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The level of cartilage acidic protein 1 (CRTAC1) in plasma was recently discovered to be associated with osteoarthritis (OA) risk and progression to joint replacement in Iceland. This study was undertaken to validate these findings in an independent population.In this study, 1,462 plasma proteins were measured in 54,265 participants from the UK Biobank on the Olink Explore platform. We analyzed the association of plasma proteins with prevalent OA, incident OA, and progression to joint replacement. We assessed the specificity of OA association through comparison of associations with inflammatory joint diseases and with previous joint replacement.The CRTAC1 protein showed the strongest association with prevalent knee OA (odds ratio [OR] 1.34 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.27, 1.41]) and was associated with hip OA (OR 1.19 [95% CI 1.11, 1.28]). It predicted incident diagnosis of OA in the knee (hazard ratio [HR] 1.40 [95% CI 1.35, 1.46]) and hip (HR 1.25 [95% CI 1.19, 1.31]), as well as progression to joint replacement (HR 1.20 [95% CI 1.08, 1.33] for the knee and HR 1.22 [95% CI 1.08, 1.38] for the hip), while no association was found with inflammatory joint diseases. Individuals in the highest quintile of risk based on CRTAC1 level, age, sex, and body mass index had a 10-fold risk of knee or hip OA within 5 years compared to those in the lowest quintile. Adding aggrecan core protein (ACAN) and neurocan core protein (NCAN) to the model improved the prediction of OA but not joint replacement. Furthermore, we replicated the association of CUB domain-containing protein 1 with prior joint replacement.Plasma CRTAC1 is a specific biomarker for OA and a predictor of OA risk and progression to joint replacement. Adding ACAN and NCAN protein levels to the CRTAC1 model improved the prediction of OA.

Supplementary Methods, Supplementary Tables 1-18 and Supplementary Figures 1-5.

The success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in identifying common, low-penetrance variant-cancer associations for the past decade is undisputed. However, discovering additional high-penetrance cancer mutations in unknown cancer predisposing genes requires detection of variant-cancer association of ultra-rare coding variants. Consequently, large-scale next-generation sequence data with associated phenotype information are needed. Here, we used genotype data on 166,281 Icelanders, of which, 49,708 were whole-genome sequenced and 408,595 individuals from the UK Biobank, of which, 41,147 were whole-exome sequenced, to test for association between loss-of-function burden in autosomal genes and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common cancer in Caucasians. A total of 25,205 BCC cases and 683,058 controls were tested. Rare germline loss-of-function variants in PTPN14 conferred substantial risks of BCC (OR, 8.0; P = 1.9 × 10−12), with a quarter of carriers getting BCC before age 70 and over half in their lifetime. Furthermore, common variants at the PTPN14 locus were associated with BCC, suggesting PTPN14 as a new, high-impact BCC predisposition gene. A follow-up investigation of 24 cancers and three benign tumor types showed that PTPN14 loss-of-function variants are associated with high risk of cervical cancer (OR, 12.7, P = 1.6 × 10−4) and low age at diagnosis. Our findings, using power-increasing methods with high-quality rare variant genotypes, highlight future prospects for new discoveries on carcinogenesis.Significance:This study identifies the tumor-suppressor gene PTPN14 as a high-impact BCC predisposition gene and indicates that inactivation of PTPN14 by germline sequence variants may also lead to increased risk of cervical cancer.

Background and objectives Prior studies on the association of eGFR and mortality have failed to include methods to account for repeated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) determinations. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between eGFR and mortality in the general population in Iceland employing a joint model. Methods We obtained all serum creatinine and urine protein measurements from all clinical laboratories in Iceland in the years 2008–2016. Clinical data were obtained from nationwide electronic medical records. eGFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation and categorized as follows: 0–29, 30–44, 45–59, 60–74, 75–89, 90–104 and >104 mL/min/1.73 m2. A multiple imputation method was used to account for missing urine protein data. A joint model was used to assess risk of all-cause mortality. Results We obtained 2 120 147 creatinine values for 218 437 individuals, of whom 84 364 (39%) had proteinuria measurements available. Median age was 46 (range, 18–106) years and 47% were men. Proteinuria associated with increased risk of death for all eGFR categories both in persons of all ages. In persons ≤ 65 years, the lowest risk was observed for eGFR of 75-89 mL/min/1.73 m2 without proteinuria. For persons aged > 65 years, the lowest risk was observed for eGFR of 60-74 mL/min/1.73 m2 without proteinuria. eGFR of 45-59 mL/min/1.73 m2 without proteinuria did not associate with enhanced mortality risk in this age group. eGFR >104 mL/min/1.73 m2 associated with increased mortality. Conclusions These results lend further support to the use of age-adapted eGFR thresholds for defining CKD. Very high eGFR needs to be studied in more detail with regard to mortality.

Objective Biomarkers for diagnosis and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) are lacking. This study was undertaken to identify circulating biomarkers for OA that could predict disease occurrence and/or progression to joint replacement. Methods Using the SomaScan platform, we measured 4,792 proteins in plasma from 37,278 individuals, of whom 12,178 individuals had OA and 2,524 had undergone joint replacement. We performed a case-control study for identification of potential protein biomarkers for hip, knee, and/or hand OA, and a prospective study for identification of biomarkers for joint replacement. Results Among the large panel of plasma proteins assessed, cartilage acidic protein 1 (CRTAC1) was the most strongly associated with both OA diagnosis (odds ratio 1.46 [95% confidence interval 1.41-1.52] for knee OA, odds ratio 1.36 [95% confidence interval 1.29-1.43] for hip OA, and odds ratio 1.33 [95% confidence interval 1.26-1.40] for hand OA) and progression to joint replacement (hazard ratio 1.40 [95% confidence interval 1.30-1.51] for knee replacement and hazard ratio 1.31 [95% confidence interval 1.19-1.45] for hip replacement). Patients with OA who were in the highest quintile of risk of joint replacement, based on known risk factors (i.e., age, sex, and body mass index) and plasma CRTAC1 level, were 16 times more likely to undergo knee replacement within 5 years of plasma sample collection than those in the lowest quintile, and 6.5 times more likely to undergo hip replacement. CRTAC1 was not associated with other types of inflammatory arthritis. A specific protein profile was identified in those patients who had undergone joint replacement prior to plasma sample collection. Conclusion Through a hypothesis-free approach, we identified CRTAC1 in plasma as a novel promising candidate biomarker for OA that is both associated with occurrence of OA and predictive of progression to joint replacement. This biomarker might also be useful in the selection of suitable patients for clinical trial enrollment.

Predicting all-cause mortality risk is challenging and requires extensive medical data. Recently, large-scale proteomics datasets have proven useful for predicting health-related outcomes. Here, we use measurements of levels of 4,684 plasma proteins in 22,913 Icelanders to develop all-cause mortality predictors both for short- and long-term risk. The participants were 18-101 years old with a mean follow up of 13.7 (sd. 4.7) years. During the study period, 7,061 participants died. Our proposed predictor outperformed, in survival prediction, a predictor based on conventional mortality risk factors. We could identify the 5% at highest risk in a group of 60-80 years old, where 88% died within ten years and 5% at the lowest risk where only 1% died. Furthermore, the predicted risk of death correlates with measures of frailty in an independent dataset. Our results show that the plasma proteome can be used to assess general health and estimate the risk of death., Eiriksdottir et al. use a temporal proteomic dataset from over 22,000 Icelandic individuals to identify predictors and predict all-cause mortality. Their findings suggest that the plasma proteome may be of value in general health screening for risk of death.

Background: Understanding how dysregulation in lipid metabolism relates to the severity of Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) pathology might be critical in developing effective treatments. Objective: To identify lipid species in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) associated with signature AD pathology and to explore their relationships with measures reflecting AD-related processes (neurodegeneration, inflammation, deficits in verbal episodic memory) among subjects at the pre- and early symptomatic stages of dementia. Methods: A total of 60 subjects that had been referred to an Icelandic memory clinic cohort were classified as having CSF AD (n = 34) or non-AD (n = 26) pathology profiles. Untargeted CSF lipidomic analysis was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) for the detection of mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) features. CSF proteins reflecting neurodegeneration (neurofilament light [NFL]) and inflammation (chitinase-3-like protein 1 [YKL-40], S100 calcium-binding protein B [S100B], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]) were also measured. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (RAVLT) and Story tests were used for the assessment of verbal episodic memory. Results: Eight out of 1008 features were identified as best distinguishing between the CSF profile groups. Of those, only the annotation of the m/z feature assigned to lipid species C18 ceramide was confirmed with a high confidence. Multiple regression analyses, adjusted for age, gender, and education, demonstrated significant associations of CSF core AD markers (Aβ42: st.β= –0.36, p = 0.007; T-tau: st.β= 0.41, p = 0.005) and inflammatory marker S100B (st.β= 0.51, p = 0.001) with C18 ceramide levels. Conclusion: Higher levels of C18 ceramide associated with increased AD pathology and inflammation, suggesting its potential value as a therapeutic target.

Background Improved information about the evolution of fetal head rotation during labor is required. Ultrasound methods have the potential to provide reliable new knowledge about fetal head position. Objective The aim of the study was to describe fetal head rotation in women in spontaneous labor at term using ultrasound longitudinally throughout the active phase. Study Design This was a single center, prospective cohort study at Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, from January 2016 to April 2018. Nulliparous women with a single fetus in cephalic presentation and spontaneous labor onset at ≥37 weeks’ gestation were eligible. Inclusion occurred when the active phase could be clinically established by labor ward staff. Cervical dilatation was clinically examined. Fetal head position and subsequent rotation were determined using both transabdominal and transperineal ultrasound. Occiput positions were marked on a clockface graph with 24 half-hour divisions and categorized into occiput anterior (≥10- and ≤2-o’clock positions), left occiput transverse (>2- and 8- and Results We followed the fetal head rotation relative to the initial position in the pelvis in 99 women, of whom 75 delivered spontaneously, 16 with instrumental assistance, and 8 needed cesarean delivery. At inclusion, the cervix was dilated 4 cm in 26 women, 5 cm in 30 women, and ≥6 cm in 43 women. Furthermore, 4 women were examined once, 93 women twice, 60 women 3 times, 47 women 4 times, 20 women 5 times, 15 women 6 times, and 3 women 8 times. Occiput posterior was the most frequent position at the first examination (52 of 99), but of those classified as posterior, most were at 4- or 8-o’clock position. Occiput posterior positions persisted in >50% of cases throughout the first stage of labor but were anterior in 53 of 80 women (66%) examined by and after full dilatation. The occiput position was anterior in 75% of cases at a head-perineum distance of ≤30 mm and in 73% of cases at an angle of progression of ≥125° (corresponding to a clinical station of +1). All initial occiput anterior (19), 77% of occiput posterior (40 of 52), and 93% of occiput transverse positions (26 of 28) were thereafter delivered in an occiput anterior position. In 6 cases, the fetal head had rotated over the 6-o’clock position from an occiput posterior or transverse position, resulting in a rotation of >180°. In addition, 6 of the 8 women ending with cesarean delivery had the fetus in occiput posterior position throughout the active phase of labor. Conclusion We investigated the rotation of the fetal head in the active phase of labor in nulliparous women in spontaneous labor at term, using ultrasound to provide accurate and objective results. The occiput posterior position was the most common fetal position throughout the active phase of the first stage of labor. Occiput anterior only became the most frequent position at full dilatation and after the head had descended below the midpelvic plane.

The success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in identifying common, low-penetrance variant-cancer associations for the past decade is undisputed. However, discovering additional high-penetrance cancer mutations in unknown cancer predisposing genes requires detection of variant-cancer association of ultra-rare coding variants. Consequently, large-scale next-generation sequence data with associated phenotype information are needed. Here, we used genotype data on 166,281 Icelanders, of which, 49,708 were whole-genome sequenced and 408,595 individuals from the UK Biobank, of which, 41,147 were whole-exome sequenced, to test for association between loss-of-function burden in autosomal genes and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common cancer in Caucasians. A total of 25,205 BCC cases and 683,058 controls were tested. Rare germline loss-of-function variants in PTPN14 conferred substantial risks of BCC (OR, 8.0; P = 1.9 × 10−12), with a quarter of carriers getting BCC before age 70 and over half in their lifetime. Furthermore, common variants at the PTPN14 locus were associated with BCC, suggesting PTPN14 as a new, high-impact BCC predisposition gene. A follow-up investigation of 24 cancers and three benign tumor types showed that PTPN14 loss-of-function variants are associated with high risk of cervical cancer (OR, 12.7, P = 1.6 × 10−4) and low age at diagnosis. Our findings, using power-increasing methods with high-quality rare variant genotypes, highlight future prospects for new discoveries on carcinogenesis. Significance: This study identifies the tumor-suppressor gene PTPN14 as a high-impact BCC predisposition gene and indicates that inactivation of PTPN14 by germline sequence variants may also lead to increased risk of cervical cancer.

Immune-mediated diseases are on the rise after the introduction of powerful immunomodulating drugs. The objective of this study was to determine the population-based incidence rate of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among patients treated with the monoclonal antibody rituximab in Iceland and compare it to the baseline incidence rate of IBD in the general population.We identified all patients treated with rituximab in Iceland from 2001 to 2018 through a central medicine database. IBD cases were indexed from medical records and ICD-10 codes and further confirmed by colonoscopy- and pathology reports. An experienced pathologist compared the pathology of IBD cases with matched controls of IBD patients.Lymphomas and related neoplasms were the most frequent indication for treatment with rituximab (Patients on rituximab have a sixfold increased risk of developing IBD compared to the general population. This risk was not affected by the indication for treatment and was not associated with concurrent immune-mediated diseases. Summary This population-based retrospective cohort study included all patients receiving treatment with rituximab between 2001 and 2018 in Iceland and identified a sixfold increased risk of developing IBD when compared to the general population.

Objective: To analyze the incidence of acute alcoholic pancreatitis and of severe alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and its association with per capita alcohol consumption with identification of both a...

BackgroundCholinergic drugs are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Therefore, a better understanding of the cholinergic system and its relation to both AD-related biomarkers and cognitive functions is of high importance.ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationships of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cholinergic enzymes with markers of amyloidosis, neurodegeneration, neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation and performance on verbal episodic memory in a memory clinic cohort.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 46 cholinergic drug-free subjects (median age = 71, 54% female, median MMSE = 28) were recruited from an Icelandic memory clinic cohort targeting early stages of cognitive impairment. Enzyme activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was measured in CSF as well as levels of amyloid-β1–42 (Aβ42), phosphorylated tau (P-tau), total-tau (T-tau), neurofilament light (NFL), YKL-40, S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Verbal episodic memory was assessed with the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (RAVLT) and Story tests.ResultsNo significant relationships were found between CSF Aβ42 levels and AChE or BuChE activity (p > 0.05). In contrast, T-tau (r = 0.46, p = 0.001) and P-tau (r = 0.45, p = 0.002) levels correlated significantly with AChE activity. Although neurodegeneration markers T-tau and NFL did correlate with each other (r = 0.59, p < 0.001), NFL did not correlate with AChE (r = 0.25, p = 0.09) or BuChE (r = 0.27, p = 0.06). Inflammation markers S100B and YKL-40 both correlated significantly with AChE (S100B: r = 0.43, p = 0.003; YKL-40: r = 0.32, p = 0.03) and BuChE (S100B: r = 0.47, p < 0.001; YKL-40: r = 0.38, p = 0.009) activity. A weak correlation was detected between AChE activity and the composite score reflecting verbal episodic memory (r = −0.34, p = 0.02). LASSO regression analyses with a stability approach were performed for the selection of a set of measures best predicting cholinergic activity and verbal episodic memory score. S100B was the predictor with the highest model selection frequency for both AChE (68%) and BuChE (73%) activity. Age (91%) was the most reliable predictor for verbal episodic memory, with selection frequency of both cholinergic enzymes below 10%.ConclusionsResults indicate a relationship between higher activity of the ACh-degrading cholinergic enzymes with increased neurodegeneration, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation in the stages of pre- and early symptomatic dementia, independent of CSF Aβ42 levels.

While overall gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) rates have been extensively compared between warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), it is still unclear whether upper and lower GIB rates differ between these types of drugs. This study aimed to compare upper and lower GIB rates between warfarin and DOACs in a nationwide cohort.Data on all patients in Iceland who received a prescription for oral anticoagulation from 2014 to 2019 were collected and their personal identification numbers linked to the electronic medical record system of the National University Hospital of Iceland and the 4 regional hospitals in Iceland. Inverse probability weighting was used to yield balanced study groups and rates of overall, major, upper, and lower GIB were compared using Cox regression. All GIB events were manually confirmed by chart review.Warfarin was associated with higher rates of upper GIB (1.7 events per 100 person-years vs 0.8 events per 100 person-years; hazard ratio [HR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-3.59) but similar rates of lower GIB compared with DOACs. Specifically, warfarin was associated with higher rates of upper GIB compared with apixaban (HR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.35-5.13), dabigatran (5.47; 95% CI, 1.87-16.05), and rivaroxaban (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.00-3.05). Warfarin was associated with higher rates of major GIB compared with apixaban (2.3 events per 100 person-years vs 1.5 events per 100 person-years; HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.06-3.05), but otherwise overall and major GIB rates were similar in warfarin and DOAC users.Warfarin was associated with higher rates of upper but not overall or lower GIB compared with DOACs. Warfarin was associated with higher rates of major GIB compared with apixaban.

Although epistaxis is one of the most common side effects of oral anticoagulation, it is unclear whether epistaxis rates vary between different oral anticoagulants (OAC).To compare rates of clinically relevant epistaxis between OAC.Epistaxis event rates were compared between new users of apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin in a nationwide population-based cohort study over a 5-year study period, 2014-2019. Data was collected from the Icelandic Medicine Registry and the five major hospitals in Iceland. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to yield balanced baseline characteristics, and epistaxis rates were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox regression.During the study period, 2098 patients received apixaban, 474 dabigatran, 3106 rivaroxaban, and 1403 warfarin. In total, 93 patients presented with clinically relevant epistaxis, including 11 (12%) major epistaxis events and one fatal epistaxis episode. Furthermore, seven patients (9%) with non-major epistaxis later presented with major bleeding during the follow-up period. Warfarin use was associated with higher rates of epistaxis compared to apixaban (2.2 events per 100-person years (events/100-py) vs. 0.6 events/100-py, hazard ratio [HR] 4.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.08-8.59, p0.001), rivaroxaban (2.2 events/100-py vs. 1.0 events/100-py, HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.28-4.01, p = 0.005), and dabigatran (2.2 events/100-py vs. no events, HR n/a, p0.001).Warfarin treatment was associated with higher rates of clinically relevant epistaxis compared to direct oral anticoagulants.

Background Information on the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population is scarce. This study examined the incidence and risk factors of CKD stages 1–5 in Iceland, based on multiple markers of kidney damage. Methods All serum creatinine (SCr) values, urine protein measurements and diagnosis codes for kidney diseases and comorbid conditions for people aged ≥18 years were obtained from electronic medical records of all healthcare institutions in Iceland in 2008–2016. CKD was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria as evidence for kidney damage and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 3 months. Alternatively, CKD was defined using age-adapted eGFR thresholds. Mean annual age-standardized incidence of CKD was calculated for persons without CKD at study entry. Risk factor assessment was based on International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes. Incidence was reported per 100 000 population. Results We retrieved 1 820 990 SCr values for 206 727 persons. Median age was 45 years (range, 18–106) and 47% were men. Mean annual age-standardized incidence of CKD per 100 000 was 649 in men and 694 in women, and 480 in men and 522 in women using age-adapted eGFR thresholds. The incidence reached over 3000 in men and women aged >75 years. Traditional CKD risk factors, such as acute kidney injury, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, as well as less well characterized risk factors, including chronic lung disease, malignancy and major psychiatric illness were associated with increased risk of CKD, and the same was true for obesity and sleep apnoea in women. Conclusion The annual incidence of CKD, with strict adherence to the KDIGO criteria, was

The authors have withdrawn this manuscript because this paper was posted prematurely in advance of a UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project consortium effort. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author

Objectives To find causal genes for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its seropositive (RF and/or ACPA positive) and seronegative subsets. Methods We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 31 313 RA cases (68% seropositive) and similar to 1 million controls from Northwestern Europe. We searched for causal genes outside the HLA-locus through effect on coding, mRNA expression in several tissues and/or levels of plasma proteins (SomaScan) and did network analysis (Qiagen). Results We found 25 sequence variants for RA overall, 33 for seropositive and 2 for seronegative RA, altogether 37 sequence variants at 34 non-HLA loci, of which 15 are novel. Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of these yielded 25 causal genes in seropositive RA and additional two overall. Most encode proteins in the network of interferon-alpha/beta and IL-12/23 that signal through the JAK/STAT-pathway. Highlighting those with largest effect on seropositive RA, a rare missense variant in STAT4 (rs140675301-A) that is independent of reported non-coding STAT4-variants, increases the risk of seropositive RA 2.27-fold (p=2.1x10(-9)), more than the rs2476601-A missense variant in PTPN22 (OR=1.59, p=1.3x10(-160)). STAT4 rs140675301-A replaces hydrophilic glutamic acid with hydrophobic valine (Glu128Val) in a conserved, surface-exposed loop. A stop-mutation (rs76428106-C) in FLT3 increases seropositive RA risk (OR=1.35, p=6.6x10(-11)). Independent missense variants in TYK2 (rs34536443-C, rs12720356-C, rs35018800-A, latter two novel) associate with decreased risk of seropositive RA (ORs=0.63-0.87, p=10(-9)-10(-27)) and decreased plasma levels of interferon-alpha/beta receptor 1 that signals through TYK2/JAK1/STAT4. Conclusion Sequence variants pointing to causal genes in the JAK/STAT pathway have largest effect on seropositive RA, while associations with seronegative RA remain scarce. Funding Agencies|NORDFORSK [90825]; Swedish Research Council [2018-02803]; Swedish innovation Agency (Vinnova); Innovationsfonden; The Research Council of Norway; Region Stockholm-Karolinska Institutet; Region Vasterbotten (ALF); Danish Rheumatism Association [R194-A6956, A1923, A3037, A3570]; Swedish Brain Foundation; Nils and Bibbi Jensens Foundation; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Margaretha af Ugglas Foundation; South-Eastern Heath Region of Norway; Health Research Fund of Central Denmark Region; Region of Southern Denmark; A.P. Moller Foundation for the Advancement of Medical Science; Colitis-Crohn Foreningen; Novo Nordisk Foundation [NNF15OC0016932]; Aase og Ejnar Danielsens Fond; Beckett-Fonden; Augustinus Fonden; Knud and Edith Eriksens Mindefond; Laege Sofus Carl Emil Friis and Hustru Olga Doris Friis Legat; Psoriasis Forskningsfonden; University of Aarhus; Region of Southern Denmarks PhD Fund [12/7725]; Department of Rheumatology, Frederiksberg Hospital; Research Council of Norway [229624, 223273]; South East and Western Norway Health Authorities; ERC AdG project SELECTionPREDISPOSED; Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen; Trond Mohn Foundation; Novo Nordisk Foundation; University of Bergen

BACKGROUND Hypoxic hepatitis (HH) is an important clinical entity in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). The aims of the study were to assess the etiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of HH in the ICU of a tertiary hospital. Secondary aim was to analyze the effects of concomitant ischemia in other organs than the liver. METHODS All patients with HH, 2011-2018, in a university hospital ICU were included. Data were collected on etiology, relevant clinical data and outcome. HH was defined by an increase in aminotransferases ≥10 times the upper limit of normal within 48 h from a clinical event of cardiac, circulatory or respiratory failure. Other causes of liver cell necrosis were excluded. RESULTS Of 9,931 patients hospitalized in the ICU, 159 (1.6%) fulfilled criteria for HH. In-hospital mortality occurred in 85 (53%) and 60 (38%) survived one year. Median ICU stay was five days (interquartile range (IQR) 3-10) and median hospital stay 16 days (IQR 7-32). Shock (48%), cardiac arrest (25%) and hypoxia (13%) were the most common causes of HH. Acute kidney injury (81%), rhabdomyolysis (50%), intestinal ischemia (6%) and ischemic pancreatitis (3%) occurred concomitantly. Age (odds ratio (OR) 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.09)), serum lactate (OR 2.61 (95% CI 1.23-5.50)) and lactate dehydrogenase (OR 1.14 (95% CI 1.02-1.27)) were predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic hepatitis was related to shock in approximately 50% of cases and associated with high in-hospital mortality. HH was commonly associated with ischemia in other organs. In-hospital mortality was associated with age, lactate and LD.

Objective To evaluate temporal trends in survival and causes of death in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in a nationwide study. Methods The cohort consisted of 13,009 Swedish CLL patients diagnosed 1982-2013. Relative survival (RS) and excess mortality rate ratios (EMRR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using flexible parametric survival models. Cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated for the linear effect of 10-year increase in year of diagnosis. Results The excess mortality decreased comparing 2003-2013 to 1982-1992 (EMRR=0.53, 95% CI 0.48-0.58,). The 5-year RS increased between 1982 and 2012 for patients > 51 years at diagnosis and improved for patients ≤ 51 years after 2002. The rate of CLL-specific deaths decreased over time (HR=0.78, 95% CI 0.75-0.81). Compared to patients with no comorbidity, patients with 1 and 2+ Charlson Comorbidity Index points had HR=1.35 (95% CI 1.25-1.45) and HR=1.47 (95% CI 1.37-1.57) for CLL-related mortality, respectively. Conclusion Survival in CLL patients improved in the era of chemoimmunotherapy and this was largely explained by reduced CLL-related mortality. The increased rate of CLL-related mortality in patients with comorbidities emphasizes the importance of the newer and better tolerated targeted therapy.

Background Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) rates for direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and warfarin have been extensively compared. However, population-based studies comparing GIB rates among different DOACs are limited. Objective To compare rates of GIB among apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban. Design Nationwide population-based cohort study. Setting Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland and the 4 regional hospitals in Iceland. Patients New users of apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban from 2014 to 2019. Measurements Rates of GIB were compared using inverse probability weighting, Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, and Cox regression. Results In total, 2157 patients receiving apixaban, 494 patients receiving dabigatran, and 3217 patients receiving rivaroxaban were compared. For all patients, rivaroxaban had higher overall rates of GIB (3.2 vs. 2.5 events per 100 person-years; hazard ratio [HR], 1.42 [95% CI, 1.04 to 1.93]) and major GIB (1.9 vs. 1.4 events per 100 person-years; HR, 1.50 [CI, 1.00 to 2.24]) compared with apixaban. Rivaroxaban also had higher GIB rates than dabigatran, with similar point estimates, although the CIs were wider and included the possibility of a null effect. When only patients with atrial fibrillation were included, rivaroxaban was associated with higher rates of overall GIB than apixaban (HR, 1.40 [CI, 1.01 to 1.94]) or dabigatran (HR, 2.04 [CI, 1.17 to 3.55]). Dabigatran was associated with lower rates of upper GIB than rivaroxaban in both analyses. Limitations Unmeasured confounding and small subgroup analyses. Conclusion Rivaroxaban was associated with higher GIB rates than apixaban and dabigatran regardless of treatment indication. Primary funding source Icelandic Centre for Research and Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland.

Goals The goal of this study was to elucidate the most important predictors for elevation of gastrin in patients on long-term PPI therapy through analysis of data from 2 published studies in Icelandic patients with erosive GERD. Background Gastrin elevation is a known but variable consequence of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. Concerns have been raised about the clinical importance of chronic PPI induced gastrin elevation. Study This cross-sectional analysis included patients with endoscopically verified erosive esophagitis receiving long-term PPI therapy. PPI exposure in dosage over weight (mg/kg) and dosage over body surface area (mg/m) was compared with fasting gastrin levels in two separate multiple linear regression models. Data was collected on age, gender, weight, H. pylori infection, smoking, PPI duration and type. Results Overall data from 157 patients (78 females) were analyzed. Median serum gastrin levels were higher in females than males (92 vs. 60 pg/mL; P=0.001). Simple linear regression showed a correlation between serum gastrin levels and gender (P=0.0008) as well as PPI exposure in mg/kg (P=0.0001) and mg/m (P=0.0001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that PPI exposure, both in mg/kg (β=0.95 [CI=0.4-1.5]; P=0.001) and mg/m (β=0.02 [CI=0.0-0.0]; P=0.0015) along with female gender (β=0.2 [CI=0.0-0.4]; P=0.02) predicted higher gastrin values. Conclusions Dosage and female gender seem to play an important role in the development of gastrin elevation on PPI therapy. A significant correlation was found between fasting serum gastrin and dosage of PPIs over weight and body surface area.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used drugs among cancer patients. Due to conflicting reports on their safety, we aimed to determine whether PPI use is associated with mortality among prostate cancer patients. In this population-based cohort study, we identified incident diagnoses of prostate cancer between 2007 and 2012 (n = 1058). Follow-up was from 12 months after diagnosis until death, emigration or end the of study. Post-diagnosis use was defined as ≥2 filled prescriptions following diagnosis. We used time-dependent Cox proportional hazard regression models to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prostate cancer-specific and all-cause mortality associated with post-diagnosis use of PPIs. We identified 347 (32.8%) post-diagnosis PPI users and 711 (67.2%) non-users after diagnosis. Of the 347 patients using PPIs after diagnosis, 59 (17.0%) died due to any cause and 22 (6.3%) due to prostate cancer, compared with 144 (20.3%) and 76 (10.7%) among non-users after diagnosis, respectively. Post-diagnosis PPI use was not associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality (HR 0.88; 95% CI: 0.52-1.48) or all-cause mortality (HR 1.02; 95% CI: 0.73-1.43). Contrary to a previous report, this study did not find evidence of an association between post-diagnosis PPI use and mortality among prostate cancer patients.

Background and Aims: Injuries involving major arteries are an important cause of mortality and morbidity, most often from road traffic accidents. Our aim was to study the outcome of major vascular trauma from traffic accidents in an entire population, including patients who die at the scene and those who reach hospital alive. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of all patients who sustained major vascular trauma in traffic accidents in Iceland from 2000 to 2011. Patient demographics, mechanism, and location of vascular injury and treatment were registered. Injury scores were calculated and overall survival estimated. Results: There were 62 individuals (mean age 44 years, 79% males) with 95 major vascular traumas, giving an incidence of 1.69/100,000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval: 1.27–2.21). A total of 33 died at the scene and 8 during transportation to hospital but 21 (34%) reached hospital alive. Most patients who succumbed had thoracic major vascular traumas (76%) or abdominal major vascular traumas (23%). Mean new injury severity score for the 21 admitted patients was 44. A total of 18 were operated with vascular repair, 3 with endovascular stent graft insertion. The mean hospital stay for discharged patients was 34 days. Altogether, 15 of the 62 patients (24%) survived to discharge from hospital, with a 5-year survival of 86% for discharged patients. Conclusion: Every other patient with major vascular trauma following traffic accidents died at the scene and a further 13% died during transportation to hospital, most of whom sustained major vascular trauma to the thoracic aorta. However, one-third of the patients reached hospital alive and 71% of them survived to discharge, with excellent long-term survival.

Objective: To assess the proportion of PBC patients with a biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in a population-based cohort and the association of biochemical response with outcomes...

Publisher's version (útgefin grein)., Bone area is one measure of bone size that is easily derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. In a GWA study of DXA bone area of the hip and lumbar spine (N ≥ 28,954), we find thirteen independent association signals at twelve loci that replicate in samples of European and East Asian descent (N = 13,608 – 21,277). Eight DXA area loci associate with osteoarthritis, including rs143384 in GDF5 and a missense variant in COL11A1 (rs3753841). The strongest DXA area association is with rs11614913[T] in the microRNA MIR196A2 gene that associates with lumbar spine area (P = 2.3 × 10−42, β = −0.090) and confers risk of hip fracture (P = 1.0 × 10−8, OR = 1.11). We demonstrate that the risk allele is less efficient in repressing miR-196a-5p target genes. We also show that the DXA area measure contributes to the risk of hip fracture independent of bone density., We thank all the study subjects for their valuable participation, the staff from all studies and the participating physicians. A part of this research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 23359. arcOGEN (http://www.arcogen.org.uk/) was funded by a special purpose grant from Arthritis Research UK (grant 18030).

Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a chronic inflammation marker associated with the development of a range of diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular disease. The genetics of suPAR remain unexplored but may shed light on the biology of the marker and its connection to outcomes. We report a heritability estimate of 60% for the variation in suPAR and performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis on suPAR levels measured in Iceland (N = 35,559) and in Denmark (N = 12,177). We identified 13 independently genome-wide significant sequence variants associated with suPAR across 11 distinct loci. Associated variants were found in and around genes encoding uPAR (PLAUR), its ligand uPA (PLAU), the kidney-disease-associated gene PLA2R1 as well as genes with relations to glycosylation, glycoprotein biosynthesis, and the immune response. These findings provide new insight into the causes of variation in suPAR plasma levels, which may clarify suPAR’s potential role in associated diseases, as well as the underlying mechanisms that give suPAR its prognostic value as a unique marker of chronic inflammation., Dowsett and colleagues used a genome-wide association approach to investigate the genetic influence on soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor presence in the plasma of humans. Their findings indicate a 60% heritability factor in British twins, and using a wide sample of Northern European genome samples they identify eleven genetic loci associated with an increase or decrease of this chronic inflammation marker.

The plasma proteome can help bridge the gap between the genome and diseases. Here we describe genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of plasma protein levels measured with 4,907 aptamers in 35,559 Icelanders. We found 18,084 associations between sequence variants and levels of proteins in plasma (protein quantitative trait loci; pQTL), of which 19% were with rare variants (minor allele frequency (MAF)

Summary Osteoarthritis affects over 300 million people worldwide. Here, we conduct a genome-wide association study meta-analysis across 826,690 individuals (177,517 with osteoarthritis) and identify 100 independently associated risk variants across 11 osteoarthritis phenotypes, 52 of which have not been associated with the disease before. We report thumb and spine osteoarthritis risk variants and identify differences in genetic effects between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing joints. We identify sex-specific and early age-at-onset osteoarthritis risk loci. We integrate functional genomics data from primary patient tissues (including articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and osteophytic cartilage) and identify high-confidence effector genes. We provide evidence for genetic correlation with phenotypes related to pain, the main disease symptom, and identify likely causal genes linked to neuronal processes. Our results provide insights into key molecular players in disease processes and highlight attractive drug targets to accelerate translation., Graphical abstract, Highlights • A multicohort study identifies 52 previously unknown osteoarthritis genetic risk variants • Similarities and differences in osteoarthritis genetic risk depend on joint sites • Osteoarthritis genetic components are associated with pain-related phenotypes • High-confidence effector genes highlight potential targets for drug intervention, A multicohort genome-wide association meta-analysis of osteoarthritis highlights the impact of joint site types on the features of genetic risk variants and the link between osteoarthritis genetics and pain-related phenotypes, pointing toward potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Gastrin elevation secondary to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is well documented. Recent studies have demonstrated a sex-related difference where females on PPIs have significantly higher baseline gastrin levels than males. The aim of the study was to analyse the pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole and short-term effect on serum gastrin levels and evaluate potential sex-related difference. Healthy volunteers received 40 mg of esomeprazole daily for five days. After the 1st and 5th dose blood samples for fasting gastrin and pharmacokinetic analysis were collected at scheduled time-points for eight hours. Esomeprazole was analysed by liquid chromatography and gastrin concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay. A total of 30 volunteers were enrolled. Females had higher median baseline gastrin (pM) than males 12 (IQR 10–15) vs. 7 (IQR 4–11) (p = .03). In the study cohort, median gastrin levels rose from 10 (IQR 6–14) to 15 (IQR 13–20) (p = .0002). The serum levels for esomeprazole increased by an average of 299.8 ng/mL (p p = .15). In healthy volunteers, serum gastrin increased significantly after a four-day PPI-therapy. There was also a significant increase in serum esomeprazole from day 1 to day 5. The increase in gastrin and esomeprazole concentration was not related to sex and no significant sex-related difference was found in terms of pharmacokinetic parameters. European Clinical Trial Database (2015-002230-41).

Platelets play an important role in hemostasis and other aspects of vascular biology. We conducted a meta-analysis of platelet count GWAS using data on 536,974 Europeans and identified 577 independent associations. To search for mechanisms through which these variants affect platelets, we applied cis-expression quantitative trait locus, DEPICT and IPA analyses and assessed genetic sharing between platelet count and various traits using polygenic risk scoring. We found genetic sharing between platelet count and counts of other blood cells (except red blood cells), in addition to several other quantitative traits, including markers of cardiovascular, liver and kidney functions, height, and weight. Platelet count polygenic risk score was predictive of myeloproliferative neoplasms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, hypertension, and benign prostate hyperplasia. Taken together, these results advance understanding of diverse aspects of platelet biology and how they affect biological processes in health and disease., Evgenia Mikaelsdottir et al. report a study of variants associated with platelet count among European individuals where they identify 577 associations. They also report a genetic overlap between platelet count and human diseases, including myeloproliferative neoplasms, rheumatoid arthritis, and hypertension, as well as a genetic overlap between platelet count and various physiological markers.

The success of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in identifying common, low-penetrance variant-cancer associations for the past decade is undisputed. However, discovering additional high-penetrance cancer mutations in unknown cancer predisposing genes requires detection of variant-cancer association of ultra-rare coding variants. Consequently, large-scale next-generation sequence data with associated phenotype information are needed. Here, we used genotype data on 166,281 Icelanders, of which, 49,708 were whole-genome sequenced and 408,595 individuals from the UK Biobank, of which, 41,147 were whole-exome sequenced, to test for association between loss-of-function burden in autosomal genes and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common cancer in Caucasians. A total of 25,205 BCC cases and 683,058 controls were tested. Rare germline loss-of-function variants in

Background Economic downturns have been associated with increased suicide rates. The 2008 global financial crisis varied across countries but hit Iceland relatively hard. We aimed to study potential changes in suicide rates in Iceland during this major economic transition. Methods Data were retrieved on all suicides in Iceland during 2002–14. The study period was divided into a pre-collapse period (2002–08) and a post-collapse period (2008–14). Poisson regression models were used to estimate the association between pre-to-post economic collapse and suicide rates, expressed as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses were stratified by age and sex. Results A total of 470 suicides were recorded during the study period. The mean age at death was 45 years and 75% were males. The overall suicide rates per 100 000 were 13.3 pre-collapse and 15 post-collapse revealing no overall differences in pre-to-post collapse (RR 1.12; CI 0.94–1.35). This was true for both men and women (RR 1.18; CI 0.96–1.46 and RR 0.96; CI 0.67–1.38, respectively). An increase in the unemployment rate was not associated with the overall suicide rate (RR 1.07; CI 0.86–1.33), and neither were changes in gross domestic product (RR 1.29; CI 0.94–1.79) or balance of trade (RR 1.08; CI 0.96–1.22). Conclusion The economic collapse and rising unemployment rates in Iceland did not result in an overall increase in suicide rates. A strong welfare system and investing in social protection during the economic crisis may have mitigated suicide risk.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background: Neuroinflammation has gained increasing attention as a potential contributing factor in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this study was to examine the association of selected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory and neuronal degeneration markers with signature CSF AD profile and cognitive functions among subjects at the symptomatic pre- and early dementia stages. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 52 subjects were selected from an Icelandic memory clinic cohort. Subjects were classified as having AD (n = 28, age = 70, 39% female, Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] = 27) or non-AD (n = 24, age = 67, 33% female, MMSE = 28) profile based on the ratio between CSF total-tau (T-tau) and amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ42) values (cut-off point chosen as 0.52). Novel CSF biomarkers included neurofilament light (NFL), YKL-40, S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Subjects underwent neuropsychological assessment for evaluation of different cognitive domains, including verbal episodic memory, non-verbal episodic memory, language, processing speed, and executive functions. Results: Accuracy coefficient for distinguishing between the two CSF profiles was calculated for each CSF marker and test. Novel CSF markers performed poorly (area under curve [AUC] coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.64) compared to tests reflecting verbal episodic memory, which all performed fair (AUC > 70). LASSO regression with a stability approach was applied for the selection of CSF markers and demographic variables predicting performance on each cognitive domain, both among all subjects and only those with a CSF AD profile. Relationships between CSF markers and cognitive domains, where the CSF marker reached stability selection criteria of > 75%, were visualized with scatter plots. Before calculations of corresponding Pearson's correlations coefficients, composite scores for cognitive domains were adjusted for age and education. GFAP correlated with executive functions (r = - 0.37, p = 0.01) overall, while GFAP correlated with processing speed (r = - 0.68, p < 0.001) and NFL with verbal episodic memory (r = - 0.43, p = 0.02) among subjects with a CSF AD profile. Conclusions: The novel CSF markers NFL and GFAP show potential as markers for cognitive decline among individuals with core AD pathology at the symptomatic pre- and early stages of dementia., This study was funded by the St. Josef’s Hospital Fund, Reykjavik, Iceland; the Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund; and the Icelandic Research Fund of the Icelandic Centre for Research (163172-051).

Parental longevity is associated with an increased life expectancy; results with regard to specific diseases are conflicting. There are limited data focusing on host characteristics and their effect on survival among multiple myeloma (MM) patients and individuals with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the impact of parental longevity on survival of patients with MM and MGUS. A total of 4675 patients with MM, 6812 MGUS patients and 13 398 population-based controls for MM as well as 19 110 controls for MGUS, from 1988 to 2013, were included in the study. Longevity was defined as >90 years of age. Among MM patients, parental longevity was associated with a decreased risk of death [hazard ratio (HR) = 0·92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·84–0·99] and the same was true for MGUS patients (HR = 0·87, 95% CI 0·78–0·96). Having one long lived parent significantly decreased the risk of death in both groups, but was not statistically significant when both parents exceeded 90 years of age. In conclusion, parental longevity decreases the risk of death for patients with MM and MGUS which may reflect the importance of the host's genetic and environmental factors in relation to survival. (Less)

Background The aim of this study was to examine acute kidney injury (AKI) diagnosis based on different computerized algorithms compared with a nephrologist's diagnosis in patients visiting an emergency department (ED) of a university hospital. Methods In this retrospective study, we used electronic medical records at the University Hospital in Reykjavik to identify all patients aged ≥18 years, who presented to the ED in the year 2010 with an elevated serum creatinine (SCr) level. All SCr values were reviewed and a nephrologist determined whether AKI was present using the KDIGO SCr criteria and clinical data. Computerized algorithms based on the KDIGO SCr criteria, accounting for various time intervals for baseline SCr and changes in follow-up SCr, were constructed using the statiscal software R. Results At 53,816 ED visits, SCr was measured in 15,588 patients for a total of 21,559 measurements. Elevated SCr was observed in 2878 (18.4%) patients. Strict adherence to the KDIGO SCr criteria yielded a 79% sensitivity, 94% specificity, 68% positive predictive value (PPV) and 96% negative predictive value (NPV) for the diagnosis of AKI. Allowing for a longer time frame (>365 days) for baseline SCr, resulted in 93% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 80% PPV and 99% NPV. The algorithms which included a decrease in SCr from the index ED value yielded a sensitivity of 97% but lower specificity, 74% and 80%. Conclusions The algorithms that perform best yield excellent sensitivity and specificity and could be used to identify patients with AKI in the ED to enhance early diagnosis and treatment.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence of hospital visits and nature of injuries caused by intimate partner violence (IPV) against women and associated costs. Methods: All visits to Landspitali National University Hospital by women 18 years or older subjected to IPV, inflicted by a current or former male partner during 2005–2014, were observed and analysed. Information was obtained on number, date and time of visits and admissions, place of occurrence, patients’ and perpetrators’ age and relationship, number of perpetrators, medical diagnosis, aetiology, injury severity and cost. Results: The number of new hospital visits due to IPV was 1454, of which 92.6% were to the Emergency Department. The average age of the women was 34 years and 3.2% were admitted. According to the Injury Severity Score, physical injuries were mostly minor (92.4%) and mainly located on the upper body (64.3%) – namely, face, head and neck (37.1%) and upper limbs (27.2%). The majority of injuries were superficial (76.2%) and punching (29.7%), shoving (17.8%), kicking (10.5%) and attempted strangulation (9.8%) were the most common types of aetiology. Repeated new visits were 37.8%. The total cost for the hospital relating to IPV was €783,330. Conclusions: The total number of new visits resulting from IPV was 1454, and prevalence was 1.69 per 1000 women in the capital area over the research period. The majority of women were shown to have minor physical injuries of a superficial nature, located on the upper body. Although a low percentage of women were admitted, the associated cost for visits and admissions was substantial.

Objective: Abstinence from alcohol is recommended in patients diagnosed with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and alcoholic cirrhosis (AC). We aimed to determine the impact of alcohol abstinence on prognos...