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High-fidelity numerical simulations are used to thoroughly analyze the evolution of the wake behind a megawatt-scale offshore wind turbine. The wake features are classified in terms of wake dynamics composition and the associated turbulence characteristics originating from the inner and outer sections of the blades. Understanding the wake is essential for developing compact layouts for future wind farms. We employed a transient Sliding Mesh Interface (SMI) technique to analyze the fully dynamic wake evolution of the offshore NREL 5MW full turbine. Our high-fidelity results have been validated against previously published results in the literature. We thoroughly investigated the dominant structures of the wake using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) techniques, which we applied to transient simulations of fully developed flows after five wind turbine revolutions over the snapshot data. Our findings show that the inner section of the blades, which is composed of airfoils with larger cross-sections, is responsible for the dominant components of the wake, while the contribution of the wake from the outer section of the blade is significantly lower. Therefore, designing more aerodynamic sections for the blade’s inner section can help reduce the dominant wake components and thus decrease the inter-turbine distance in future wind farms.

Arianne K Baldomero,1,2 Mariam Siddiqui,3 Chia-Yin Lo,3,4 Ashley Petersen,5 Alexa A Pragman,6,7 John E Connett,5 Ken M Kunisaki,1,2 Chris H Wendt1,21Pulmonary Section, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 2Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 3TMD, Orofacial Pain, and Dental Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 4Dental Section, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 5Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 6Infectious Disease Section, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 7Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USAIntroduction: Poor oral health has been implicated as an independent risk factor for the development of COPD, but few studies have evaluated the association between oral health and COPD exacerbations. We aimed to determine if poor oral health is associated with COPD exacerbations and/or worse respiratory health.Methods: We performed a case-control study of oral health among COPD exacerbators and non-exacerbators. Cases (exacerbators) had experienced ≥1 exacerbation in the previous 12 months, while controls (non-exacerbators) had no exacerbations in the previous 24 months. We excluded those with

Mehdi Siddiqui,1,* Joshua Iltis,1,* Petar Yanev,1 John Sladic,1 Charles Huynh,1 Daniel Nolan,2 Michael Singer2 1Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; 2Medical Center Ophthalmology Associates, San Antonio, TX, USA *These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: There is a limited understanding of factors that influence the efficacy of topical glaucoma medication. Our study is a long-term, case–control analysis of how systemic antihypertensive (anti-HTN) medications influence the change in IOP after initiating prostaglandin (PG) drop therapy.Materials and methods: A retrospective chart review of 3,781 patients was performed on patients with a diagnosis of glaucoma suspect that progressed to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by ICD-9 codes over a 10-year period. Inclusion criteria consisted of the following: 1) progression from preglaucoma to glaucoma diagnosis in a time span of ≥6 months; 2) two visual fields recorded between these dates; 3) initial average IOP of both eyes of ≥21 mmHg; and 4) initiation of topical PG therapy alone. IOP (in mmHg) was measured at initiation of PG drops and at next visit.Results: One hundred eleven patients were qualified for analysis. Patients not on anti-HTN agents had an average IOP decrease of 6.38±0.56 mmHg. Comparatively, patients on anti-HTN agents had an average IOP decrease of 6.66±0.48 mmHg (P=0.61). In addition, there was no statistical difference between IOP decrease between patients on single vs multiple systemic anti-HTN agents (P=0.85). There were eight nonresponders to PGs on no anti-HTN medications and 12 nonresponders on anti-HTN medication (P=0.55).Conclusion: Systemic anti-HTN medication use did not significantly impact IOP reduction after topical PG initiation for POAG. Additionally, nonresponse to PG therapy was not correlated to systemic anti-HTN use. Keywords: glaucoma, topical prostaglandins, IOP, systemic antihypertensives, ocular hypertension, prostaglandin eye drops

The eccentricity εu of vertex u in a connected graph G, is the distance between u and a vertex farthermost from u. The aim of the present paper is to introduce new eccentricity based index and eccentricity based polynomial, namely modified augmented eccentric connectivity index and modified augmented eccentric connectivity polynomial respectively. As an application we compute these new indices for octagonal grid Onm$\begin{array}{} \displaystyle O_n^m \end{array}$ and we compare the results obtained with the ones obtained by other indices like Ediz eccentric connectivity index, modified eccentric connectivity index and modified eccentric connectivity polynomial ECP(G, x).

Mariam Siddiqui,1 Michael S Putman,2 Anisha B Dua,11Department of Rheumatology, 2Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA Abstract: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) – a multi-systemic inflammatory condition characterized by high fevers, polyarthritis, an evanescent rash, and pharyngitis – has been a challenging condition to diagnose expediently and treat effectively. Questions remain regarding the underlying pathophysiology and etiology of AOSD. Pathognomonic diagnostic tests and reliable biomarkers remain undiscovered. Over the past decade, important progress has been made. Diagnostic criteria employing glycosylated ferritin have improved specificity. More important, novel biologic therapies have offered important clues to AOSD's underlying pathophysiology. Cytokine-specific biologic therapies have been instrumental in providing more effective treatment for disease refractory to conventional treatment. While IL-1 therapy has demonstrated efficacy in refractory disease, novel therapies targeting IL-6 and IL-18 show great promise and are currently under investigation. Keywords: adult-onset Still's disease, biomarkers, therapeutics

The previous years has been very crucial for the whole world so in Pakistan. This situation arise due to shocking increment in the rates of oil. In order to overcome this issue most of the countries are working for the development of technology using renewable resources. These resources include solar, wind and biomass. Biomass includes cow dung, kitchen waste, wood etc. The geographical location of Pakistan is a best suit for biomass energy operation. Among these biomasses this paper will be focusing on the kitchen waste which will result in around 60% of methane gas, 30% will include carbon dioxide, 8% nitrogen and rest 1 to 2 % of hydrogen sulphide. This paper will state the best possible option to perform anaerobic digestion process in order to generate excess amount of biogas at homes. It will also discuss procedure for the removal of toxic gases which exist in biogas and can be harmful for humans as well as it degrade biogas quality. In our research, the generation of biogas and methane is done from the sugary and starch-rich material and is determined at small scale using the elementary digesters.

[Veterinary World 2008; 1(7.000): 213-216]