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Attributed to its excellent physicochemical properties, graphene (GR) has very active applications in the fields of catalysis, optoelectronic devices, and battery electrode materials. However, until now, regulating the type and density of carriers in GR is still crucial for its practical applications. Here, reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-Bi2Te3 heterojunctions doped with different contents were prepared by a simple one-step method. The Bi2Te3 materials containing different RGO were made into broadband (365–850 ​nm) photoelectrochemical-type detectors, and the effects of the doping amount of RGO on the optoelectronic behavior of the devices and the intrinsic operation mechanism of the devices were investigated in detail. The results show that the values of Iph/Idark, Ri, and D∗ of Bi2Te3/RGO heterojunction devices obtained with 1 ​mg of RGO doping are 412, 6.072 ​mA/W, and 2.406 ​× ​1010 Jones, respectively. It is anticipated that this work will provide a research basis for future quantitative tuning of the performance of micro-nano devices by GR.

Although recombinant subunit vaccines are among the safest and most effective currently available, their rapid progress has been hampered by their high cost and need for sophisticated infrastructure. When used as a vehicle for vaccine production, unicellular microalgae are inexpensive, easy to grow and store, and have been shown to fold a variety of vaccine antigens appropriately, allowing for oral delivery of the vaccines possible. The current study investigated the possibility of expressing the grouper nervous necrosis virus (NNV) coat protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as an oral vaccine against viral nervous necrosis(VNN). The identified recombinant algal strains were mixed with commercial feeds at a 1:1 ratio and fed to grouper larva as an immunization feed. The results of the challenge experiments showed that the survival rate of grouper with oral vaccine was increased by 26.7 %-36.7 % compared with the control group, and the amount of brain cavitation was lower in the orally vaccinated grouper. In addition, immune-related genes, including immunoglobulin M(IgM), major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-Iα), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 16 (IL-16), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) were upregulated after oral vaccination. High-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing of grouper gut microbes revealed that immunofeeding altered the structure of the grouper intestinal microbiota, increasing the abundance of antimicrobial and nutrient metabolism-associated microorganisms while decreasing the abundance of pathogenesis-associated harmful microorganisms. The current research shows that recombinant C. reinhardtii producing the NNV coat protein is a promising candidate for oral vaccination against NNV disease in groupers.

Abstract Body size has historically been considered the primary source of difference in the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) between children aged greater than or equal to 2 years and adults. The contribution of age‐associated differences (e.g., ontogeny) beyond body‐size differences in the pediatric PKs of mAbs has not been comprehensively evaluated. In this study, the population PK of two mAbs (nivolumab and ipilimumab) in pediatric oncology patients were characterized. The effects of age‐related covariates on nivolumab or ipilimumab PKs were assessed using data from 13 and 10 clinical studies, respectively, across multiple tumor types, including melanoma, lymphoma, central nervous system tumors (CNSTs), and other solid tumors. Clearance was lower in pediatric patients (aged 1–17 years) with solid tumors or CNST than in adults after adjusting for other covariates, including the effect of body size. In contrast, clearance was similar in pediatric patients with lymphoma to that in adults with lymphoma. The pediatric effects characterized have increased the accuracy of the predictions of the model, facilitating its use in subsequent exposure comparisons between pediatric and adult patients, as well as for exposure–response analyses to inform pediatric dosing. This study approach may be applicable to the optimization of pediatric dosing of other mAbs and possibly other biologics.

Abstract An exposure–response (E–R) safety analysis was conducted across adult and pediatric (

Abstract Background GPR65 is a pH-sensing G-protein-coupled receptor that acts as a key innate immune checkpoint in the human tumor microenvironment, inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors and inducing significant upregulation of tissue repair genes. However, the expression pattern and function of GPR65 in osteosarcoma (OS) remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate and elucidate the role of GPR65 in the microenvironment, proliferation and migration of OS. Methods Retrospective RNA-seq data analysis was conducted in a cohort of 97 patients with OS data in the TAEGET database. In addition, single-cell sequencing data from six surgical specimens of human OS patients was used to analyze the molecular evolution process during OS genesis. Tissues chips and bioinformatics results were used to verify GPR65 expression level in OS. MTT, colony formation, EdU assay, wound healing, transwell assay and F-actin assay were utilized to analyze cell proliferation and invasion of OS cancer cells. RNA-seq was used to explore the potential mechanism of GPR65’s role in OS. Results GPR65 expression was significantly low in OS, and subgroup analysis found that younger OS patients, OS patients in metastatic status, and overall survival and progression free survival OS patients had lower GPR65 expression. From ScRNA-seq data of GSE162454, we found the expression of GPR65 is significantly positively correlated with CD4 + T cells CD8 + T cells and OS related macrophage infiltration. Verification experiment found that silencing the expression of GPR65 in osteosarcoma cells U2OS and HOS could promote the proliferation and invasion process, RNA-seq results showed that the role of GPR65 in OS cells was related to immune system, metabolism and signal transduction. Conclusion The low expression of GPR65 in OS leads to high metastasis rate and poor prognosis in OS patients. The suppression of immune escape and inhibition of proliferation may be a key pathway for GPR65 to participate in the progression of OS. The current study strengthens the role of GPR65 in OS development and provides a potential biomarker for the prognosis of OS patients.

Abstract The efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution is currently limited by poor light adsorption, rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers, and ineffective surface reaction rate. Although heterojunctions with innovative morphologies and structures can strengthen built‐in electric fields and maximize the separation of photogenerated charges. However, how to rational design of novel multidimensional structures to simultaneously improve the above three bottleneck problems is still a research imperative. Herein, a unique Cu2O─S@graphene oxide (GO)@Zn0.67Cd0.33S Three dimensional (3D) hollow heterostructure is designed and synthesized, which greatly extends the carrier lifetime and effectively promotes the separation of photogenerated charges. The H2 production rate reached 48.5 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light after loading Ni2+ on the heterojunction surface, which is 97 times higher than that of pure Zn0.67Cd0.33S nanospheres. Furthermore, the H2 production rate can reach 77.3 mmol g−1 h−1 without cooling, verifying the effectiveness of the photothermal effect. Meanwhile, in situ characterization and density flooding theory calculations reveal the efficient charge transfer at the p‐n 3D hollow heterojunction interface. This study not only reveals the detailed mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution in depth but also rationalizes the construction of superior 3D hollow heterojunctions, thus providing a universal strategy for the materials‐by‐design of high‐performance heterojunctions.

Over-consumption of limited fossil fuels has caused serious environmental pollution and a global energy crisis, threatening human life and biodiversity. As an ideal, environmentally friendly renewable energy, hydrogen can satisfy human clean energy requirements. Therefore, whether hydrogen can be catalytically generated in the wastewater treatment process is a highly meaningful investigation. Herein, Bi2Te3/Te/C heterojunction nanowires with high specific surface area and rich pore structure were successfully synthesized. The efficient catalytic degradation process is accompanied by the generation of hydrogen. The catalytic degradation of methylene blue and methyl orange was achieved in less than 20 s and 150 s, respectively. Meanwhile, in scaled-up degradation/hydrogen production experiments, fast and efficient H2 production from NaBH4 can be realized in the presence of Bi2Te3/Te/C nanowires. The mechanism of efficient synergistic organic dye degradation and hydrogen production is due to the efficient carrier transfers and accumulation at the hetero-interface. In contrast to previous work, rapid degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production by decomposition of NaBH4 were achieved without the help of high-cost catalysts such as precious metals. This work could provide an alternative pathway for the future degradation of organic matter in synergistic heterogeneous catalytic wastewater and recovery of by-products including hydrogen.

The effect of the microstructure of siliconized graphite on tribological properties is investigated by using a high-temperature and high-pressure water-lubricated tribometer on a self-mated ring-on-ring configuration under an applied load of 500–1500 N with a spindle speed of 100–5000 rpm in both 90 °C (5 MPa) and 25 °C (1 MPa) water environments, respectively. The Stribeck curves measurement and continuous wear tests are performed and analyzed in both water environments. The wear behaviors of the graphite, SiC, and free-silicon phases in siliconized graphite are demonstrated to explore the wear mechanism. The larger wear depths of a low-worn surface roughness on the three phases contribute to the boundary lubrication. The shallower wear depths are observed on the SiC and Si phases under the mixed lubrication, corresponding to partial contact wear of surface asperities. The wavy surface of the SiC phase and uniform flow-oriented striae of the Si phase are attributed to hydrodynamic lubrication, caused by full water film scouring the worn surface. Finally, an integrated evaluation method of G duty parameters is successfully used to identify the lubrication regimes of siliconized graphite from the boundary, mixed, to hydrodynamic lubrications for a water-lubricated thrust bearing application in the main coolant pump of a nuclear power plant.

Surface plasmon devices mounted at the end-facets of optical fibers are appealing candidates for rapid and point-of-care sensing applications, by offering a special dip-and-read operation mode. At present, these devices’ noise-equivalent limits-of-detection lag far behind the free-space counterparts, leaving them incapable of most biosensing applications. Here we report a quasi-3D Fano resonance cavity and its fabrication method to fundamentally improve the quality factor and coupling efficiency for fiber-coupled surface plasmon resonance. In this device, the Fano resonance combines the high coupling efficiency of a Fabry-Pérot etalon and the high quality factor resonance of a plasmonic crystal cavity. The quasi-3D device was fabricated on a planar substrate and transferred to a single-mode fiber end-facet, which requires a low-adhesion yet surface-plasmon-tunneling interface between the device and the planar substrate. Such an interface was realized with a nanocap-slit unit structure, of which the plasmonic crystal was consisted. A noise-equivalent limit of detection of ~ 10-7 RIU was experimentally obtained, allowing bovine serum albumin physical adsorption to be distinguished at ng mL-1 level concentrations. Therefore, breaking through the long-standing signal-to-noise ratio bottleneck, this work makes fiber end-facet surface plasmon devices into one of high sensitivity label-free sensing technologies. At the same time, it provides an enabling top-down fabrication technology for making 3D plasmonic structures on fiber end-facets at the nanometer scale.

Abstract Special‐shaped microscale structures have shed light on new possibilities in key fields of chemistry, medicine, and energy. Asymmetrical microrobots with sensitive magnetic responses can be useful tools in controlled chemical reactions, drug delivery, and functional material synthesis. Microfluidic‐based emulsion generation technology is adopted as a powerful platform for the fabrication of steerable microrobots with refined control. Specifically, Janus droplets are generated in microfluidic chips featuring a flow‐focusing configuration. Asymmetrical morphologies of the Janus droplets are achieved by balancing the interfacial tensions, where the portion containing magnetic nanoparticles is solidified through the UV‐initiated polymerization process right after the formation while the Janus structure is left intact. We succeed in controlling the morphology of the Janus droplet along with the moon‐shaped robots hydrodynamically and applying them in flow control at the microscale under external magnetic fields, which are characterized and quantified by three‐dimensional profile measurement and high‐speed microparticle velocimetry measurement. Our proposed on‐chip fabrication method using a microfluidic platform not only provides a method for fabricating magnetic robots but also enables tuning the complex morphologies and functionalities at the microscale, which could shed light on new possibilities in key fields of controlled chemistry reaction, medicine synthesis, and energy generation.

Landslides pose significant and serious geological threat disasters worldwide, threatening human lives and property; China is particularly susceptible to these disasters. This paper focuses on Pengyang County, which is situated in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, an area prone to landslides. This study investigated the application of machine learning techniques for analyzing landslide susceptibility. To construct and validate the model, we initially compiled a landslide inventory comprising 972 historical landslides and an equivalent number of non-landslide sites (Data sourced from the Pengyang County Department of Natural Resources). To ensure an impartial evaluation, both the landslide and non-landslide datasets were randomly divided into two sets using a 70/30 ratio. Next, we extracted 15 landslide conditioning factors, including the slope angle, elevation, profile curvature, plan curvature, slope aspect, TWI (topographic wetness index), TPI (topographic position index), distance to roads and rivers, NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), rainfall, land use, lithology, SPI (stream power index), and STI (sediment transport index), from the spatial database. Subsequently, a correlation analysis between the conditioning factors and landslide occurrences was conducted using the certainty factor (CF) method. Three landslide models were established by employing logistic regression (LR), functional trees (FTs), and random subspace functional trees (RSFTs) algorithms. The landslide susceptibility map was categorized into five levels: very low, low, medium, high, and very high susceptibility. Finally, the predictive capability of the three algorithms was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The better the prediction, the higher the AUC value. The results indicate that all three models are predictive and practical, with only minor discrepancies in accuracy. The integrated model (RSFT) displayed the highest predictive performance, achieving an AUC value of 0.844 for the training dataset and 0.837 for the validation dataset. This was followed by the LR model (0.811 for the training dataset and 0.814 for the validation dataset) and the FT model (0.776 for the training dataset and 0.760 for the validation dataset). The proposed methods and resulting landslide susceptibility map can assist researchers and local authorities in making informed decisions for future geohazard prevention and mitigation. Furthermore, they will prove valuable and be useful for other regions with similar geological characteristics features.

Abstract The two‐dimensional (2D) ultrathin titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanosheets with large specific surface area and fast electron transfer are successfully fabricated by using P123 as a soft template during a conventional hydrothermal process. Ultrathin structure improves the lifetime of the photogenerated electron and hole. The bandgap of the 2D materials is reduced with the calcination treatment. The TiO2 nanosheets calcined at 300°C exhibit higher photocatalytic activity in degradation of methylene blue and rhodamine B under visible light irradiation, and excellent photoelectrochemical performance allow them a wide use in energy and environmental applications.

The active sites over oxide-derived copper (OD-Cu) catalysts for CO2 electroreduction are unclear. Here, the authors show atom-level product-specific active sites on OD-Cu surface models, where planar and convex square sites are responsible for ethylene while the step square site favours alcohols generation.

Noble metal alloys are one of the most commonly used heterogeneous catalysts. During many reactions, the surface composition and oxidation states of the noble metal alloy particles have been reported to be dynamic. This paper describes a density functional theory study to explore the initial oxidation stages of the Pt-based surfaces, which are widely-used catalysts in various clean energy conversion processes. By applying a genetic algorithm based global optimization, we identified new surface phases at relatively high O coverages, 1 ML and 3/2 ML, on Pt and Pt alloy (111) surfaces. The existence of O transforms the metallic surfaces, creating oxide skins with different morphology and composition. Metals with higher reducibility are pulled out to the outmost surface, to bind with O atoms. The lattice constant affects the binding strength of O atoms over certain oxide skins. Moreover, the strain effect plays a crucial role in the formation of oxide overlayers.

The maintenance of a high delivery efficiency by traditional nanomedicines during cancer treatment is a challenging task. As a natural mediator for short-distance intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant attention owing to their low immunogenicity and high targeting ability. They can load a variety of major drugs, thus offering immense potential. In order to overcome the limitations of EVs and establish them as an ideal drug delivery system, polymer-engineered extracellular vesicle mimics (EVMs) have been developed and applied in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the current status of polymer-based extracellular vesicle mimics in drug delivery, and analyze their structural and functional properties based on the design of an ideal drug carrier. We anticipate that this review will facilitate a deeper understanding of the extracellular vesicular mimetic drug delivery system, and stimulate the progress and advancement of this field.

A new image reconstruction (IR) algorithm from multiscale interest points in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain was proposed based on a modified conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN). The proposed IR-DWT-CGAN model generally integrated a DWT module, an interest point extraction module, an inverse DWT module, and a CGAN. First, the image was transformed using the DWT to provide multi-resolution wavelet analysis. Then, the multiscale maxima points were treated as interest points and extracted in the DWT domain. The generator was a U-net structure to reconstruct the original image from a very coarse version of the image obtained from the inverse DWT of the interest points. The discriminator network was a fully convolutional network, which was used to distinguish the restored image from the real one. The experimental results on three public datasets showed that the proposed IR-DWT-CGAN model had an average increase of 2.9% in the mean structural similarity, an average decrease of 39.6% in the relative dimensionless global error in synthesis, and an average decrease of 48% in the root-mean-square error compared with several other state-of-the-art methods. Therefore, the proposed IR-DWT-CGAN model is feasible and effective for image reconstruction with multiscale interest points.

As a nonspecific protein adsorption material, a strong hydration layer provides zwitterionic hydrogels with excellent application potential while weakening the interaction between zwitterionic units, leading to poor mechanical properties. The unique anti-polyelectrolyte effect in ionic solution further restricts the application value due to the worsening mechanical strength. To overcome the limitations of zwitterionic hydrogels that can only be used in scenarios that do not require mechanical properties, several methods for strengthening mechanical properties based on enhancing intermolecular interaction forces and polymer network structure design have been extensively studied. Here, we review the works on preparing tough zwitterionic hydrogel. Based on the spatial and molecular structure design, tough zwitterionic hydrogels have been considered as an important candidate for advanced biomedical and soft ionotronic devices.

Nonspecific protein adsorption impedes the sustainability of materials in biologically related applications. Such adsorption activates the immune system by quick identification of allogeneic materials and triggers a rejection, resulting in the rapid failure of implant materials and drugs. Antifouling materials have been rapidly developed in the past 20 years, from natural polysaccharides (such as dextran) to synthetic polymers (such as polyethylene glycol, PEG). However, recent studies have shown that traditional antifouling materials, including PEG, still fail to overcome the challenges of a complex human environment. Zwitterionic materials are a class of materials that contain both cationic and anionic groups, with their overall charge being neutral. Compared with PEG materials, zwitterionic materials have much stronger hydration, which is considered the most important factor for antifouling. Among zwitterionic materials, zwitterionic hydrogels have excellent structural stability and controllable regulation capabilities for various biomedical scenarios. Here, we first describe the mechanism and structure of zwitterionic materials. Following the preparation and property of zwitterionic hydrogels, recent advances in zwitterionic hydrogels in various biomedical applications are reviewed.