halk inanışlarını konusunun en temel ve önemli alanıdır. Çünkü konu ile ilgili uygulamalara bakıldığı zaman maddi ya da manevi anlamdaki sıkıntılar halk bilimi anlamında halk hekimliği ile de çözülmeye çalışılmıştır. Çözüm yolları ise tarihte yaşanılan olaylardan veya inanılan dinin temel hareket noktalarından ve kutsallarından esinlenilerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca eylemleri gerçekleştiren kişilere kutsallık yüklenmiş onların sıra dışı olan bu özellikleri ile insanları sağlık ile ilgili sıkıntılardan kurtardığına inanılmıştır. Kimi zaman ise “ocakcılık” denilen sağlık uygulamalarının büyücülüğe dönüştüğü de görülmektedir. Türk halk inanışları, mitoloji ve şifa kavramları birbirleri ile ayırt edilemez parçalardır. Bu yüzden kavram olarak bahsettiğimiz bu üç kavramın incelenmesin uygun olacaktır. Bu nedenle makalede halk inanışları, mitoloji ve şifa kavramları incelenecek fenomenolojik olarak yorumlanacaktır.

Koronavirüsün pek çok sahada olduğu gibi dinî sahada da etkileri ve sonuçları olmuştur. Bunlardan biri ise Hinduizm ve Hristiyanlık özelinde görülebilecek yeni tanrıçaların doğuşu ve eski bir azize ile kültünün güncellenerek yeniden işlev kazandırılmasıdır. Salgının patlak vermesinden çok kısa bir süre sonra, Hindistan’da Corona Devi ve Corona Mata gibi yeni tanrıçalar ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Tanrıçaları var edenler, bu tanrıçaların, koronavirüs ve salgınla ilgili bazı nesne ve tasvirleri yansıttıkları putlarını dikmeyi, adlarına tapınaklar inşa etmeyi ve hatta bu tapınaklara rahipler tayin etmeyi de ihmal etmemişlerdir. Tarih boyunca çiçek, suçiçeği, veba ve kolera gibi çeşitli salgınlar karşısında korunmak için sürdürüle gelen bu Hinduist gelenek, koronavirüs salgınında da kendine mahsus şekilde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bahsi geçen tanrıçalara tapınan Hindulara göre koronavirüsün cisimleştirilmesinden ibaret olan bu putlara perestişin amacı, virüsün etkilerini hafifletmekti. Dolayısıyla bir tanrıça olarak şekillendirilen bu heykeller, virüsün kendisini temsil eden birer puttan başka bir şey değildi. Ona tapınanlar ise, bizzat kendi ifadelerine göre, onun yani virüsün şerrinden yine ona, yani virüsü temsil eden mezkûr tanrıçalara sığınıyorlardı. Hindistan’da, salgının renkli bir dinî gelenek üzerindeki etkileri arasında belki baş sırada sayılabilecek bu ilginç hadiseler yaşanırken, aynı anda, bambaşka bir coğrafya ve dinî bir iklimde de benzer bir gelişme görülmekteydi. Dünyanın, Hinduizm gibi çok tanrılı bir dine sahip bu doğu köşesindeki yeni doğan söz konusu tanrıçalara mukabil; teslisçi tanrı anlayışının bir sonucu olsa gerek muğlak bir tek tanrı inancına sahip Hristiyan dininin hâkim olduğu Batı köşesinde ise yeni tanrıçalar zuhur etmese de, dinin kendi teolojik yapısına uygun olarak ilahi güçler atfedilen eski bir azize yeniden hatırlanıyordu. Bu gelişme, aslında ilgili dindeki kökleri çok eskilere dayanan azizler kültünün modern bir yansımasını gösteren, güncel bir fenomen haline gelmiştir. Tarihleri boyunca Hristiyanlar da Hindular gibi salgın hastalık dönemlerinde salgından korunmak ya da kurtulmak için müracaat edebilecekleri ilahi olmakla birlikte somut merciler aramış ve bu mercileri azizlerde bulmuşlardır. Zira şifa söz konusu olduğunda dinin kendisi kadar eski bir gelenek ve pratikler silsilesi mevcuttur. İsa Mesih’ten havarilere ve onlardan da azizlere intikal ettiğine inanılan özel bir yetenek kapsamında değerlendirilen şifa, pek çok defa tıbbi değil dinî pratiklerden ve özellikle de mucizelerden beklenen bir netice olmuştur. Bu inançla hareket eden Hristiyanlar, çeşitli salgın zamanlarında, daha önceden aziz ilan edilen bazı kimselere o anki salgından koruyucu oldukları kabulüyle müracaat etmişler ve onlardan şifa yahut koruma beklemişlerdir. Bu köklü inanç ve pratik, çok uzun bir zaman önce yaşadığı kabul edilen ve salgının adaşı olması hasebiyle ilgi uyandıran bir azizeyle, yaşadığımız salgın sırasında da kendini göstermiştir. Bu azize, St. Corona adında, hakkında farklı kaynaklarda farklı detaylar bulunsa da miladi ikinci asırda yaşadığı kabul edilen, kadın bir figürdür. Zaman içinde oduncular, kasaplar, mezar kazıcıları, hazine avcıları, mali sıkıntı çeken ya da bol paraya kavuşmak isteyenler, piyango, kumar ve bahis oyuncuları gibi farklı grupların, onu koruyucu (patron) azize olarak gördüğü ve adı etrafında bir kültün oluştuğu bilinmektedir. Covid-19 salgını ile birlikte, salgına sebep olan virüsle aynı adı taşıması sebebiyle yeniden gündeme gelmiş ve kendisinin ‘zaten’ salgın hastalıklardan koruyucu azize olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Ancak tarihte böyle bir koruyuculuk işlevinin olduğu açık bir şekilde doğrulanamamaktadır. St. Corona, tarihte değilse bile, ‘artık’ salgınlardan ve özellikle de koronavirüs salgınından koruyucu bir azizedir. Bu çalışmada St. Corona’nın salgından koruyucu bir azize haline geliş süreci dijital medyanın verileri üzerinden takip edilecek ve ardından onun tarihî kişiliği tanıtılmaya çalışılacaktır.

Abstract Background Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool in medical imaging, especially in combination with the PET radionuclide fluorine-18 that possesses optimal characteristics. For labelling of biomolecules and low-molecular weight tracers, fluorine-18 can be covalently bound to silicon by either nucleophilic replacements of leaving groups (like ethers) or by isotope exchange of fluorine-19. While nucleophilic substitutions require additional purification steps for the removal of contaminants, isotope exchange with fluorine-18 results in low molar activity. Both challenges can be addressed with a detagging-fluorination of an immobilized silyl ether motif. Results By overcoming the susceptibility towards hydrolysis, optimized detagging conditions (improved reaction time, fluorination reagent, linker, and resin) could afford the highly sterically hindered silyl fluoride motifs, that are commonly applied in radiochemistry in small and semipreparative scales. The described reaction conditions with fluorine-19 are transferrable to conditions with [18F]fluoride and silyl fluorides were obtained after approx. 10 min reaction time and in high-purity after mechanical filtration. Conclusions We present a proof-of-concept study for a detagging-fluorination of two silyl ethers that are bound to an optimized amino alcohol resin. We show with our model substrate that our solid-phase linker combination is capable of yielding the desired silicon fluoride in amounts sufficient for biological studies in animals or humans under standard fluorination conditions that may also be transferred to a radiolabelling setting. In conclusion, our presented approach could optimize the molar activity and simplify the preparation of radiofluorinated silyl fluorides.

ABSTRACT: Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen that not only endangers food safety and human health, but also causes considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. Therefore, it is essential to establish a rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic method for the early detection of Salmonella infection in poultry. In this study, we developed a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of anti-Salmonella antibodies using a recombinant SifA protein. Amino acid sequence comparison revealed that SifA is a relatively conserved secretory protein across Salmonella serotypes. Therefore, we hypothesized that SifA can serve as a detection antigen for diagnostic testing. The SifA protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and used as a coating antigen to establish an SifA-ELISA. Control sera from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with Salmonella or several other non-Salmonella pathogens were then tested using the SifA-ELISA. Specificity testing demonstrated that the SifA-ELISA could detect antibodies against 3 different serotypes of Salmonella, whereas antibodies against other non-Salmonella pathogens could not be detected. Compared to the SifA-ELISA, the Salmonella plate agglutination test (PAT) failed to detect antibodies in serum samples from chickens infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. This result suggests that our SifA-ELISA may be better than PAT at detecting Salmonella infection. Comparing clinical sera, we observed a similar rate of Salmonella positivity between SifA-ELISA and PAT (92.6%). In addition, anti-SifA antibodies were continuously detected during Salmonella infection of SPF chickens, demonstrating that SifA-ELISA could consistently detect high levels of antibodies for at least 8 wk. Furthermore, the intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) of the SifA-ELISA were below 10%, which is considered acceptable. In summary, the SifA-ELISA established here is a promising and reliable method for detection of anti-Salmonella antibodies in poultry and may contribute to the early diagnosis of Salmonella infection.

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increasing use of resource limited devices with less memory, less computing resource and less power supply, motivates the adoption of lightweight cryptography to provide security solution. ASCON is a finalist and GIMLI is a round 2 candidate of NIST lightweight cryptography competition. ASCON is a sponge function based authenticated encryption (AE) scheme suitable for high performance applications. It is suitable for use in environments like Internet of Things (IoT) where large number of very constrained devices communicate with high-end servers. The drawback is that fault analyses like Statistical Ineffective fault attack (SIFA) and Sub-Set Fault Analysis (SSFA) are possible. GIMLI is also a sponge function based AE scheme which is susceptible to SIFA. In this work, we modify ASCON 128a and GIMLI exploiting the pseudo-random properties of Cellular Automata (CA) to prevent these attacks. We analyse and show that these attacks are inapplicable in the reinforced cipher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spiritual Psychology & Counseling is the property of Halil Eksi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Implementation attacks like side-channel and fault attacks pose a considerable threat to cryptographic devices that are physically accessible by an attacker. As a consequence, devices like smart cards implement corresponding countermeasures like redundant computation and masking. Recently, statistical ineffective fault attacks (SIFA) have been shown to be able to circumvent these classical countermeasure techniques. We present a new approach for verifying the SIFA protection of arbitrary masked implementations in both hardware and software. The proposed method uses Boolean dependency analysis, factorization, and known properties of masked computations to show whether the fault detection mechanism of redundant masked circuits can leak information about the processed secret values. We implemented this new method in a tool called Danira, which can show the SIFA resistance of cryptographic implementations like AES S-Boxes within minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the linguistic-rhetorical phenomenon massively present in medieval Arabic poetry, which consists in obliterating a noun to replace it with an epithet. After analysing such a theoretical discourse of the medieval tradition, dealing with this process called ṣifa li-mawṣūf maḥḏūf , the article examines the links that it has with what this same tradition calls abyāt al-maʿānī , those abstruse verses that cannot be understood immediately and require interpretation. Then, with a view to apprehending the specificity of this phenomenon of the obliteration of the noun and accounting for the privilege conferred on it by its remarkable recurrence in poetic discourse, the article attempts to situate it in the more general framework of the ilġāz. To this end, it interrogates some ḫabar s reported by Abū l-Faraǧ al-Iṣfahānī in the Kitāb al-Aġānī (The Book of Songs), which testify to the fact that the obliteration of the noun constitutes a decisive factor among those that allow a line of poetry to be used as a riddle or puzzle, in a kind of game or test in which it is submitted to the knowledge and sagacity of one or more people, in order to test their competence in poetry. The hypothesis guiding this work is the following: the remarkable frequency of the obliteration of the mawṣūf in the medieval Arabic would testify that poetry is conceived as a discourse in which the speaker avoids naming, and avoids mentioning the name of what he is talking about, in order to entrust the mention of it to the addressee (listener or reader). Such is the essentially sibylline dimension of poetic speech. Without always or even often presenting itself as an enigma, this speech is nevertheless structured as an enigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Christians, one of the prominent features of Jesus, besides being the Son of God, is his healing miracles. Reviving the dead, exorcising demons, healing lepers, the paralyzed, the deaf, and the blind are some of the healing miracles that Jesus showed. The miracle of healing has survived to the present day through the apostles and saints after Jesus. Although the Reformed Churches rejected the healing, it was brought back to the agenda by certain groups and names in the 18th and 19th centuries and even became an indispensable element for Pentecostal Churches and African Independent Churches. Especially today, healing stands out as a distinctive feature for many churches established in Africa. Besides the effect of the healing on the missionary activities and the emphasis on the theology of these churches established under the African Independent Churches, some of them were named as healing churches. In this article, after revealing the nature of healing in African Traditional Religions and Mainstream Christianity, the meaning and importance of healing in African Christianity and its unique structure different from other Christian groups are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of Statistical Ineffective Fault Attacks (SIFA) has led to a renewed interest in fault attacks. SIFA requires minimal knowledge of the concrete implementation and is effective even in the presence of common fault or power analysis countermeasures. However, further investigations reveal that undesired and frequent ineffective events, which we refer to as the noise phenomenon, are the bottleneck of SIFA that can considerably diminish its strength. This includes noise associated with the attack’s setup and caused by the countermeasures utilized in the implementation. This research aims to address this significant drawback. We present two novel statistical fault attack variants that are far more successful in dealing with these noisy conditions. The first variant is the Statistical Effective Fault Attack (SEFA), which exploits the non-uniform distribution of intermediate variables in circumstances when the induced faults are effective. The idea behind the second proposed method, dubbed Statistical Hybrid Fault Attacks (SHFA), is to take advantage of the biased distributions of both effective and ineffective cases simultaneously. Our experimental results in various case studies, including noise-free and noisy setups, back up our reasoning that SEFA surpasses SIFA in several instances and that SHFA outperforms both or is at least as efficient as the best of them. For example, in the case of a 4-bits random-AND fault injected into the AES with a 35% missed fault rate, utilizing SEFA reduces the number of needed ciphertexts by 50%. In the same case study, SHFA can yield 10% and 55% reductions compared to SEFA and SIFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool in medical imaging, especially in combination with the PET radionuclide fluorine-18 that possesses optimal characteristics. For labelling of biomolecules and low-molecular weight tracers, fluorine-18 can be covalently bound to silicon by either nucleophilic replacements of leaving groups (like ethers) or by isotope exchange of fluorine-19. While nucleophilic substitutions require additional purification steps for the removal of contaminants, isotope exchange with fluorine-18 results in low molar activity. Both challenges can be addressed with a detagging-fluorination of an immobilized silyl ether motif. Results: By overcoming the susceptibility towards hydrolysis, optimized detagging conditions (improved reaction time, fluorination reagent, linker, and resin) could afford the highly sterically hindered silyl fluoride motifs, that are commonly applied in radiochemistry in small and semipreparative scales. The described reaction conditions with fluorine-19 are transferrable to conditions with [18F]fluoride and silyl fluorides were obtained after approx. 10 min reaction time and in high-purity after mechanical filtration. Conclusions: We present a proof-of-concept study for a detagging-fluorination of two silyl ethers that are bound to an optimized amino alcohol resin. We show with our model substrate that our solid-phase linker combination is capable of yielding the desired silicon fluoride in amounts sufficient for biological studies in animals or humans under standard fluorination conditions that may also be transferred to a radiolabelling setting. In conclusion, our presented approach could optimize the molar activity and simplify the preparation of radiofluorinated silyl fluorides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hz. Peygamber’in insanlara yaklaşımında en dikkat çekici özellikler- den biri muhatapların psikolojik ve sosyolojik özelliklerini dikkate alarak onları irşat etmesidir. Örneğin Hz. Peygamber kendisinden tavsiye isteyen bir kimse için, “Öfkelenme!” derken başka bir kimse için, “Ebeveyne iyilik yap,” başka kimse için, “Vaktinde namaz kıl,” tavsiyesi yapabilmektedir. Bu durum Hz. Peygamber’in muhatabın durumunu çok iyi tahlil ettiğini ve herkese ihtiyacı olan manevi şifa ve desteği verdiğini göstermektedir. Hz. Peygamber’in bu yaklaşımı Kur’an’ı Kerim’in yirmi üç yılda insanla- rın durumlarını dikkate alarak tedricî olarak inmesi metoduna uygundur. Günümüzde insanlara yapılacak manevi rehberlik, irşat, danışmanlık ve manevi destek gibi hizmetlerde muhatapların psikolojik durumlarının tespit edilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu tespit yapıldıktan sonra onlar için en uygun âyet ve hadisleri seçmek manevi destek uygulamasında etkili olacaktır. Bu bağlamda fiziksel ve ruhsal yönden herhangi bir ra- hatsızlıkla karşılaşan kişilere yönelik Hz. Peygamber’in yaklaşımları gü- nümüz açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada günümüz hastalarının yaşamış oldukları sıkıntılar göz önüne alınarak, hadislerde onlar için nakledilen teselliler ve manevi destekler tespit edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kalemname is the property of Kalemname and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kalemname is the property of Kalemname and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Current state-of-the-art countermeasures against Fault Injection Attacks (FIA) provide good protection against analysis methods that require the differences in the correct and faulty ciphertext to derive the secret information, such as Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) or collision fault analysis. However, recent progress in Ineffective Fault Analysis (IFA) and Statistical IFA (SIFA) constitutes a real threat against cryptographic implementations. Such methods cannot be thwarted by standard FIA countermeasures that focus on detecting the change in the intermediate data. In this brief, we present a novel method based on error correcting codes that protects implementations against SIFA. We design a set of universal error-correcting gates that can be used for block cipher implementations. We analyze a hardware implementation of protected GIFT-64 and show that our method provides 100% protection against SIFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical Ineffective Fault Attacks (SIFA) pose a threat for many practical implementations of symmetric primitives. Countermeasures against both power analysis and fault attacks typically do not prevent straightforward SIFA attacks, which require only very limited knowledge about the concrete implementation. Therefore, the exploration of countermeasures against SIFA that do not rely on protocols or physical protection mechanisms is of great interest. In this paper, we describe different countermeasure strategies against SIFA. First, we introduce an abstraction layer between the algorithmic specification of a cipher and its implementation in hardware or software to study and describe resistance against SIFA. We then show that by basing the masked implementation on permutations as building blocks, we can build circuits that withstand single-fault SIFA and DPA attacks. We show how this approach can be applied to 3-bit, 4-bit, and 5-bit S-boxes and the AES S-box. Additionally, we present a strategy based on fine-grained fault detection suitable for protecting any circuit against SIFA attacks. Although this approach may lead to a higher implementation cost due to the fine-grained detection needed, it can be used to protect arbitrary circuits and can be generalized to cover multi-fault SIFA. For single-fault SIFA protection, our countermeasures only have a small computational overhead compared to a simple combination of masking and duplication.

[18F]SiTATE (formerly known as [18F]SiFA lin -TATE) was recently introduced as a highly promising imaging agent for the diagnosis of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NET) using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). A high tumor uptake and excellent image quality, the straightforward labeling approach, as well as the economic and logistic advantages of 18F- over 68Ga-labeled compounds predestinate [18F]SiTATE to become a potential new clinical reference standard. A novel state-of-the-art methodology of automated radiopharmaceutical production is required to establish [18F]SiTATE in clinical routine. This work illustrates the development of a novel synthesis procedure of [18F]SiTATE on an automated synthesis unit (ASU) and the clinical applicability of the tracer in human NET imaging. A new synthesis protocol was generated for the production of [18F]SiTATE on the Scintomics GRP™ platform for clinical NET imaging. The synthesis was carried out according to common Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines including all quality control measurements. To confirm utility, clinical batches (n = 3) were produced and applied to six patients diagnosed with NET. [18F]SiTATE was obtained in 54 ± 4% (n = 3) non-decay corrected radiochemical yield (RCY), with a radiochemical purity of 96.3 ± 0.1% and a molar activity (A m) of 472 ± 45 GBq/μmol (n = 3). Quality control measurements always met the local release criteria. All specifications were taken or adapted from the Ph.Eur. regulations. PET/CT imaging with [18F]SiTATE produced on the GRP™ module confirmed the expected high image quality. The in vivo distribution pattern and excellent tumor to non-tumor contrast observed, matched the quality of the manually prepared [18F]SiTATE batches. The automated manufacture of [18F]SiTATE was developed using the Scintomics GRP™ platform. The high quality of the radiotracer matched stringent quality control requirements adhering to common GMP guidelines, and its clinical applicability was confirmed by human PET/CT investigations. The automated process for the manufacture of [18F]SiTATE described herein represents an important contribution to make [18F]SiTATE routinely accessible for its use in clinical NET diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (Ripk3) is a signal relay protein involved in initiation of programmed cell death (necroptosis) and modulation of inflammasome activation. While caspase 1 and 11 are pro-inflammatory caspases responsible for unleashing inflammation and cell death by enzymatic activation of the executioners of inflammation and cell death (pyroptosis). Upon Salmonella infection, the host mounts a pro-inflammatory response which require Ripk3 and Caspase1/11. Here we show that bone marrow derived macrophages with combined deficiency of Ripk3 and Casp1/11 are highly resistant to Salmonella induced cell death, and that these macrophages show an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile. We confirm what was previously known that mice deficient in Casp1/11 have impaired ability to control Salmonella burden, and that the absence of Ripk3 alone does not influence the innate immune responses to Salmonella infection. However, we describe a synergistic role of Ripk3 and Casp1/11 in regulating Salmonella in vivo burden and that Ripk3-dependent host protection in the absence of Casp1/11 is evident during infection by sifA -expressing Salmonella. In summary, we show that the Ripk3 protection to Salmonella infection is obscured by presence of Caspase 1/11 and that the Ripk3-dependent protection requires a phagosome-bound Salmonella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorine-18 ( 18 F) is undoubtedly one of the most frequently applied radionuclides for the development of new radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) in the context of clinical cancer, neurological, and metabolic imaging. Until recently, the available radiochemical methodologies to introduce 18 F into organic molecules ranging from small- to medium- and large-sized compounds were limited to a few applicable protocols. With the advent of late-stage fluorination of small aromatic, nonactivated compounds and various noncanonical labeling strategies geared toward the labeling of peptides and proteins, the molecular toolbox for PET radiotracer development was substantially extended. Especially, the noncanonical labeling methodologies characterized by the formation of Si- 18 F, B- 18 F, and Al- 18 F bonds give access to kit-like 18 F-labeling of complex and side-group unprotected compounds, some of them already in clinical use. This chapter will particularly focus on silicon-fluoride acceptor (SiFA) chemistry and cover the history of its conceptual design and its translation into the clinical practice., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

In recent years, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) has emerged as an important target for the diagnosis and therapy of various tumors due to its high expression on the cell surface of cancer-associated fibroblasts, which are the major components of the tumor stroma. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated 18 F-labeled FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) for FAP imaging. Two silicon fluoride acceptor (SiFA)-conjugated FAPIs were synthesized: one containing a γ-carboxy-l-glutamic acid (Gla) residue ( 1 ) and another containing two Gla residues ( 2 ). Both ligands exhibited high binding affinities for FAP. 18 F/ 19 F exchange reactions on both ligands were performed in the presence of 2% water. This resulted in the formation of radioligands [ 18 F] 1 and [ 18 F] 2 in high radiochemical yields. Radioligand [ 18 F] 2 , with a more favorable partition coefficient, was selected for the U87MG cell binding study, and the results showed FAP-specific binding of the radioligand to the cells. An ex vivo biodistribution study in U87MG tumor-bearing mice 60 min after injection demonstrated a 5.8-fold higher tumor accumulation of [ 18 F] 2 than that of [ 18 F] 1 . Furthermore, PET and ex vivo biodistribution studies of [ 18 F] 2 in U87MG tumor-bearing mice showed high and persistent tumor uptake over time, which was significantly blocked by the preinjection of FAPI-04. Our results indicate that [ 18 F]SiFA-(Gla) 2 -conjugated FAPI ([ 18 F] 2 ) has the potential for FAP imaging.

Copyright of Religious Studies / Dini Araştırmalar is the property of Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi Yayinlari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the seminal work of Boneh et al., the threat of fault attacks has been widely known and techniques for fault attacks and countermeasures have been studied extensively. The vast majority of the literature on fault attacks focuses on the ability of fault attacks to change an intermediate value to a faulty one, such as differential fault analysis (DFA), collision fault analysis, statistical fault attack (SFA), fault sensitivity analysis, or differential fault intensity analysis (DFIA). The other aspect of faults—that faults can be induced and do not change a value—has been researched far less. In case of symmetric ciphers, ineffective fault attacks (IFA) exploit this aspect. However, IFA relies on the ability of an attacker to reliably induce reproducible deterministic faults like stuck-at faults on parts of small values (e.g., one bit or byte), which is often considered to be impracticable. As a consequence, most countermeasures against fault attacks do not focus on such attacks, but on attacks exploiting changes of intermediate values and usually try to detect such a change (detection-based), or to destroy the exploitable information if a fault happens (infective countermeasures). Such countermeasures implicitly assume that the release of “fault-free” ciphertexts in the presence of a fault-inducing attacker does not reveal any exploitable information. In this work, we show that this assumption is not valid and we present novel fault attacks that work in the presence of detection-based and infective countermeasures. The attacks exploit the fact that intermediate values leading to “fault-free” ciphertexts show a non-uniform distribution, while they should be distributed uniformly. The presented attacks are entirely practical and are demonstrated to work for software implementations of AES and for a hardware co-processor. These practical attacks rely on fault induction by means of clock glitches and hence, are achieved using only low-cost equipment. This is feasible because our attack is very robust under noisy fault induction attempts and does not require the attacker to model or profile the exact fault effect. We target two types of countermeasures as examples: simple time redundancy with comparison and several infective countermeasures. However, our attacks can be applied to a wider range of countermeasures and are not restricted to these two countermeasures.

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Institute / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Bingol University / Rectorate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)