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Background Propolis has become one of the most preferred supplements due to its beneficial biological properties. Organic (water and vegetable oils) and chemical (ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol, and glycerol) solvents are used for propolis extraction. However, the effects of these chemicals on health should be taken into account. Objectives In this study, the effects of propolis extracts on health were evaluated. Methods 32 pregnant Wistar albino rats and 64 neonatal/young adults were given three different extractions of propolis (propylene glycol, water, and olive oil). Histopathological analyses were performed on the liver and brain, and blood samples were taken from the hearts of rats. Results Histopathological scoring showed that the intensity of pycnotic hepatocyte, sinusoidal dilatation, and bleeding was high in liver samples of pregnant and baby rats given propylene glycol extract of propolis (p Conclusion Histopathological changes and biochemical alterations may indicate that propylene glycol extracts of propolis are more toxic than olive oil and water extracts. Therefore, olive oil and water extracts of propolis are more reliable than propylene glycol extract in pregnant and infant rats.

Bee bread (BB) is a bee product like propolis and honey. It is the main food for larvae and bees producing royal jelly in the hive. It also known as Perga. As with other bee products, it is increasingly popular due to its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of BB on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and the effects on these cells when administered together with Doxorubicin (DOX) and Cisplatin (CDDP), used in cancer treatment. The proliferation of the cells was determined by applying 5 mg/mL BB together with different concentrations of DOX and CDDP. In addition to these studies, the effect of DOX+BB and CDDP+BB combinations on the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells was determined by the wound healing method. The expression levels of Bid and Bcl-2 were determined by RtqPCR. According to these studies, as expected, BB did not show a significant toxic effect on MDA-MB-231 cells at different concentrations. BB significantly suppressed the effect of DOX and CDDP on the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. BB with DOX and CDDP suppressed the proapoptotic Bid gene while overexpressing the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene, separately. Interestingly, BB blocked the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells by 50% even after 72 h. As a result, BB significantly reduced the toxicity of DOX and CDDP on MDA-MB-231 cells. The most interesting result of the study is that BB prevented the migration of cancer cells.

Sepsis is a systemic infectious disease that leads to shock, organ failure, and death and requires urgent treatment. Animal model studies of sepsis and endotoxemia have revealed that antioxidant compounds prevent the progression of multi-system organ failure and reduce death rate. In the present study aimed to establish the effect of propolis, which has been proven to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in recent years, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced renal damage. 40 Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided into five equal groups (n = 8): Control (0.9% NaCl), LPS (30 mg/kg), propolis (250 mg/kg), propolis + LPS, and LPS + propolis. After completion of the experimental protocol, Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using blood serum samples obtained from the rats. The kidney samples of the rats were examined histopathologically. As a result, it was determined that LPS increased MDA levels in the blood serum samples and it caused histological changes in the kidney tissue such as tubular damage, mild ischemic injury, ischemic damage in the form of vacuolization, tubular epithelial vacuolization, vascular congestion, and glomerular atrophy. Contrary to these results, MDA levels of serum decreased in the propolis + LPS, and LPS + propolis groups, and also histological findings improved. These results showed that protective effect of propolis against kidney damage caused by LPS.

Aims In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of apilarnil on kidney damage in the sepsis model induced by LPS. Main methods 64 Sprague Dawley adult male rats were randomly divided into eight groups; control group, groups in which 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g/kg/bw apilarnil (API) was applied by oral gavage method for 10 days, LPS group in which 30 mg/kg/bw lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered as intraperitoneally, groups in which LPS + 0.2, LPS+ 0.4 and LPS +0,8 API was applied. Six hour after the last administration the rats were anesthetized for euthanasia and kidney tissues were removed for RT-PCR analysis, immunohistochemical analysis and histopathologic analysis. Key finding According to the results of RT-PCR expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, NF-κB, TNF-α and TLR4 were significantly reduced in the LPS + 0,8 API group. Immunoreactivity of TLR4, pNF-κB and TNF-α levels in the LPS + 0.8 apilarnil group were significantly lower than in the LPS and LPS + 0.2 apilarnil groups. Histologically, compared to the LPS group the glomerular damage score tended to decrease in the LPS + 0,4 API and LPS+ 0,8 API groups, while the tubulointerstitial injury score decreased especially in the LPS + 0,8 API group. Significance In the present study, 0,8 g/kg dose of apilarnil promoted potential renoprotective effects which were achieved, at least in part, by the modulation of important markers of the local immune response in the model of LPS-induced sepsis.

The purpose of this study is to histologically and immunohistochemically determine the changes created by grayanotoxin-III (GTX-III), which is a sodium channel neurotoxin, on heart tissues in different dosages. Rats were randomly divided into 10 groups to determine the acute and chronic effects of GTX-III. While the rats in groups 1 and 6 were control rats, the rats in groups 2-5 (1, 2, 4, and 8 mu g/kg bw GTX-III) received a single dose of intraperitoneal GTX-III, and the rats in groups 7-10 received GTX-III every day for 3 weeks. As a result of the trial, in the heart tissues, histopathological changes were determined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, interleukin-1 (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were determined by the avidin-biotin peroxidase method, and apoptosis was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining method. In the immunohistochemistry sense, while the BNP level in the AGTX-III groups did not vary significantly, an increase in dosage significantly increased the IL-6, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha levels in comparison to the control groups. In their comparison to the control groups, the BNP levels increase and the IL-6 and IL-1 beta levels decreased in the CGTX-III groups. TUNEL analysis revealed that apoptosis increased in both the acute and chronic groups.

The effectiveness of parasitoids as organism for biological control is at times limited by food sources. Most of parasitoids rely on carbohydrate foods to enhance their longevity and reproductive capacity. Honey is the miraculous product of honey bees and is naturally delicious. A preliminary study was conducted on the use of different kinds of honey as food sources for the Trichogramma species. The value of honey as a food source for Trichogramma was evaluated by testing the influence of several honey diets on parasitism and longevity in the laboratory. The most commonly available honey is made from a variety of flowers, pine, citrus, chestnut, sunflower, and cotton. Trichogramma females fed on chestnut and sunflower honey parasitized relatively more than when fed on citrus honey. Trichogramma females fed on flower, sunflower, and citrus honey survived drastically longer than females fed on chestnut and pine honey. These results showed that supplying sugar, sunflower, and flower honey to Trichogramma resulted in greater longevity and total fecundity. Overall, feeding Trichogramma females on different kinds of honey had a negligible effect on parasitization but did certainly affect longevity. Of the Trichogramma species evaluated, T. brassicae appears to be the most suitable parasitoids regarding high parasitization and longer life span.

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant, antiradical and antipyretic effects and the total phenolic content of poplar-type olive oil extract of propolis (OOEP). As a result of the analysis of olive oil extract of propolis with HPLC, it was determined that the main phenolic compounds were caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), dimethoxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillin. Propolis was extracted with cold-pressed virgin olive oil at different concentrations (control, 10, 20, 30 and 40%). The total phenolic content of these extracts was determined by Folin Ciocalteu, antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum, and antiradical activity by DPPH methods. It was determined that as the propolis concentration increased, total phenolic content, antioxidant, and antiradical activity also increased. The olive oil extract of propolis showed antipyretic effect in Wistar albino rats in which hyperthermia was induced by yeast. As a result, it is suggested that olive oil extract of propolis has antioxidant, antiradical and antipyretic effects; and it may be a healthier alternative to alcoholic extracts.

Obesity is a major health problem threatening humanity in medical, social and psychological dimensions. In this study, we aimed to determine the histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical effects of bee bread, added to diets of obese rats in different doses, on leptin and ghrelin expression. In the study, 40 female Sprague‒Dawley (200‒250 g) rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups and then assigned to control and obesity groups. The obesity group consisted of four subgroups: high‑fat diet group, 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw groups, and metformin group. Histopathological evaluation revealed structural deterioration and necrotic areas in the epithelium and glands of the obese rats' stomach tissue, while in their serum and gastric tissues, the MDA level was significantly higher than in the other groups. There was a negative correlation between leptin and ghrelin levels. Apoptotic cells increased with obesity, but the application of beebread was similarly effective as metformin administration in reducing this increase (Tab. 5, Fig. 4, Ref. 51). Keywords: bee bread, leptin, ghrelin, stomach, obesity, rat.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of apilarnil on neuronal damage and related mechanisms in a sepsis model in order to demonstrate whether or not apilarnil has neuroprotective effect.In this study, 64 adult male Sprague-Dawley species rats were randomly divided into eight groups. The rats were administered apilarnil and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XOD) and testican-1 levels were measured in the brain tissue. Proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin 1 beta [IL-1β], interleukin 6 [IL-6]) were measured in brain tissue. Histological examinations were performed on hippocampus and cortex tissues in all groups. Apoptotic cell count was estimated using the Tunel method to observe the apilarnil's effect on apoptosis. Purkinje cells were counted in the hippocampus to measure the protective effect of apilarnil on the hippocampus.Apilarnil reduced the decrease in SOD and CAT levels in the brain developing sepsis. Apilarnil reduced the increase in MDA, XOD, and testican-1 levels in the septic brain. It was observed that the number of degenerated neurons due to sepsis decreased as apilarnil dose increased. Apilarnil reduced the elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) induced by sepsis. Apilarnil prevented sepsis-related apoptosis in the brain.The neuroprotective potential of apilarnil against brain damage in the sepsis model was demonstrated and suggested that it has the potential to contribute to new therapeutic targets against various neurological disorders.

Sepsis caused by infection is one of the most important problems of clinical medicine. This study aimed to determine the effect of Apilarnil (API), a bee product, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced liver injury. In the study, 64 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups; control, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 g / kg apilarnil (API) treated groups, LPS (30 mg / kg) group, LPS + 0.2, LPS + 0.4 and LPS + 0.8 g / kg API. At tissues obtained from rats, histopathological evaluation, biochemical analysis by ELISA (Catalase-CAT, malondialdehyde-MDA, superoxide dismutase-SOD, xanthine oxidase-XOD, and testican 1-TCN-1), immunohistochemical evaluation (Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), High Mobility Group Box Protein 1 (HMGB-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Inducible nitric oxide (iNOS)), TUNEL analysis to determine the number of apoptotic cells and Comet test as an indicator of DNA damage were performed. Histopathological examination revealed dilated blood vessels, inflammatory cell infiltration, and pyknotic nuclei damaged hepatocytes in the liver tissues of the LPS group. It was found that tissue damage was decreased significantly in LPS + API treatment groups compared to the LPS group. The number of TUNEL positive cells observed in the LPS group in liver samples increased compared to control and API-treated groups only (p < 0.05). The number of TUNEL positive cells showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the LPS group in the groups treated with LPS + API. LPS treatment increased MDA, XOD, and TCN 1 levels and decreased SOD and CAT levels; this effect was reversed in the groups treated with LPS + API. In the LPS group, DNA damage was significantly increased when compared with the LPS + API. LPS treatment increased expression of TLR4, HMGB-1, NF-kappa B, iNOS, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6; in the groups treated with LPS + API reduced this increase. In conclusion, apilarnil administered in rats may be thought to prevent LPS-induced liver damage by inhibiting the TLR4 / HMGB-1 / NF-kappa B signaling pathway.

Four different crayfish diets; control, El, E2 and E3, respectively containing 0, 1, 2 and 4% propolis, were tested to determine the effects of dietary propolis on the number and size of pleopadal egg, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in the freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus). The crayfish were kept at 9.6 +/- 5.3 degrees C water temperature and fed three times daily during a six month period The pleopodal egg number (from 7 to 9) produced per gram of the bpdy weight and total pleopodal egg number (from 201 to 263) significantly increased (P < 0.05) with the dietary propolis supplementation. However, an increase in the dietary propolis led to a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the pleopodal egg size (from 3.22 mm to 2.76 mm). MDA level significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in the hepatopancreas (from 4.78 to 3.04 nmol/g protein) and ovarium (from 3.52 to 1.98 nmol/g protein) of the crayfish fed with the increased dietary propolis level. On the other hand, an increase in the dietary propolis led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in SOD activities in hepatopancreas (from 21.8 to 41.1 U/g protein) and ovarium (from 16.8 to 26.8 U/g protein). However, CAT activities significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the hepatopancreas (from 23.8 to 18.9 nmol/g protein) and ovarium (from 21.8 to 17.5 nmol/g protein) of the crayfish fed with the increased dietary propolis level. Similarly, an increase in the dietary propolis caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in GSH-Px activities in the hepatopancreas (from 21.8 to 41.1 U/g protein) and ovarium (from 16.8 to 26.8 U/g protein) with the formation of the pleopodal egg. The dietary propolis improves reproductive efficiency in the crayfish and decreases the oxidative stress under controlled hatchery conditions.

Yirmi sekiz yili askin bilimsel bir birikim neticesinde “Bilimsel Gerceklerle Apiterapi” kitabimi saglik profesyonelleri ile bulusturmanin mutlulugunu yasiyorum.Guncel olani, bilimsel cercevede sunarak, eczaci ve hekimlerin zihinlerindeki apiterapi ile ilgili sorulari cevaplayabilme ve detayli bir kaynak olusturabilme dusuncesiyle, son on yila agirlik vermek uzere apiterapi konusunda yapilan bilimsel calismalar derlenmistir. Ingilizce, Rusca, Almanca vd. dillerde binlerce makale ozetlenmis, ari urunlerinin tanimi, fiziksel yapisi ve kimyasal icerigi, biyolojik ve farmakolojik ozellikleri ile olasi risklere yer verilmistir. Bununla birlikte her bolum sonunda verilen urunlerle ilgili kisa ozetler tuketiciler ve aricilar icin de aciklayici niteliktedir.

Obesity is an important public health problem and a risk factor for many chronic diseases, and its prevalence is increasing rapidly. In recent years there has been interest in the impact of nutrients on obesity and this has been addressed as a research topic. Bee bread is a bee product that has recently attracted attention with its macro- and micronutrients and the enzymes and biocomponents it contains. Although there are many studies on the biological properties and effects of bee bread, its effect on obesity with leptin and ghrelin has not been investigated. In this study, 40 Sprague-Dawley adult female rats were separated into 4 groups after they had become obese by having been fed with commercial high-fat food. While the 1st group was the control, the 2nd group was the obese control and bee bread was given to the 3rd and 4th groups (100 and 200 mg/kg bw/day), and in the 5th group metformin (300 mg/kg/day) was provided. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed in hypothalamus tissues, and biochemical analyses were conducted of blood samples and hypothalamus tissues by ELISA methods. The apoptotic cell level was determined by the TUNEL method. The results of the immunohistochemical assessment of the hypothalamus tissues were consistent, and the levels of leptin and ghrelin were inversely correlated in the samples. Biochemical analysis showed that MDA levels increased with obesity whereas differences in SOD, CAT, and XOD levels were not statistically significant. Bee bread improved lipid peroxidation caused by obesity. It was shown that obesity caused apoptotic cell count increase and bee bread decreased it. Bee bread administration (200 mg/kg/day) had positive effects on weight control and other parameters.

LPS tarafından oluşturulan endotokseminin patofizyolojik mekanizmalarının anlaşılmasında ve tedavisinde pek çok strateji geliştirilmesine rağmen, hala yoğun bakım ünitelerinin büyük bir problemidir.Bu çalışmada, endotoksik şok üzerine Apilarnilin koruyucu bir etkisi olup olmadığının, testis dokusunda histopatolojik değerlendirme ve DNA yapısındaki değişimler ortaya konularak belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Çalışma için 64 adet Sprague-Dawleycinsi yetişkin erkek sıçan rastgele seçilerek 8 eşit gruba ayrılmıştır.Testis dokusunda rutin hematoksilen eozin boyaması ile histopatolojik değerlendirme yapılmış, komet testi ile DNA yapısındaki değişiklikler, 6. saatin sonunda kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Histolojik değerlendirme sonucunda artan dozlarda apilarnil uygulanan gruplardan alınan testislere ait kesitlerde kontrol grubu ile benzer şekilde histolojik yapı gösterdiği gözlenirken, LPS ve artan dozlarda apilarnil uygulanan gruplara ait testis dokusunda artan dozla birlikte lümendeki sperm miktarının arttığı görülmektedir. Buna ek olarak, LPS grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında bu gruplara ait seminifer tübüllerdeki hücreler arası bağlantı yerlerinde daha az ayrılmaların olduğu görülmektedir. DNA yapısındaki değişimler değerlendirildiğinde; LPS, uygulanan grupta kuyruk DNA yüzdesinde, kuyruk uzunluğunda ve kuyruk momentinde istatistiksel olarak artışa neden olmuştur. LPS+Apilarnil'in verilmesi DNA hasarında azalmaya neden olmuştur.Apilarnil’in artan dozları DNA yüzdesi ve kuyruk uzunluğunda istatistiksel olarak azalmaya neden olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Apilarnil artan dozlarda uygulanmasının, LPS'nin neden olduğu testiküler hasarı azaltığını ve bu etkinin de apilarnilin antioksidan kapasitesinden kaynaklandığını düşünmekteyiz.

The polyphenol content of propolis has received a lot of attention due to the benign biological properties noted in the chemical composition studies. However, there are very limited studies about other chemical components found in trace amounts in nature which contribute to the therapeutic properties of propolis. The present study, therefore, investigated the amino acid and vitamin composition of propolis. Propolis harvested by 60 colonies of Apis mellifera caucasica belonged to local non-migratory beekeepers. The A. m. caucasica is known for its distinctive propolis collecting capability which native to the secluded Ardahan Province of Turkey. Vitamin (Thiamine, Riboflavin) combinations of propolis were determined using the HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) fluorescent detector. An amino acid analysis was also performed with the UFLC (Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography) system consisting of binary pump and UV/VIS. Our findings record that the vitamin and amino acid content of propolis samples collected from three areas of different altitudes in the same region differed from each other. Vitamin B1 content and Vitamin B2 content ranged between 0.025-0.16 mg/100g, and 0.304-0.777mg/100g, respectively. A maximum amount of amino acid was reported as leucine, while a minimum amount of amino acid was seen as tryptophan in Ardahan propolis. Consequently, the vitamin and amino acid content of propolis, which derived from secondary plant metabolites of resin, varied depending on their geographical altitudes. Those vitamin and amino acids found in the propolis composition are believed to have beneficial therapeutic properties.

Demirtas, Abdullah/0000-0001-9102-5518 WOS: 000455814700030 PubMed: 30426365 Grayanotoxin (GTX)-III is a Na-channel neurotoxin. Grayanotoxins can be found in the nectar, pollen, and other plant parts of the Rhododendron genus plants from the Ericaceae family. It is widely believed that honey produced from these plants, which are concentrated in the Black Sea region, is traditionally characterized as enhancing sexual performance. It is thought that the effective factor is dose for this compound, which has both beneficial and toxic effects reported. Therefore, it is aimed to evaluate the histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical effects of acute and chronic impact of GTX-III in different doses on testes tissue in this study. For this purpose, 100 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 5 separate groups for acute and chronic research. While dose groups were (control, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, ve 0.8g/kg/bw) for experimental groups, a single dose (i.p.) was administered for acute impact whereas the same doses were administered daily for 3weeks to assess chronic effect. At the end of the experiment, Johnsen testicular biopsy scoring was performed on testicular tissue samples, seminiferous tubule diameters were measured, and apoptotic cells were evaluated by TUNEL method. Testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were measured by ELISA method in serum and tissue specimens. It was found that Johnsen score of acute doses was significantly lower than the control group, and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules decreased significantly in acute and chronic dose-administered groups compared to the control. Hemorrhage, epithelial shedding, irregularity in seminiferous epithelium, and vacuolization were observed in acute and chronic dose-administered groups, and increase in apoptotic cells was determined. Hormone levels varied depending on the dose. In conclusion, it was found that dose-dependent acute and chronic effects of GTX-III are different, and this factor should be taken into account in studies to be carried out due to the adverse effects of high doses. Bozok University Project Coordination Application and Research CenterBozok University [6602c-TF/17-60] This work was supported by Bozok University Project Coordination Application and Research Center (6602c-TF/17-60).

Thanks to its rich flora, it is possible to produce various monofloral honey in Turkey and one of these honey is chestnut honey.The purpose of this research was to determine the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of chestnut honey collected from different geographical regions of Turkey. The color, humidity, HMF, diastase number, proline, acidity and electrical conductivity values of honey samples were determined as 82.1 mm, 17.33 %, 23.83 mg/kg, 15.12 diastase number, 754.12 mg/kg, 28.68 meq/kg and 0.93 MS/cm respectively. The fructose, glucose and sucrose content in honey samples were determined as 37.09 %, 30.41 and 0.02 respectively, while ratios of other sugars were changed between 0.02 % and 1.99. The total phenolic content of chestnut honey samples was determined as 154.12 mgGAE/100g with Folin Ciocalteu method, while antiradical activities (DPPH method) were found as 37.65 %. There is a need to investigate the biological activities of chestnut honey which has important production potential in Turkey

The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute biochemical and histological changes in rat kidneys after treatment with grayanotoxin (GTX) of rhododendron honey (RH). A total of 60 Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into five groups of 12 rats each, one being a control group (group 1) and group 2 was treated with 0.015 mg/kg/bw of GTX standard preparation via intraperitoneal injection. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were given RH at doses of 0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 g/kg/bw, respectively, via oral gavage. Compared to the control group, significant increases were observed in glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels of the GTX-injected groups after 1 h. However, in low dose RH group, such an increase was not observed and had a normal appearance histologically. Therefore, low dose (1 g/kg/bw) of RH produces no acute adverse effects on renal functions of rats.

Trichlorfon is among the most commonly used products to treat fish parasites in aquaculture. We investigated the effectiveness of propolis in alleviating the toxicity of trichlorfon on haematological and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in carp Cyprinus carpio. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations (11 and 22 mg l(-1)) of trichlorfon, and propolis (10 mg kg(-1) of fish weight) was simultaneously administered. At the end of 14 d administration, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, gill) samples were collected. Haematological changes (red and white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit level and erythrocyte indices: mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) were determined in the blood samples, while antioxidant parameters (malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities) were evaluated in the liver, kidney and gill samples. Trichlorfon led to negative alterations in the haematological and antioxidant parameters investigated. The administration of propolis alleviated this effect and suggests that fish treated with trichlorfon improve their physiological status when fed a propolis-supplemented diet.

Erciyes University, Research Foundation has supported this research (contract grant number TDK-2012-4162). The authors thank Altiparmak Food. Co. (Istanbul) for their product supports., Purpose: Among products used as ergogenic substances by sportsmen, royal jelly and honey have attracted attention in recent years. This study was carried out to determine the effect of royal-jelly and honey mixture on weight lifting performances and some hormone test of athletes. Material: Randomly selected healthy 29 athletes, aged between 20 and 25 years, were divided into two groups. Placebo (corn starch) was given to the Control Group and 5 grams of royal jelly + 45 grams of honey mixture was given to the experimental group for eight weeks. After one week of weight adjustment workout; maximum weight (bench press, shoulder press, squat, deadlift and arm curl movements) that each athlete can lift was determined and hormones (Free T4, Free T3, Cortisol, Insulin, Total Testosterone and ACHT, TSH, Growth Hormone, Prolocatin, FSH, LH) were examined at pro-exercise, after four weeks of exercise, and after eight weeks of exercise. Results: As a result of the study, a statistical increase in the weights lifted in the bench press, squat, arm curl, deadlifts and shoulder press movements in the second and third measurements with respect to the first measurement was determined within both groups (p0.05), but there was significant difference in free T4 value in 2. measurements of groups (p = 0.030) and between the 2. and 3. measurements in the test group in the variable of insulin hormone (p, Erciyes University, Research Foundation [TDK-2012-4162]

The present study investigated the potential ameliorative effects of propolis against malathion toxicity in the blood and various tissues of carp. The fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of malathion (0.5 and 1 mg/L) for 10 days, and propolis (10 mg/kg of fish weight) was simultaneously administered. Blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and gill) samples were collected at the end of the experiment and analysed to determine the haematological profile (red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit level, and erythrocyte indices: mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration), immune response (white blood cell count, oxidative radical production, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity, total plasma protein and total immunoglobulin levels, and the phagocytic activity), and oxidant/antioxidant status (malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities) of the fish. The findings of this study demonstrate that malathion has a negative effect on the haematological parameters, immune response, and antioxidant enzyme activities of the fish. However, the administration of propolis ameliorated the malathion-induced toxic effects. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In this study, phenolic compounds of Rhododendron honey (also known as mad honey) samples collected from the Black Sea Region were identified using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector system. The major phenolic substances in Rhododendron honeys were found to be chlorogenic and coumaric acids with the amounts of 0.11-191.54 mg/kg and 0-82.83 mg/kg, respectively. Gallic and ferulic acids were detected in the most honey samples. Additionally, significant correlations were determined between the phenolic substances. The present study showed that Rhododendron honeys contained higher quantities of phenolic acids than flavonoids. Chlorogenic and coumaric acids were the dominant phenolic substances detected in honey samples.

The amino acid composition of twenty-five honey samples obtained from different regions of Turkey (rhododendron and honeydew honey) was determined by a liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to characterize and classify the honey samples. In rhododendron honeys, major amino acids were detected as aspartic acid, lysine, and arginine, for honeydew honeys, lysine, arginine, and histidine were found, following the proline. Five principal components (PCs) and four main clusters were obtained from the chemometric analysis that classifies the samples. Five PCs were detected to be explanatory of more than 79% of the total variance in the data matrix. It can be concluded that free amino acids are good indicators for determination of botanical origins and chemometric studies are highly useful for honey characterization.

In recent years, propolis has been the object of extensive research for its antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumoral activities. This study aims to determine the hepatoprotective efficiency of propolis on experimental endotoxemia in rats. In the current study, fifty adult Sprague Dawley rats (weighing 200-300 g) were randomly divided into five groups of ten rats each. Normal saline solution was administered to the rats in the control group, while in the second group LPS (30 mg/kg), in the third group propolis (250 mg/kg), in the fourth group first propolis and then LPS (30 mg/kg), and in the fifth group, first LPS (30 mg/kg) and then propolis were given. Six hours after the application, biochemical (MDA levels) and histopathological changes as well as global DNA methylation analysis in the liver tissue samples were determined, while in the blood tissue samples Genomic Template Stability (GTS, %) was evaluated using RAPD-PCR profiles. The results demonstrated that the administration of propolis could have a protective effect against changes of both genomic stability values and methylation profiles, and it minimized the increase in MDA and tissue damage caused by LPS. In conclusion, the application of propolis prior to LPS-induced endotoxemia has shown to reduce hepatic damage.

In this research, reducing activity of Turkish propolis on patulin production of Penicillium expansum in apple juice was investigated. To compare the antifungal activity of propolis, sodium benzoate was also used as a positive control. Different concentrations of propolis (0.1, 1 and 2 mg/mL) and sodium benzoate (0.35 mg/mL) were added into apple juice after P. expansum inoculation. Apple juice samples were then mixed with propolis, and patulin content was determined in 1st, 24th and 48th hours. High-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode array detector which is a reliable equipment for the determination of patulin in apple juice, were used after clean-up procedure. Considerable patulin reduction was achieved with the addition of propolis in the apple juice. The best result was obtained at 2 mg/mL propolis added group for 48 h incubation. It was concluded that propolis can be used as a natural antifungal agent for P. expansum inhibition instead of chemical preservatives. Practical Applications Propolis is a natural honeybee product, and it is rich in functional bioactive compounds. It can be used to inhibit the patulin-producing microorganism. The inhibitory effect of propolis in the apple juice showed that it is an effective natural inhibitor.

To investigate the effect of royal jelly (RJ) + honey (H) mixture as nutritional ergogenic aids, on hematological parameters in maximum weight training athletes, 29 volunteer male students were divided as 15 students in the placebo group (Group 1) and 14 students in the study group (Group 2). Corn starch (50 g/day) was given to Group 1, and 5 g RJ + 45 g H mixture (50 g/day) was given to Group 2, for 8 weeks. The parameters of erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte were evaluated at the beginning, and at the end of 4 and 8 weeks. The volunteers had maximum weight training (for 2 hours/day, 4 days a week). The groups at each time point revealed a significant difference in Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration, Leukocyte, Neutrophile, and Platelet Distribution Width values at the end of the first month. No significant difference was found in other comparisons (p>0.05). It was concluded that the differences in some hematological parameters could be related to exercise, and the RJ + H mixture that was given did not demonstrate an adequate effect in the administered amounts and duration. Future studies are needed with higher doses and for a longer duration.Read Complete Article at ijSciences: V62017031222 AND DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18483/ijSci.1222

In this study, the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and free radical scavenging activities (FRSA) of 70 samples comprising honeybee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, and propolis) and their mixtures were determined. The TPC was determined in accordance with the Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant activity with phosphomolybdenum, and FRSA with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Honeybee propolis showed the greatest TPC, antioxidant activity, and FRSA followed by pollen, honey, and royal jelly, respectively. A positive correlation was observed between TPC and antioxidant activity of honey, pollen and mixed samples (respectively, r=0.91, r=0.93 and r=0.92) (p < 0.01). Similarly, honey and mixed samples exhibited positive correlations with TPC and FRSA (respectively, r=0.98 and r=0.92) (p < 0.01). It was concluded that honeybee products and their mixtures have antioxidant activity and FRSA and these effects may be attributed to their phenolic content.

Thirty-five honeys were evaluated for total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu method, for potential antioxidant activity using phosphomolibdenum assay and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method for antiradical activity. The antimicrobial activity was studied by the agar diffusion method, using 12 bacteria and 2 yeasts. The means of the total phenolic contents of chestnut, honeydew, multifloral, thyme, and astragalus were 47 +/- 18, 24.2 +/- 0.6, 14 +/- 11, 11 +/- 6, and 9 +/- 7 mg/100 g honey as gallic acid equivalent, respectively. The lowest antioxidant activity was observed in honeydew 70 +/- 5 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g honey while the highest content was observed in astragalus honey 86 +/- 16 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g honey. Correlation between the phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found to be statistically significant. Chestnut honeys (n = 5) exhibited maximum free radical scavenging activity with an average 68 +/- 9%. The honey samples showed the highest antimicrobial activity against some microorganisms, especially Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Proteus mirabilis. On the other side, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, and E. coli were the most resistant microorganisms. The results revealed that the Turkish honeys studied proved to be a good source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents that might serve to protect human health.

Palynological spectrum, proximate and fatty acid (FA) composition of eight bee bread samples of different botanical origins were examined and significant variations were observed. The samples were all identified as monofloral, namely Castanea sativa (94.4 %), Trifolium spp. (85.6 %), Gossypium hirsutum (66.2 %), Citrus spp. (61.4 %) and Helianthus annuus (45.4 %). Each had moisture content between 11.4 and 15.9 %, ash between 1.9 and 2.54 %, fat between 5.9 and 11.5 %, and protein between 14.8 and 24.3 %. A total of 37 FAs were determined with most abundant being (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic, (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic, hexadecanoic, (Z)-octadec-9-enoic, (Z)-icos-11-enoic and octadecanoic acids. Among all, cotton bee bread contained the highest level of omega-3 FAs, i.e. 41.3 %. Unsaturated to saturated FA ratio ranged between 1.38 and 2.39, indicating that the bee bread can be a good source of unsaturated FAs.

Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a by-product of thermal degradation of glucose and fructose. In this study, the effects of high HMF content of honey on biochemical parameters of rats were investigated. Experiments were conducted with 40 Wistar albino male rats, each weighing 250–350 g and covered a period of 5 weeks. The animals were divided into five groups. The first group was served as control group. HMF was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 200 mg/kg rat b.w. to the animals in group 2. Group 3 was fed with honey that contains 10 mg HMF/kg honey. In group 4 and 5, there were honeys that contain significantly high HMF content due to long storage period (181 mg HMF/kg honey) and heat process (140 mg HMF/kg honey). At the end of the feeding process, biochemical blood parameters of rats were investigated. It was observed that there were no differences among the glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, uric acid, Na, GGT, and ALP parameters of the groups. On the other hand, significant differences were observed among the cholesterol, LDL, BUN, creatinine, Ca, P, Mg, K, Cl, total bilirubin, LDH, CPK, AST, ALT, total protein, and pseudocholinesterase values of the rats. The highest adverse effects were obtained from group HMF, and it was followed by groups SH (stored honey) and HH (heated honey). It can be concluded that high HMF content of honey may affect the human health adversely; thus, HMF in honey must be controlled by beekeepers.

Background: Infection can lead to delayed wound healing. Recently it has been shown that propolis which is used in complementary medicine has an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to determine whether propolis may contribute to wound healing. Material and Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group1 and Group 2 were topically treated with propolis ointment and Thiocillin® oinment, respectively while Group 3 was the control group. On incision wound model, Thiocillin® and propolis ointments were applied on wound sites once daily for 30 days and the mean epidermal thickness (MET) at the 30th day was compared while antimicrobial activity of propolis was studied against different pathogens as well. Results: Propolis exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. It is observed that the MET in the groups of Propolis ointment and Thiocillin® ointment were significantly greater than that of the control group, while the MET in the group of propolis ointment was significantly greater than that of Thiocillin® ointment treated group. Conclusion: Propolis is effective in wound healing. Further study in-depth is necessary to probe into clinical correlation.