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Memecylon lushingtonii Gamble (MLG) belongs to the Melastomataceae family and is used in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine. Several Memecylon species have been recorded to be utilized by tribal in the treatment of various maladies. This plant is not explored scientifically except for the preliminary phytochemicals, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities in the methanol leaves extract (Sivu et al., 2013). Discovery of new phytochemicals may help in drug discovery. The present study was an attempt to determine the phytochemical constituents in MLG leaves ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract and to isolate bioactive compounds and evaluate their potential therapeutic applications. Ethyl acetate extract was evaluated for total phenolics and flavonoids; phytochemical constituents, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Further, bioactive compound from 4th fraction of column chromatography was isolated and characterized by HPLC,LC-MS and H1NMR. The results indicated 37.5 µg/mL of phenolics, 60 µg/mL of flavanoids and twenty-one bioactive compounds by GCMS– analysis. The extract demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity with different concentrations like 50, 100 and 150 µg against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Highest antibacterial activity was found against K.pneumoniae (Zone of inhibition was 11 mm) at 150 µg.In addition, the EtOAc extract displayed free radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 39.83 µg/ml). The isolated compound from 4th fraction of column chromatography was characterized as a triterpenoid, ursolic acid. In conclusion, our findings show that M. lushingtonii Gamble leaf EtOAc extract contains triterpenoid, ursolic acid, and also, many types of active compounds with therapeutic activities, particularly antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity. [Display omitted] • Phytochemical profiling and their action for biological properties of leaf extract from Memecylon lushingtonii Gamble was studied through biochemical methods. • Isolated, triterpenoid ursolic acid from 4th fraction of column chromatography. • The compound tri-terpinoid ursolic acid was characterized for structural properties using HPLC, LC-MS and proton NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Macaranga peltata is a woody shrub and tree found in forest of Western Ghats of India. The leaves of M. peltata are large so used to wrap sweets in kerala. The plant is used in folk medicine and siddha medicine to treat fever, cough, wound and ulcers. There is very limited research has been conducted on exploring this plant medicinal properties and phytochemical estimation. Materials and Methods: In the present study attempt was made to know the antioxidant activity of MPCF by DPPH assay, FRAP assay and H2O2 assay methods and Optimization of mobile phase by TLC method and supporting major flavonoid content quantification by HPTLC method Results: The result shown the Chloroform fraction has significant antioxidant activity of IC50 value of 123.71(DPPH assay), 185.85(FRAP assay) and 204.31(H2O2 assay). The TLC method optimum mobile phase was found to be Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5:4:0.2). The standard flavonoids used are Luteolin, Diosmin and ellagic acid. The HPTLC method results shown MPCF was found to contain 11.70% Luteolin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia Areata (AA) is an autoimmune condition characterized by scattered patches of hair loss on the body and scalp. Hair loss can be a cause of psychological stress and sufferers may suffer from social phobia, anxiety and depression. Even though there are many treatment options available in modern medicine, they have their own limitation which needs to be addressed. In Siddha system of medicine, a topical applicant named "Pancharatna Kalimbu" is used for the management of Alopecia areata, known as "Puzhuvettu". This medicine can be used a standalone drug in the management of Alopecia areata. As this is topical medicine, it can be administered to children who resist taking any kind of internal medicines, injections, or other treatments. Hence, this case report proves it efficacy which may be effective as a best alternate for treating children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The Siddha system of medicine (SSM) is one of the Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM). In recent times, it has received adequate support from the Indian Ministry of Ayush. Like many such indigenous systems of medicine globally, the SSM is based on its own theoretical principles, philosophy, and methods of practice. Nevertheless, SSM conducts and needs basic and applied research using scientific methods. Such research is evidenced by research publications. In the absence of a review, we did a bibliometric analysis of research publications from SSM for the period of 1972–2019. Materials and Methods: We used the term "Siddha" to retrieve the data from the PubMed database. We retrieved data from the National AYUSH research portal and homepages of institutions mandated to do research in SSM. We abstracted bibliometric information and used Epi info (Version 7.2) for analysis. We described the trends and key characteristics. Results: Of a total of 2009 retrieved articles, we included 1457 (73%) for analysis. Between 1972 and 2001, the median number of publications per year was three (range: 0–13). Beyond 2012, the publications increased exponentially with an annual growth of 23%. The maximum number of publications (n = 224) was in 2019. Among 43 countries that produced the papers, India topped it (88%). Of 1457, 1.7% (n = 25) of publications from Siddha institutions were indexed in PubMed. Conclusion: A bibliometric review of research output from SSM suggests that the publications have increased in the last two decades. The review recommends improving research output from SSM in terms of quantity and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha is considered to be oldest medicines with its own benefits. At many circumstances of illness, people prefer Siddha medicines to cure their disease. Siddha is preferred for its own specialties. This paper has attempted to reveal the preference towards Siddha medicines during COVID 19 taking 115 respondents as samples. The sampling technique used in this study is convenience sampling method. The results were analysed by using various statistical techniques used to percentage analysis, Chi-squareand factor analysis. The study revealed that people preferred siddha medicine as a precautionary step in preventing Covid to a great extent. Many of them took kabasurakudineer and Nilavembu powder as immunity booster. They also recommended their friends and relatives to choose siddha medicine as a best option in order to safeguard their health and their family from corona virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has significantly increased in recent years due to changes in lifestyle, dietary habits, and environmental factors. Irudhaya noi, the encompassing term for cardiovascular diseases in Siddha, has witnessed a surge in prevalence. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) comprise several conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, such as coronary heart disease, heart attacks, stroke, hypertension, peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and heart failure. Siddha identifies imbalances in the three doshas as the main cause of heart-related ailments, and restoring their balance presents a challenging challenge in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Herbal treatments have been essential in human healthcare throughout history, as various traditional medical systems have used them to treat a wide range of maladies. Siddha is an ancient and internationally renowned traditional method of medicine. This review study examines the crucial role of Siddha in the prevention, management, and evaluation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) using interventions linked to diet (Unavu), lifestyle, seasonal routines (Kaala ozukkam), yoga, everyday routines (Naal ozukkam), and rejuvenation therapies (Kaaya kalpam). The research elucidates how Siddha's comprehensive methodology tackles the underlying factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), providing significant perspectives on preventive measures, lifestyle adjustments, and herbal treatments. This review seeks to offer a complete viewpoint on the potential of Siddha in addressing the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular problems in modern society by combining traditional wisdom with contemporary scientific understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota refers to the distinct microenvironment comprised of various groups of live microorganisms that reside within the human gastrointestinal system. The gut microbiota significantly influences both the physical and mental well-being of humans. Furthermore, it has an impact on one's behavioural changes. An imbalance in the gut microbiota can also result in conditions such as increased intestinal permeability (Leaky Gut Syndrome) and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Probiotics, sometimes known as "good bacteria," enhance gut health and help maintain balance. Foods that are abundant in probiotic bacteria are considered to be the most beneficial for maintaining gut health. Certain traditional Tamil foods and beverages contain a high concentration of probiotics. Incorporating them into one's normal diet will help preserve optimal gut health. The Siddha system is the most ancient therapeutic system, founded on 96 principles and the Trihumoural Theory (vatha, pitha, kaba). According to the Siddha System, the phycophysiological constituents of humans are based on three humours, and each individual has a unique combination of these constituents. Similarly, the gut microbiota is likewise distinct and varies from other microbiotas. A recent study has revealed the correlation between the trihumoural theory and Gut Microbiota. This review paper elucidates the connection between traditional foods, Siddha core philosophy, and Gut Microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global public health discourses tend to focus on the virus, its mutations, and the vaccine as the key factors relating to COVID. Asia, however, witnessed the rejuvenation of traditional medicine during the pandemic, and the improved outcomes of integrated protocols of traditional Asian medicine with biomedicine have been published. Based on fieldwork, telephone interviews, press reports, and institutional data collected during 2020–23, this paper highlights the role of Siddha medicine in the management of infectious fevers in Tamil Nadu. The most important question here is how a traditional system of medicine that does not have the germ theory of disease would deal with infectious fevers like COVID. The paper explains the "host-based" approach to infectious fevers found in contemporary Siddha medicine and its therapeutic rationale. It brings out how college-educated Siddha doctors create epistemological bridges between the traditional textual knowledge on fevers and the parameters of modern pathology, adding another dimension to the polymorphous trajectory of medical pluralism in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Siddha system of medicine is considered to be foremost among other systems of medicine. Many medicines are available in traditional systems for all kind of diseases. Most people show their interest towards Siddha medicine for non-communicable diseases especially for diabetes, hypertension, etc., Poly herbal formulations like Avarai kudineer has been authorized for prescription for Madhumegam. Madhumukthi Kudineer Chooranum (MKC) is one such medicine which has been found efficacious in Madhumegam (Diabetes mellitus). The current study is aimed at standardizing MKC employing pharmacognostic and chemical analyses with the aim of developing standards for quality control of this important medicine of Siddha. Materials and Methods: MKC was analyzed for pharmacognostic, physiochemical and HPTLC standards following standard procedures mentioned in Pharmacopoeias. Results: Macroscopy, powder microscopy was matched with the characters of these ingredients as reported in pharmacopoeias. The physicochemical standards were correlated with standards. TLC of MKC showed 10 spots under UV 254 nm, 13 spots under UV 366 nm and after spray with 5% vanillin sulphuric acid solution. Conclusion: The reported results will be supportive for standardization and future studies of MKC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha medicine, one of the AYUSH systems of medicine was an ancient traditional system with its unique method of diagnosis called Envagai thervu (Eight methods of diagnosis). Among the eight tools Neikuri gained significant importance in diagnostic and prognostic purposes of disease elaborated by Siddhar Theraiyar. To validate the Siddha diagnostic tool, the Neikuri pattern, and to find the correlation with HbA1c levels among type 2 diabetic patients 104 diagnosed diabetic patients consisting of males (n = 56) and females (n = 48) who attended Siddha Clinic were taken for the study. Assessment of Siddha diagnostic tool, Neikuri, was done based on the standardization. HbA1c Blood test was done at our hospital The subject, mean age was 51.86±9.44 years. The pattern of spread on the surface of urine among diabetic patients indicating the derangement of humours in percentage was Vathakapham (44.23%), Pithakapham (19.23%), Kaphapitham (10%), Kaphavatham (8.65%), Kapham (7.69%), Pithavatham (6.73%), Vathapitham(1.92%), and Pithathilpitham (1.92%), We noticed a fast spread (77.88%), Non-circular (78.85%), and non-uniform (83.65%), patterns indicate the vitiation of humors. Different shapes of spread were noted which are indicators of the prevailing disease. Comparison of Neikuri analysis, with HbA1C (glycated haemoglobin) level shows that the subjects having kapham as muthanmai kuttram, the mean HbA1c level was 8.4% and Kapham as thunai kuttram it was 7.95%, whereas when kapham involvement was not present, it was 7.5 %. This shows that HbA1c levels are high when Kapham kuttram is involved, and p-value less than 0.05 when compared with muthanmai kuttram kapham with no kapham proves significance. This convenient, non-invasive, cost-effective technique may prove beneficial in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, showing instant results of the actual health condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The genus Ipomoea consists of many climbing herbs and weeds belonging to the family Convolvulceae which are distributed all over India and are extensively important in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha medicine. Objectives: Looking into its above important activity the present research studies were carried out to investigate the Ipomoea reniformis Choisy ethnomedicinal plant for its quality, purity, and identification with the help of Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, and Phytochemicals evaluation. Materials and Methods: The selected and authenticated medicinally important plant I. reniformis is belonging to the family Convolvulceae with the help of Pharmacognostic and Physicochemical characterization of powder and Phytochemicals evaluation of various extracts for its quality, purity, and identification. Results: Macroscopic studies of the plant part’s color, odor, size, taste, and arrangement of leaves, Petiole, and stem of I. reniformis were observed. Microscopy of leaves, petiole, and stem of the I. reniformis plant confirmed the presence of several significant sections. Physiochemical parameters such as % moisture content, % total solid content, total Ash values, water and alcohol soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, and Sulfated ash values (% w/w) are 1.15±0.02, 98.85±0.04, 4.91±0.14, 3.28±0.27, 4.02±0.22, 0.93±0.37, 1.31±0.35 respectively. Ethanol and methanol produced high extractive yields of 11.06% and 9.86% respectively. Phytochemical evaluation of the various herbal extracts found many significant phytochemical constituents in ethanol and methanol extracts. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic, physiochemical, and phytochemical studies were carried out for the identification and authentication of I. reniformis Choisy, and these studies will help in the differentiation of the medicinal plants from its various species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poorana Chandrothaya Chenthuram (PCC) is a gold-based Siddha drug, for treating diverse diseases. Rooted in centuries-old traditional use, Siddha texts categorize PCC as a kayakarpa entity that emphasizes holistic well-being. Aim: This study assesses the nootropic potential of Poorana Chandrothaya Chenthuram (PCC) in scopolamine-induced amnesic mice, and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, specifically focusing on the modulation of cholinergic system and anti-oxidant effects. Methods: Preliminary finger printing with FTIR was done. Scopolamine-induced memory impaired mice were administered PCC (15 or 30 mg/kg) for 28 days. Memory assessments were done using elevated plus-maze and passive avoidance tasks. RT-PCR gauged mRNA expression levels of AChE, MChR, BAX, and BCL2 in brain samples were also done. Results: FTIR confirmed the presence of functional groups in PCC. In the EPM test, pre-treatment with PCC (15 and 30 mg/kg) significantly reduced the time taken (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively), comparable to the reference control, piracetam. The PAT revealed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the time taken to step down from the escape platform which demonstrates that significant efficacy in reversing scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. Gene expression studies reported a significant up-regulation (p < 0.01) in AChE, MChR, and BAX mRNA expressions, along with a down-regulation in BCL2 expression compared to normal mice. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the anti-amnesic activity of the Siddha drug PCC, elucidating its mechanism involving a reduction in AChE levels and an augmentation of antioxidant levels in which implicates modulation of cholinergic and apoptotic pathways. In-depth exploration of PCC's neuroprotective properties may unveil novel avenues for combating memory and cognitive decline.

Background: Infectious illnesses pose a significant health threat and are a leading cause of illness and death globally. The use of medicinal plants by traditional Siddha medical practitioners in their everyday practice contributes to the emergence of resistance to antifungal medicines and the occurrence of toxicity resulting from prolonged use of allopathic drugs. Throughout history, plants have served as an unparalleled reservoir of medicinal substances. In recent years, there has been an increasing prevalence of fungal infections caused by a rise in populations with weakened immune systems, such as individuals who have undergone organ transplants, cancer patients, and those with HIV/AIDS. The provided review presents information about the updated profile of Serankottai nei (Semecarpus anacardium), a traditional Siddha medicine having antifungal properties. It discusses the method of action, phytochemical constituents, and toxicity study of this medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 422 million total Diabetic population worldwide and about 1.5 million death rates caused due to it. Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumegam) is a disease classified under Neerinai Perkukkal Noi (diseases causing excessive urination) caused due to increased kapam humour. Naaval Kottai Mathirai (NKM) is a unique herbal Siddha drug prepared from Aristolochia bracteolata which has bitter taste and Syzygium cumini which has astringent taste. The herbal formulation NKM neutralizes kapam and hence effective in Madhumegam. In vitro studies like alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory assays were performed to prove the anti diabetic effect of the drug NKM. DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl 1-2 picrylhydrazyl) assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (H2O2) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay were done to evaluate its antioxidant potency. The results showed that minimum alpha amylase inhibitory activity ranged from 19.42±5.92 to 60.92±3.98%, with an IC50 value 70.9±12.37 μg/mL, when it is compared with standard drug acarbose, which showed inhibition ranged from 39.83±2.18 to 91.08±5.43 with an IC50 value 13.29±1.95 μg/mL in various concentration levels of NKM. The IC50 value of Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) was noted as 48.61±1.69 μg/mL and NKM as 67.19±7.81 μg/mL for the H2O2 scavenging antioxidant activity. In nitrogen scavenging antioxidant activity, it was observed that IC50 value of gallic acid was 23.02 μg/mL and NKM was 79.13 μg/mL. In DPPH scavenging activity, for ascorbic acid, the standard showed is IC50 value as 13.36 μg/mL and NKM as 53.39 μg/mL. The phytoconstituents present in NKM may enrich the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of the drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siddha system of medicine is one of the most traditional medicines and has many unique preparations of higher order internal medicines, external therapies for various diseases. But still the validation of the reliable diagnostic tools has not yet been documented. Covid-19 which was a massive epidemic in 2019, and the world is still in search of medicines and diagnostic parameters. The Siddha's Eight-fold diagnostic tool, Neerkuri and neikuri are very sensitive and exclusively Siddha methods of diagnostic urine examination propounded by Sage Theraiyar. This is an efficient method in elucidating the prognosis of the given disease. This Observational study, evaluates the Eight-fold Diagnostic tools and Neerkuri, Neikuri among the COVID Patients. COVID patients were selected based on their CORADS score and studied with the eight-fold diagnostic tools and exclusively with Neerkuri and Neikuri using the guidelines mentioned as per the Siddha Literature. Based on the observation of the pattern of spread of oil drop in the urine of subjects, and by recording the changes of the En vagai thervu the results were recorded and tabulated. From the obtained results it may be concluded that 70% of the neikkuri findings were in pearl shape indicating kabam. In future, clinical studies will be conducted to standardize this Siddha Diagnostic tools in other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Commiphora caudata is commonly called hill mango, an incredibly available species of Commiphora, and belongs to Burseraceae. Commiphora caudata is commonly used in Ayurveda and Siddha medicines. Different parts of the plant have many pharmacological activities like antiviral, antispasmodic, cytotoxic, hypothermic activity, antiacne, hepatoprotective, febrifuge, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and Methods: Extracts were prepared by successive solvent extraction, In vitro studies like, MTT assay, scratch assay, Estimation of Inflammatory Marker IL-6 by Enzyme-Linked Immuno sorbent Assay (ELISA test), determination of hydroxyproline, estimation of total protein, in vivo excision wound model and diabetic model were done. Results: In all the chloroform extract of Commiphora caudata has shown a good wound-healing property. Conclusion: Based on the ethnic medical uses and proven biological activities, the gum blended in with water is utilized as a mouthwash to cure mouth ulcers and is utilized for wound healing and rheumatoid arthritis., current work focused on proving wound healing potential of plant Commiphora caudata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Viral hepatitis is a common cause of acute liver injury that can lead to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Viral hepatitis shares similarities with kamalai in Siddha medicine and is managed in accordance with Siddha treatment. Present case is of a 14-year-old male patient who presented with symptoms of fever, fatigue, malaise, and jaundice. Laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound features, and clinical findings indicated positive viral hepatitis. The patient was started on Siddha management to suppress Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) replication and prevent progression to chronic hepatitis B infection. The patient's symptoms gradually improved over the next few weeks, and follow-up blood tests showed a significant reduction in the values of elevated liver enzymes, indicating a good response to Siddha medicine treatment. The unique aspect of this case study was that it demonstrates a successful management of viral hepatitis B infection with the Siddha system of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naga Parpam (NP), a zinc containing drug is prescribed in Siddha medicine to treat piles, fistula, dysentery, diarrhoea and tuberculosis. In this investigation, NP’s effect on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes and tissues of liver in Wistar rats has been studied. The drug was administered orally in doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight for 28 days to the experimental animals. On day 29, they were sacrificed and the liver was removed. From the liver homogenate, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were analyzed. Dose dependent decrease in LPO and increase in the above enzymes revealed its potential antioxidant activity. There were no significant changes in the liver tissue architecture in histology that further confirmed the pro-active role of NP in treating diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nonmetallic and mild toxic Sulphur is abundantly available in the world. Kanthakam is the name for Sulphur in Siddha Medicine. Sulphur is one of the unavoidable substances for medicine preparations with deferent purification methods. According to Siddha concept of Purification (Shuddhi) of drug not only a process of purification or detoxification, but also process to enhance potency and efficacy of the medicine. Methods: The Unpurified Sulphur (S1) and Purified Sulphur Method I (S2), Method II (S3), Method III (S4) and Method IV(S5) Samples were employed for Comparative analysis of organoleptic character, Solubility profile, loss on drying, total and acid insoluble ash, alcohol and water soluble extractive, pH, Sulphur concentration, Microbial test, Aflatoxin assay by TLC, Test for basic and acid radicles, FTIR, and SEM. Results: finding gave considerable changes between unpurified Sulphur (S1) and purified samples. The purity percentage of Sulphur, were found increased from 8.97% w/w to 59.04% w/w and the particle size were reduces from 1247 d.nm to 468.0 d.nm in the S5 sample. FTIR show the functional group changes from C=C-alkene and C-I - Alkyl & Aryl Halides in to O-H-Alcohol, N-H- amine salt, C-H- alkane, C=C- alkene and C=O Esters & d-lactone. Purified Sulphur samples show changes in Sulphur content, Particle size, functional group and solubility were within the safety limits as FDA permissible quantity. Heavy metals were not found in any samples. Conclusion: According to comparative analysis, it is vital to select purifying methods for preparing medicines in accordance with the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sida cordata is a perennial, spreading herb that is well-known for its ethnomedicinal uses in India, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries. It is one of the most important plants in the Ayurveda and Siddha systems of medicine and is known as Raajabalaa and Bhumibalaa in Sanskrit. The present study aims to develop a profile of bioactive compounds using GC-MS analysis and evaluate their anticancer and antioxidant potential. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 18 compounds in the petroleum ether extract, 14 compounds in the acetone extract, 12 compounds in the ethanol extract and 6 compounds in the chloroform extract. Gamma-sitosterol is the most abundant compound found in the petroleum ether (18.48%), acetone (34.25%) and ethanol (25.17%) extracts. In the chloroform extract, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid is the most abundant compound, comprising 74.77% of the extract. The chloroform extract demonstrated significant in vitro cytotoxic activity against the HepG2 cell line, as determined by the MTT assay, with an IC50 value of 47.53 µg/mL. In vitro antioxidant potential was studied using DPPH and ABTS assays. However, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 46.48 µg/mL and 94.17 µg/mL against their respective standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palash and hibiscus are used in Siddha medicine, a traditional system from India and the Southeast Asian countries of Nepal, Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. These plants have natural health benefits that can help to cure diseases naturally. Food color from natural dyes is emerging globally as an eco-friendly colorant. This study is innovative in investigating various Solvents for using color extraction and subsequently conducting a comparative analysis of Different solvents concerning their outcomes. The color, antioxidant activity, and Phytochemicals are also thoroughly examined. There are a total of six samples prepared, and These samples of solutions were respectively 5% Citric Acid 24h (S1), 5% Citric acid 48h (S2), 5% NaOH solution 24h (S3), Glycerin with water (1:3) a time of 24h (S4), Glycerin with Water (1:3) a time of 48h (S5) and pure glycerin solution (S6). Phenolic content was high in The S7 sample in both flowers, and these values were 825.5 mg and 1778.75 mg, respectively, in 100 gm. Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) was high in the S2 sample in both flowers; these values were 77.41% and 79.16%, respectively. Color parameters, i.e., L*, a*, b*, help to detect the lightness index, redness, and yellowness index. Principle component analysis justifies the correlation of characterization parameters of palash and jaba flower petals. On an overall basis, it was found from the study that 5% citric acid solvent and pure glycerin solvent were considered the most effective and the highest concentration of readily accessible antioxidants and higher antioxidant Activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The discipline of Siddha medicine, particularly herbal formulations, can benefit greatly from the use of molecular docking because it enables the molecular interactions of the formulation's lead molecules with receptors to be understood, as well as the inference of the formulation's basic biochemical targets. Aim: The goal of this study is to carry out an In-silico computational analysis of the phytochemicals found in Kuruver Kudineer (KK), a traditional Siddha remedy that is used for managing behavioral deficit in Parkinsons disease. Methodology: The ligand structures were developed and optimized using Auto Dock Tools (Morris, Goodsell et al., 1998). Using Auto dock Vina, the compounds were all docked. The function of the target protein Monoamine Oxidase -A (PDB 2Z5X), which is involved in the breakdown of the neurotransmitters by MAO-A, will be inhibited by the creation of a hydrogen bond between phytocomponents and the target's core amino acids (Tyr 69, Ile 335, Tyr 407, and Tyr 444). In order to control the dopamine level, phytocomponents that inhibit the target enzyme MAO-A may be used as potential targets. Results: The compounds present in Kuruver Kudineer (KK) like Gingerenone-A, Betulinic acid, Zingiberene, Rutin, Geniposide and β-sitosterol showed maximum interactions with MAO -A when compared to that of Clorgyline. According to the outcomes of the computational investigation, the bio-active substances present in the Siddha formulation Kuruver Kudineer (KK) have significant affinity to the target MAO-A (PDB 2Z5X). Conclusions: From the results of the present study, it was concluded that the MAO - A reveal significant effect to managing the behavioral deficit and thereby considered an excellent drug choice for the clinical management of Parkinson's disease (Nadukku vatham). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Siddha system of medical has developed a rich and unique treasure of drug knowledge in which use of plants, metals and minerals is very much advocated, which plays an important role in medicinal properties for both preventive and curative. These medicinal values of plants are in some chemically active substance they produce a definite physiological action on the human body. Kanda aviltham is a classic siddha medicine used in the treatment of suram, mukkutranoigal, naavaratchi. Vaanthi, malapantham, malapokku, neerkatti, etc. Objective: 1. Anti-coagulant activity 2. Safety profile of kandha aviltham on mammalian cell A, Erythrocytes B, Fibroblasts Method: 1. Anti-coagulant activity •Platelet aggregration assay [Human] •Dose dependent assay/3hrs treatment 2. Safety profile •MTT assay on NIH3T3 fibroblast, dose dependent assay/24 hrs treatment •Hemolytic assay on human erythrocyte, dose dependent assay/1hrs treatment Conclusion: The Anti-coagulant study, Fibroblastic toxicity and hemolytic study for kanda aviltham shows the drug is non- cytotoxic and it contains anti-coagulant and hemolytic activity.This evidence based data provides valuable information is helful to standardization of kandha aviltham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Santha Chandrodaya Mathirai (SSM) [Cāntacantirōtaya māttirai] is a classical tablet formulation in Siddha medicine used in various types of fevers. Because of limited research validation in terms of the product compactness, quality and safety, the present study focuses on the formulation, characterization and standardization of the tablet dosage. The objective of the study is to prepare SSM as per Standard operating Procedures (SoPs) mentioned in classical text and to characterize it chemically using modern analytical techniques. Materials and Methods: The tablet dosage was prepared from the In-house R&D GMP Pharmacy facility of Siddha central research Institute and validated through analytical measures like pre-compression, post-compression parameters, physiochemical analysis, analytical studies like High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Special Edition Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDAX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV Absorption Spectroscopy (UV-AS). Results: As per the reference standards, the mean flow property of the Tablet granules (31°) was fair enough, the mean compressibility index (17.3%) and Hausner's ratio (1.452) indicates its good flow character. The tablet passed the USP standards of weight variation in %. The friability test reported the maximum weight loss to be 0.06 %, a good acceptable value. The highest disintegration time was observed at 60 min. The samples were devoid of Heavy metals, microbial and aflatoxin contamination. At short UV of 254 nm, long UV of 366 nm, and post derivatized plate in white light there were observation of 6 spots, 8 spots and 12 spots respectively in TLC photo documentation. EDAX reported the presence of Carbon, Oxygen, Sodium, Chlorine, Potassium, and Niobium molecules in the sample with no traces of heavy metals. FTIR spectra showed three high peak areas at the range of band 2917.08, 2849.10, and at 1717.08 that corresponds to carboxylic acid, alkane bond, and a, ß-unsaturated ester. Conclusion: The In-house samples of SSM reported standard values in terms of quality and safety. Further clinical trials are warranted to validate its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This photo essay explores the intricate practices of Siddha pharmacology in Tamil Nadu, India, as documented during field research conducted at the Puttu Maharishi Ashram in Vellore. The essay also examines the role of photography as a research tool, one that is used here to capture moments and processes in Siddha medicine that extend beyond the reach of textual description. The focus is directed toward two significant practices: Pudam, a detailed calcination process integral to medicine making, and Velvi, a full moon fire ritual symbolizing the spiritual dimension of Siddha practice. These practices serve as vital components in the construction and expression of the Siddha medical tradition, highlighting the unique interplay between material and spiritual elements. The photo essay serves as a window into the world of Siddha pharmacology, allowing for an immersive experience of its aesthetic and transformative aspects. Photography is employed not merely as a documentary tool but as a medium for intersubjectivity, inviting readers to engage with the subtle intricacies of this ancient healing tradition. The essay aims to render the invisible spiritual dimensions of Siddha medicine visible.

Amirdha Gandhi Kukkil Vallathy (AGKV) is a herbo mineral Siddha formulation which has Sulphur, Kukkil, Seendhil and Serankottai as major ingredients and it is indicated for 80 types of Vatham diseases. Uthiravatha suronitham is one among the vatham diseases and it's clinical symptoms are correlated with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since AGKV is a promising drug for RA, the safety of this drug has been validated by performing the acute and 28 days repeated oral dose toxicity study following the OECD guidelines 423 and 407. The acute toxicity study has been performed by administering orally with a single dose of 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight in rat models and the animals were observed for 14 consecutive days. Gross pathology was observed and animals were sacrificed at the end of the study. In 28 days repeated oral toxicity study, limit test has been carried out with a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight. No significant abnormality has been observed in the body weight, organ weight, biochemical parameters and histopathology studies. It has been revealed that this drug is safe upto 2000 mg/kg body weight in single dose study and 1,000 mg is a safer dose in the 28 days repeated oral toxicity study. The results of acute and 28 days repeated oral toxicity studies revealed no adverse effects in animals and hence this drug AGKV is safe and can be administered in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, complementary and alternative therapies have been widely utilised. In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in the usage of herbal treatments all around the world. Various natural chemicals, such as those produced from plants, have been investigated as potential therapies for a myriad of ailments. The essence of this review was to methodically describe everything we know about Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, a mysterious holistic Vedic herb belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, a well-known nootropic and effective memory enhancer, which has recently emerged as one of the most important medical herbs, widely used therapeutically in the Orient and growing in popularity around the world. Literature was gathered from sources such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, and reviewed using the Prisma quality metacritic paradigm. It is now plainly obvious that current therapies fall short of meeting the demands of the vast majority of individuals with health problems, and traditional medicines are gaining appeal as a result of their reduced toxicity. Bacopa is a traditional herb used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat brain and nerve weariness, as well as in Siddha medicine to treat impaired memory. It's also used to cure brain and nerve exhaustion in Unani medicine. We improved Brahmi micropropagation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis by compiling pharmacobotanical and pharmacognostical descriptions, as well as ethnoarchaeological data and nanotechnology domination. This critique also highlights our contemporary information of pharmacological activity, preclinical and clinical investigations, significant bioactives, reported mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness, safety, and the potential for herb-drug interactions. At the same time, the current incarnation of research at the plant is reviewed, as well as future research possibilities. Brahmi offers a lot of potential for treating a range of illnesses, including neuro-pharmacological, depression, inflammation, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and others. According to the presumptions of this review, further clinical trials and research are needed. While the impact of Brahmi as an anxiolytic and antidepressant has to be explored further, its potential as an anti-epileptic therapy and a treatment for antiepileptic drugs side effects is also being researched. Furthermore, Brahmi's antioxidant ability may explain, at least in part, the antistress, immunomodulatory, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging benefits documented in experimental animals and clinical circumstances, necessitating further study into its other therapeutic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Padikara Parpam (PP), is one among the highly regarded Siddha medicine that is been traditionally claimed for its anti-proliferating and anti-carcinogenic properties. Objectives: In the present work, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of PP in a cellular model of Human leukemia (Human monocytic cell lines (THP-1). Materials and Methods: Determination of cell viability was assessed by the 3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and by using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). Fluorescence-activated single cell sorting (FACS), and 2'-7'-Dichloro-Dihydro-Fluorescein Diacetate (DCFH-DA) mediated intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) measurements were also carried out to understand the effect of PP on THP-1 cells. Results: PP induced cytotoxic effects against THP-1 in a concentration-dependent manner (6.02%–92.7%), with the highest cytotoxicity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration of PP. The IC50 values of PP in THP-1 cell lines were 0.115 mg/mL. The result from the MTT assay was further confirmed by CLSM reports. The images of Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide stained THP-1 cells treated with PP (IC50 concentration) indicated red fluorescence compared to the control cells which showed only green fluorescence. The images indicated the induction of apoptosis by the study drug. FACS and DCFH-DA based intracellular ROS measurements indicated the ability of PP to increase intracellular ROS levels in a concentration dependent manner. Thereby indicating at a possible ROS mediated apoptotic mechanism of action. Conclusion: These results suggest that with further clinical studies, PP could be used as an economic and effective anti-leukemic drug in patients suffering from leukemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious diseases are considered to be the most significant threat to human health due to the fact that they are responsible for one-half of all deaths in tropical countries. The majority of the currently available antibiotics have significant drawbacks in terms of antimicrobial spectrum and side effects. Over usage of such antibiotics has contributed to the development of clinical resistance in formerly sensitive microorganisms. Siddha system of medicine offers interesting possibilities to combat drug-resistant pathogens. Medicinal herbs constitute an essential component of Siddha preparations are known for its diverse range of biological activity. One such potential formulation that exists in the Siddha system is Pancha Karpa Chooranam (PKC) which comprises a unique blend of five (pancha) potential herbal ingredients. Materials and Methods: The main objective of the present investigation is to evaluate the anti-microbial efficacy of the formulation PKC using the disc diffusion method. Results: Results of the study clearly emphasise that the drug PKC exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms. Potency was measured in terms of zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli (15-23 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (13-19 mm), B. subtilis (12-19 mm), Salmonella typhi (16-23 mm), and Candida albicans (17-21 mm). It was concluded from the results of the present investigation that the Siddha formulation PKC reveals broad spectral anti-bacterial activity against both gramme-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi) pathogens. Conclusion: Further, it was evident that the formulation advocates potential anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans represented by the maximal zone of inhibition which attributes to the existence of structurally diverse phytochemicals present in the preparation. Hence traditional formulations like PKC shall be recommended for clinical management of drug-resistant pathogens in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nymphaea nouchali (Syn. Nymphaea stellata Willd.) from family Nymphaeaceae, is a species of perennial aquatic flowering plant with huge round floating leaves and rhizomes. It is well-known and prominent herb in Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicines with multiple medicinal properties. It comes from southern and eastern regions of Asia, and is a national blossom of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Scientific investigation has revealed that it exhibits vast range of pharmacological actions, namely antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antitumor, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antihelmintic, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory activities etc. Polyphenols, flavonoids, sterols, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, protein, nymphasterol, nymphayol have been recognized as important factors in the medicinal effects of N. nouchali. The present review focuses on pharmacological and phytochemical investigation of N. nouchali. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic nanotechnology pertains to the fundamental elements of living systems and the translation of their properties into human applications. The underlying functionalities of biological materials, structures and processes are primarily rooted in the nanoscale domain, serving as a source of inspiration for materials science, medicine, physics, sensor technologies, smart materials science and other interdisciplinary fields. The Biomimetics Special Issues Biomimetic Nanotechnology Vols. 1–3 feature a collection of research and review articles contributed by experts in the field, delving into significant realms of biomimetic nanotechnology. This publication, Vol. 3, comprises four research articles and one review article, which offer valuable insights and inspiration for innovative approaches inspired by Nature's living systems. The spectrum of the articles is wide and deep and ranges from genetics, traditional medicine, origami, fungi and quartz to green synthesis of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate biological activity and the phytochemical analysis of kadarpassi chooranam. Seaweeds are the marine macro algae, species belonging to Protista kingdom that has no true system, internal vascular systems, seeds and flowers. It has a lot of biological activity and has been proven to have a lot of medicinal benefits. Since time immemorial, their usage in traditional medicine has been recognized. Halimeda gracilis has been standardized as per siddha pharmacopoeia standard protocol guidelines and prepared kadarpassi Chooranam curtained for Phytochemical analysis (qualitative and quantitative) and carried out various pharmacological activity. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer actions of kadarpassi Chooranam have been associated to alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, tannins, and diterpenes. The Siddha medicine, kadarpassi chooranam has various phytochemical bioactive compounds, and because of its pharmacological activity can be a potential drug candidate for human use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay aims to situate the emergence of Siddha medicine as a separate medical system in the erstwhile Madras Presidency of colonial India within a broader socio-economic context. Scholars who have worked on Siddha medicine have stressed more on political dimensions like nationalism and sub-nationalism with inadequate attention to the interplay of various (other) factors including contemporary global developments, changes in the attitude of the colonial State and especially to the new promises held by the greater deference shown to indigenous medical systems from the 1920s. If the construction of 'national medicine' based on the Sanskrit texts and the accompanying marginalisation of regional texts and practices were the only reasons for the emergence of Siddha medicine as presented by scholars, it leaves open the question as to why this emergence happened only during the third decade of the twentieth century, though the marginalisation processes started during the first decade itself. This paper seeks to find an answer by analysing the formation of Siddha medical identity beyond the frameworks of nationalism and sub-nationalism. Further, it explicates how material factors served as immediate cause along with the other, and more ideational factors related to the rise of the Dravidian political and cultural movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) had a multidimensional impact on human life. It affects the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) which is a perceived measure of physical and mental health. We estimated the EuroQol utility value for COVID-19 and the associated factors for those managed at Siddha COVID care centres in Tamil Nadu. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by a telephonic interview of 2000 randomly selected COVID-19 adults tested positive during June 2020 to Jan 2021. We collected sociodemographic, clinical and EQ-5D-5L profile. Mean EQ-5D-5L summary utility values and EQ-VAS scores were estimated. Multivariate regression was used to examine the factors associated with EQ-5D-5L. Study protocol was approved by the Institutional ethics committee of Government Siddha Medical College, Chennai (GSMC–CH–3401/ME-2/050/2021). The committee waived the written informed consent considering the pandemic situation of emerging infectious diseases. Results: We interviewed 1047 participants. Of the total 68% were males with the median age (IQR) of 38 (29–51) years. The mean EQ-5D-5L utility score and EQ-VAS scores are 0.98 ± 0.05 and 92.14 ± 0.39 respectively. COVID-19 asymptomatic group reported a mean utility score of 0.99 ± 0.03 which is relatively more than the symptomatic group (0.97 ± 0.06),. EQ-VAS score was also reported high among the asymptomatic (95.45 ± 5.95) than the symptomatic (91.40 ± 8.69COVID-19. Conclusion: The severity of illness and the comorbidity are significantly associated with a low HRQoL of COVID-19 patients.