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We describe creation and annihilation of particles at external sources in one spatial dimension in terms of interior-boundary conditions (IBCs). We derive explicit solutions for spectra, (generalised) eigenfunctions, as well as Green functions, spectral determinants, and integrated spectral densities. Moreover, we introduce a quantum graph version of IBC-Hamiltonians., Comment: 32 pages

The Wigner time delay, defined by the energy derivative of the total scattering phase shift, is an important spectral measure of an open quantum system characterising the duration of the scattering event. It is related to the trace of the Wigner-Smith matrix Q that also encodes other time-delay characteristics. For chaotic cavities, these exhibit universal fluctuations that are commonly described within random matrix theory. Here, we develop a new semiclassical approach to the time-delay matrix which is formulated in terms of the classical trajectories that connect the exterior and interior regions of the system. This approach is superior to previous treatments because it avoids the energy derivative. We demonstrate the method's efficiency by going beyond previous work in studying the time-delay statistics for chaotic cavities with perfectly connected leads. In particular, the universality for moment generating functions of the proper time-delays (eigenvalues of Q) is established up to third order in the inverse number of scattering channels for systems with and without time-reversal symmetry. Semiclassical results are then obtained for a further two orders. We also show the equivalence of random matrix and semiclassical results for the second moments and for the variance of the Wigner time delay at any channel number., Comment: 50 pages, 8 figures

Energy levels statistics following the Gaussian Symplectic Ensemble (GSE) of Random Matrix Theory have been predicted theoretically and observed numerically in numerous quantum chaotic systems. However in all these systems there has been one unifying feature: the combination of half-integer spin and time-reversal invariance. Here we provide an alternative mechanism for obtaining GSE statistics that is based on geometric symmetries of a quantum system which alleviates the need for spin. As an example, we construct a quantum graph with a particular discrete symmetry given by the quaternion group Q8. GSE statistics is then observed within one of its subspectra., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures

We use semiclassical methods to evaluate the spectral two-point correlation function of quantum chaotic systems with discrete geometrical symmetries. The energy spectra of these systems can be divided into subspectra that are associated to irreducible representations of the corresponding symmetry group. We show that for (spinless) time reversal invariant systems the statistics inside these subspectra depend on the type of irreducible representation. For real representations the spectral statistics agree with those of the Gaussian Orthogonal Ensemble (GOE) of Random Matrix Theory (RMT), whereas complex representations correspond to the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE). For systems without time reversal invariance all subspectra show GUE statistics. There are no correlations between non-degenerate subspectra. Our techniques generalize recent developments in the semiclassical approach to quantum chaos allowing one to obtain full agreement with the two-point correlation function predicted by RMT, including oscillatory contributions., Comment: 26 pages, 8 Figures

Two-dimensional dielectric microcavities are of widespread use in microoptics applications. Recently, a trace formula has been established for dielectric cavities which relates their resonance spectrum to the periodic rays inside the cavity. In the present paper we extend this trace formula to a dielectric disk with a small scatterer. This system has been introduced for microlaser applications, because it has long-lived resonances with strongly directional far field. We show that its resonance spectrum contains signatures not only of periodic rays, but also of diffractive rays that occur in Keller's geometrical theory of diffraction. We compare our results with those for a closed cavity with Dirichlet boundary conditions., Comment: 39 pages, 18 figures, pdflatex

The Wigner time delay of a classically chaotic quantum system can be expressed semiclassically either in terms of pairs of scattering trajectories that enter and leave the system or in terms of the periodic orbits trapped inside the system. We show how these two pictures are related on the semiclassical level. We start from the semiclassical formula with the scattering trajectories and derive from it all terms in the periodic orbit formula for the time delay. The main ingredient in this calculation is a new type of correlation between scattering trajectories which is due to trajectories that approach the trapped periodic orbits closely. The equivalence between the two pictures is also demonstrated by considering correlation functions of the time delay. A corresponding calculation for the conductance gives no periodic orbit contributions in leading order., Comment: 21 pages, 5 figures

We derive semiclassical approximations for wavefunctions, Green's functions and expectation values for classically chaotic quantum systems. Our method consists of applying singular and regular perturbations to quantum Hamiltonians. The wavefunctions, Green's functions and expectation values of the unperturbed Hamiltonian are expressed in terms of the spectral determinant of the perturbed Hamiltonian. Semiclassical resummation methods for spectral determinants are applied and yield approximations in terms of a finite number of classical trajectories. The final formulas have a simple form. In contrast to Poincare surface of section methods, the resummation is done in terms of the periods of the trajectories., Comment: 18 pages, no figures

We derive semiclassical periodic orbit expansions for a correlation function of the Wigner time delay. We consider the Fourier transform of the two-point correlation function, the form factor $K(\tau,x,y,M)$, that depends on the number of open channels $M$, a non-symmetry breaking parameter $x$, and a symmetry breaking parameter $y$. Several terms in the Taylor expansion about $\tau=0$, which depend on all parameters, are shown to be identical to those obtained from Random Matrix Theory., Comment: 21 pages, no figures

We consider quantum systems with a chaotic classical limit that depend on an external parameter, and study correlations between the spectra at different parameter values. In particular, we consider the parametric spectral form factor $K(\tau,x)$ which depends on a scaled parameter difference $x$. For parameter variations that do not change the symmetry of the system we show by using semiclassical periodic orbit expansions that the small $\tau$ expansion of the form factor agrees with Random Matrix Theory for systems with and without time reversal symmetry., Comment: 18 pages, no figures

We consider the semiclassical approximation to the spectral form factor K(tau) for two-dimensional uniformly hyperbolic systems, and derive the first off-diagonal correction for small tau. The result agrees with the tau^2-term of the form factor for the GOE random matrix ensemble., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures

We present a refined semiclassical approach to the Landauer conductance and Kubo conductivity of clean chaotic mesoscopic systems. We demonstrate for systems with uniformly hyperbolic dynamics that including off-diagonal contributions to double sums over classical paths gives a weak-localization correction in quantitative agreement with results from random matrix theory. We further discuss the magnetic field dependence. This semiclassical treatment accounts for current conservation., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure

We consider quantum systems with a chaotic classical limit that are perturbed by a point-like scatterer. The spectral form factor K(tau) for these systems is evaluated semiclassically in terms of periodic and diffractive orbits. It is shown for order tau^2 and tau^3 that off-diagonal contributions to the form factor which involve diffractive orbits cancel exactly the diagonal contributions from diffractive orbits, implying that the perturbation by the scatterer does not change the spectral statistic. We further show that parametric spectral statistics for these systems are universal for small changes of the strength of the scatterer., Comment: LaTeX, 21 pages, 7 figures, small corrections, new references added

We investigate the influence of diffraction on the statistics of energy levels in quantum systems with a chaotic classical limit. By applying the geometrical theory of diffraction we show that diffraction on singularities of the potential can lead to modifications in semiclassical approximations for spectral statistics that persist in the semiclassical limit $\hbar \to 0$. This result is obtained by deriving a classical sum rule for trajectories that connect two points in coordinate space., Comment: 14 pages, no figure, to appear in J. Phys. A

In billiard systems with a flux line semiclassical approximations for the density of states contain contributions from periodic orbits as well as from diffractive orbits that are scattered on the flux line. We derive a semiclassical approximation for diffractive orbits that are scattered once on a flux line. This approximation is uniformly valid for all scattering angles. The diffractive contributions are necessary in order that semiclassical approximations are continuous if the position of the flux line is changed., Comment: LaTeX, 17 pages, 4 figures

We derive semiclassical contributions of periodic orbits from a boundary integral equation for three-dimensional billiard systems. We use an iterative method that keeps track of the composition of the stability matrix and the Maslov index as an orbit is traversed. Results are given for isolated periodic orbits and rotationally invariant families of periodic orbits in axially symmetric billiard systems. A practical method for determining the stability matrix and the Maslov index is described., Comment: LaTeX, 19 pages

We derive a uniform approximation for semiclassical contributions of periodic orbits to the spectral density which is valid for generic period-quadrupling bifurcations in systems with a mixed phase space. These bifurcations involve three periodic orbits which coalesce at the bifurcation. In the vicinity of the bifurcation the three orbits give a collective contribution to the spectral density while the individual contributions of Gutzwiller's type would diverge at the bifurcation. The uniform approximation is obtained by mapping the action function onto the normal form corresponding to the bifurcation. The present article is a continuation of previous work in which uniform approximations for generic period-$m$-tupling bifurcations with $m \neq 4$ were derived., Comment: LaTeX, 22 pages including 4 PostScript figures

We derive uniform approximations for contributions to Gutzwiller's periodic-orbit sum for the spectral density which are valid close to bifurcations of periodic orbits in systems with mixed phase space. There, orbits lie close together and give collective contributions, while the individual contributions of Gutzwiller's type would diverge at the bifurcation. New results for the tangent, the period doubling and the period tripling bifurcation are given. They are obtained by going beyond the local approximation and including higher order terms in the normal form of the action. The uniform approximations obtained are tested on the kicked top and are found to be in excellent agreement with exact quantum results., Comment: LaTeX, 24 pages including 7 PostScript figures, submitted to J. Phys. A

Semiclassical approximations often involve the use of stationary phase approximations. This method can be applied when $\hbar$ is small in comparison to relevant actions or action differences in the corresponding classical system. In many situations, however, action differences can be arbitrarily small and then uniform approximations are more appropriate. In the present paper we examine different uniform approximations for describing the spectra of integrable systems and systems with mixed phase space. This is done on the example of two billiard systems, an elliptical billiard and a deformation of it, an oval billiard. We derive a trace formula for the ellipse which involves a uniform approximation for the Maslov phases near the separatrix, and a uniform approximation for tori of periodic orbits close to a bifurcation. We then examine how the trace formula is modified when the ellipse is deformed into an oval. This involves uniform approximations for the break-up of tori and uniform approximations for bifurcations of periodic orbits. Relations between different uniform approximations are discussed., Comment: LaTeX, 33 pages including 10 PostScript figures, submitted to J. Phys. A

We derive contributions to the trace formula for the spectral density accounting for the role of diffractive orbits in two-dimensional billiard systems with corners. This is achieved by using the exact Sommerfeld solution for the Green function of a wedge. We obtain a uniformly valid formula which interpolates between formerly separate approaches (the geometrical theory of diffraction and Gutzwiller's trace formula). It yields excellent numerical agreement with exact quantum results, also in cases where other methods fail., Comment: LaTeX, 41 pages including 12 PostScript figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. E

The semiclassical theory for billiards with mixed boundary conditions is developed and explicit expressions for the smooth and the oscillatory parts of the spectral density are derived. The parametric dependence of the spectrum on the boundary condition is shown to be a very useful diagnostic tool in the semiclassical analysis of the spectrum of billiards. It is also used to check in detail some recently proposed parametric spectral statistics. The methods are illustrated in the analysis of the spectrum of the Sinai billiard and its parametric dependence on the boundary condition on the dispersing arc., Comment: Self-extracting uuencoded compressed tar file. In case of extraction problems please write to: fnharel1@wicc.weizmann.ac.il