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The efforts to understand the physics of rogue waves have motivated the study of mechanisms that produce rare, extreme events, often through analogous optical setups. As many studies have reported nonlinear generation mechanisms, recent work has explored whether optical rogue events can be produced in linear systems. Here we report the observation of linear rogue events with tunable height, generated from light imprinted with a non-Markovian wavefront. Moreover, if the non-Markovian wavefront is allowed to propagate through a nonlinear medium, extraordinarily long-tailed intensity distributions are produced, which do not conform to the statistics previously observed in optical rogue wave experiments., Comment: Main: 10 pages, 6 figures; Supplementary: 3 pages, 2 figures

We demonstrate focusing and imaging through a scattering medium noninvasively by using wavefront shaping. Our concept is based on utilizing the spatial fluorescence contrast which naturally exists in the hidden target object. By scanning the angle of incidence of the illuminating laser beam and maximizing the variation of the detected fluorescence signal from the object, as measured by a bucket detector at the front of the scattering medium, we are able to generate a tightly focused excitation spot. Thereafter, an image is obtained by scanning the focus over the object. The requirements for applicability of the method are discussed., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

Echo is a ubiquitous phenomenon found in many physical systems, ranging from spins in magnetic fields to particle beams in hadron accelerators. It is typically observed in inhomogeneously broadened ensembles of nonlinear objects, and is used to eliminate the effects of environmental-induced dephasing, enabling observation of proper, inherent object properties. Here, we report experimental observation of quantum wave packet echoes in a single isolated molecule. In contrast to conventional echoes, here the entire dephasing-rephasing cycle occurs within a single molecule without any inhomogeneous spread of molecular properties, or any interaction with the environment. In our experiments, we use a short laser pulse to impulsively excite a vibrational wave packet in an anharmonic molecular potential, and observe its oscillations and eventual dispersion with time. A second delayed pulsed excitation is applied, giving rise to an echo: a partial recovery of the initial coherent wavepacket. The vibrational dynamics of single molecules is visualized by time-delayed probe pulse dissociating them one at a time. Two mechanisms for the echo formation are discussed: ac Stark-induced molecular potential shaking and creation of depletion-induced "hole" in the nuclear spatial distribution. Interplay between the optically induced echoes and quantum revivals of the vibrational wave packets is observed and theoretically analyzed. The single molecule wave packet echoes may lead to the development of new tools for probing ultrafast intramolecular processes in various molecules., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures

The theory of Hawking radiation can be tested in laboratory analogues of black holes. We use light pulses in nonlinear fiber optics to establish artificial event horizons. Each pulse generates a moving perturbation of the refractive index via the Kerr effect. Probe light perceives this as an event horizon when its group velocity, slowed down by the perturbation, matches the speed of the pulse. We have observed in our experiment that the probe stimulates Hawking radiation, which occurs in a regime of extreme nonlinear fiber optics where positive and negative frequencies mix.

The principles of quantum optics have yielded a plethora of ideas to surpass the classical limitations of sensitivity and resolution in optical microscopy. While some ideas have been applied in proof-of-principle experiments, imaging a biological sample has remained challenging mainly due to the inherently weak signal measured and the fragility of quantum states of light. In principle, however, these quantum protocols can add new information without sacrificing the classical information and can therefore enhance the capabilities of existing super-resolution techniques. Image scanning microscopy (ISM), a recent addition to the family of super-resolution methods, generates a robust resolution enhancement without sacrificing the signal level. Here we introduce quantum image scanning microscopy (Q-ISM): combining ISM with the measurement of quantum photon correlation allows increasing the resolution of ISM up to two-fold, four times beyond the diffraction limit. We introduce the Q-ISM principle and obtain super-resolved optical images of a biological sample stained with fluorescent quantum dots using photon antibunching, a quantum effect, as a resolution enhancing contrast mechanism.

Entangled coherent states are shown to emerge, with high fidelity, when mixing coherent and squeezed vacuum states of light on a beam-splitter. These maximally entangled states, where photons bunch at the exit of a beamsplitter, are measured experimentally by Fock-state projections. Entanglement is examined theoretically using a Bell-type nonlocality test and compared with ideal entangled coherent states. We experimentally show nearly perfect similarity with entangled coherent states for an optimal ratio of coherent and squeezed vacuum light. In our scheme, entangled coherent states are generated deterministically with small amplitudes, which could be beneficial, for example, in deterministic distribution of entanglement over long distances., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, comments are welcome

Despite advances in low-light level detection, single-photon methods such as photon correlation have rarely been used in the context of imaging. The few demonstrations, for example of sub-diffraction limited imaging utilizing quantum statistics of photons, have remained in the realm of proof-of-principle demonstrations. This is primarily due to a combination of low values of fill factors, quantum efficiencies, frame rates and signal-to-noise characteristic of most available single-photon sensitive imaging detectors. Here we describe an imaging device based on a fiber bundle coupled to single-photon avalanche detectors, which combines a large fill factor, a high quantum efficiency, a low noise and scalable architecture. Our device enables localization based super-resolution microscopy in a non-sparse non-stationary scene, utilizing information on the number of active emitters, as gathered from non-classical photon statistics., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, supporting information is not included. Comments are welcome

Wavefront shaping is a powerful technique that can be used to focus light through scattering media, which can be important for imaging through scattering samples such as tissue. The method is based on the assumption that the field at the output of the medium is a linear superposition of the modes traveling through different paths in the medium. However, when the scattering medium also exhibits nonlinearity, as may occur in multiphoton microscopy, this assumption is violated and the applicability of wavefront shaping becomes unclear. Here we show, using a simple model system with a scattering layer followed by a nonlinear layer, that with adaptive optimization of the wavefront light can still be controlled and focused through a scattering medium in the presence of nonlinearity. Notably, we find that moderate positive nonlinearity can serve to significantly increase the focused fraction of power, whereas negative nonlinearity reduces it., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

The retrieval of phases from intensity measurements is a key process in many fields in science, from optical microscopy to x-ray crystallography. Here we study phase retrieval of a one-dimensional multi-phase object that is illuminated by quantum states of light. We generalize the iterative Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm to photon correlation measurements on the output plane, rather than the standard intensity measurements. We report a numerical comparison of classical and quantum phase retrieval of a small one-dimensional object of discrete phases from its far-field diffraction. While the classical algorithm was ambiguous and often converged to wrong solutions, quantum light produced a unique reconstruction with smaller errors and faster convergence. We attribute these improvements to a larger Hilbert space that constrains the algorithm., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, comments are welcome

Multimode fibers (MMFs) are attractive ultra-thin replacements for state-of-the-art endoscopes, but the phase randomization in propagation through MMFs poses a major hurdle for imaging and focusing of light. Recently, this challenge has been addressed by pre-measuring the compensation for the fiber's complex input-output modes relations. Unfortunately, the sensitivity of this approach to fiber bending and temperature variations renders it inappropriate for many applications. Here, we demonstrate a truly endoscopic robust method for controlled in-situ focusing and scanning through a flexible uncharacterized MMF, whereby all the instrumentation is situated at the proximal end. We show that in graded-index (GRIN) fibers, light patterns at the proximal end allow retrieving information about the distal light distribution. We utilize these properties and two-photon fluorescence for robust controlled focusing through bended GRIN fibers. Our results carry potential for lensless two-photon micro-endoscopy.

We introduce a simple and flexible method to generate spatially non-Markovian light with tunable coherence properties in one and two dimensions. The unusual behavior of this light is demonstrated experimentally by probing the far field and recording its diffraction pattern after a double slit: In both cases we observe instead of a central intensity maximum a line or cross shaped dark region, whose width and profile depend on the non-Markovian coherence properties. Since these properties can be controlled and easily reproduced in experiment, the presented approach lends itself to serve as a testbed to gain a deeper understanding of non-Markovian processes.

Diffraction-limited imaging through complex scattering media is a long sought after goal with important applications in biomedical research. In recent years, high resolution wavefront-shaping has emerged as a powerful approach to generate a sharp focus through highly scattering, visually opaque samples. However, it requires a localized feedback signal from the target point of interest, which necessitates an invasive procedure in all-optical techniques. Here, we show that by exploiting optical nonlinearities, a diffraction-limited focus can be formed inside or through a complex sample, even when the feedback signal is not localized. We prove our approach theoretically and numerically, and experimentally demonstrate it with a two-photon fluorescence signal through highly scattering biological samples. We use the formed focus to perform two-photon microscopy through highly scattering, visually opaque layers.

Quasiperiodic lattices have recently been shown to be a non-trivial topological phase of matter. Charge pumping -- one of the hallmarks of topological states of matter -- was recently realized for photons in a one-dimensional (1D) off-diagonal Harper model implemented in a photonic waveguide array. The topologically nontrivial 1D Fibonacci quasicrystal (QC) is expected to facilitate a similar phenomenon, but its discrete nature and lack of pumping parameter hinder the experimental study of such topological effects. In this work we overcome these obstacles by utilizing a family of topologically equivalent QCs which ranges from the Fibonacci QC to the Harper model. Implemented in photonic waveguide arrays, we observe the topological properties of this family, and perform a topological pumping of photons across a Fibonacci QC., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, comments are welcome

Five methods of calculating electrical field distributions in one dimensional wave-guide arrays are reviewed. We analytically solve the scalar Helmholtz Equation and, based on the computed Bloch functions and associated bands of propagation constants, generate the exact field distribution maps. For the approximated slowly varying envelope equation we show that the base Bloch functions are identical to those in the exact case, and study the differences in the bands of propagation constants. We demonstrate that by selecting the reference refractive index value, it is possible to minimize the error in propagation constants of any desired band. For the distributions calculated by the coupled mode theory, we reveal the similarity and differences of the band made of eigenvalues of the coupled mode equations matrix when compared to the first band of propagation constants found by the exact solution. Analysis of two numeric beam propagation methods shows that the relative accuracy of the calculated field distributions of each of these methods depends on excitation conditions. The presented analysis of the slowly varying envelope equation provides guide lines for selecting the value of the reference refractive index to be incorporated in these numeric methods where an analytic solution is difficult to work out or in the frequently occurring cases where an analytic solution does not exist at all., Comment: 93 pages, 67 figures

Focusing light through dynamically varying heterogeneous media is a sought-after goal with important applications ranging from free-space communication to nano-surgery. The underlying challenge is to control the optical wavefront with a large number of degrees-of-freedom (DOF) at timescales shorter than the medium dynamics. Recently, many advancements have been reported following the demonstration of focusing through turbid samples by wavefront-shaping, using spatial light modulators (SLMs) having >1000 DOF. Unfortunately, SLM-based wavefront-shaping requires feedback from a detector/camera and is limited to slowly-varying samples. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach for wavefront-shaping using all-optical feedback. We show that the complex wavefront required to focus through highly scattering samples, including thin biological tissues, can be generated at sub-microsecond timescales by the process of field self-organization inside a multimode laser cavity, without requiring electronic feedback or SLMs. This wavefront-shaping mechanism is more than five orders of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art, reaching the timescales required in many applications.

Topological insulators and topological superconductors are distinguished by their bulk phase transitions and gapless states at a sharp boundary with the vacuum. Quasicrystals have recently been found to be topologically nontrivial. In quasicrystals, the bulk phase transitions occur in the same manner as standard topological materials, but their boundary phenomena are more subtle. In this Letter we directly observe bulk phase transitions, using photonic quasicrystals, by constructing a smooth boundary between topologically distinct one-dimensional quasicrystals. Moreover, we use the same method to experimentally confirm the topological equivalence between the Harper and Fibonacci quasicrystals., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, 2 appendices

It is shown that a classical optical Fourier processor can be used for the shaping of quantum correlations between two or more photons, and the class of Fourier masks applicable in the multiphoton Fourier space is identified. This concept is experimentally demonstrated using two types of periodic phase masks illuminated with path-entangled photon pairs, a highly non-classical state of light. Applied first were sinusoidal phase masks, emulating two-particle quantum walk on a periodic lattice, yielding intricate correlation patterns with various spatial bunching and anti-bunching effects depending on the initial state. Then, a periodic Zernike-like filter was applied on top of the sinusoidal phase masks. Using this filter, phase information lost in the original correlation measurements was retrieved., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

We show that the polarization state of coherent light propagating through an optically thick multiple-scattering medium, can be controlled by wavefront shaping, i.e. by controlling only the spatial phase of the incoming field with a spatial light modulator. Any polarization state of light at any spatial position behind the scattering medium can be attained with this technique. Thus, transforming the random medium to an arbitrary optical polarization component becomes possible.

A random medium can serve as a controllable arbitrary spectral filter with spectral resolution determined by the inverse of the interaction time of the light in the medium. We use wavefront shaping to implement an arbitrary spectral response at a particular point in the scattered field. We experimentally demonstrate this technique by selecting either a narrow band or dual bands with a width of 5.5nm each.

We present a method to control photodissociation by manipulating the bond softening mechanism occurring in strong shaped laser fields, by varying the chirp sign and magnitude of an ultra-short laser pulse. Manipulation of bond-softening is experimentally demonstrated for strong field (795 nm, 10^12 - 10^13 W/cm^2) photodissociation of H2+, exhibiting substantial increase of dissociation by positively chirped pulses with respect to both negatively chirped and transform limited pulses. The measured kinetic energy release and angular distributions are used to quantify the degree of control of dissociation. The control mechanism is attributed to the interplay of dynamic alignment and chirped light induced potential curves., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

Imaging with optical resolution through highly scattering media is a long sought-after goal with important applications in deep tissue imaging. Although being the focus of numerous works, this goal was considered impractical until recently. Adaptive-optics techniques which are effective in correcting weak wavefront aberrations, were deemed inadequate for turbid samples, where complex speckle patterns arise and light is scattered to a large number of modes that greatly exceeds the number of degrees of control. This conception changed after the demonstration of focusing coherent light through turbid media by wavefront-shaping, using a spatial-light-modulator (SLM). Here we show that wavefront-shaping enables widefield real-time imaging through scattering media with both coherent or incoherent illumination, in transmission and reflection. In contrast to the recently introduced schemes for imaging through turbid media, our technique does not require coherent sources, interferometric detection, raster scanning, or off-line image reconstruction. Our results bring wavefront-shaping closer to practical applications, and realize the vision of looking 'through walls' and 'around corners'.

We consider the propagation of classical and non-classical light in multi-mode optical waveguides. We focus on the evolution of the few-photon correlation functions, which, much like the light-intensity distribution in such systems, evolve in a periodic manner, culminating in the 'revival' of the initial correlation pattern at the end of each period. It is found that when the input state possesses non trivial symmetries, the correlation revival period can be longer than that of the intensity, and thus the same intensity pattern can display different correlation patterns. We experimentally demonstrate this effect for classical, pseudo-thermal light, and compare the results with the predictions for non-classical, quantum light., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures

We experimentally show that two-photon path-entangled states can be coherently manipulated by multi-mode interference in multi-mode waveguides. By measuring the output two-photon spatial correlation function versus the phase of the input state, we show that multi-mode waveguides perform as nearly-ideal multi-port beam splitters at the quantum level, creating a large variety of entangled and separable multi-path two-photon states., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

Quantum lithography achieves phase super-resolution using fragile, experimentally challenging entangled states of light. We propose a scalable scheme for creating features narrower than classically achievable, with reduced use of quantum resources and consequently enhanced resistance to loss. The scheme is an implementation of interferometric lithography using a mixture of an SPDC entangled state with intense classical coherent light. We measure coincidences of up to four photons mimicking multiphoton absorption. The results show a narrowing of the interference fringes of up to 30% with respect to the best analogous classical scheme using only 10% of the non-classical light required for creating NOON states., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures

We have performed experimental quantum state tomography of NOON states with up to four photons. The measured states are generated by mixing a classical coherent state with spontaneous parametric down-conversion. We show that this method produces states which exhibit a high fidelity with ideal NOON states. The fidelity is limited by the overlap of the two-photon down-conversion state with any two photons originating from the coherent state, for which we introduce and measure a figure of merit. A second limitation on the fidelity set by the total setup transmission is discussed. We also apply the same tomography procedure for characterizing correlated photon hole states., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

We demonstrate single-beam coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), for detecting and identifying traces of solids, including minute amounts of explosives, from a standoff distance (>50 m) using intense femtosecond pulses. Until now, single-beam CARS methods relied on pulse-shapers in order to obtain vibrational spectra. Here we present a simple and easy-to-implement detection scheme, using a commercially available notch filter, that does not require the use of a pulse-shaper., Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures

We study the effect of interactions on the bosonic two-particle quantum walk and its corresponding spatial correlations. The combined effect of interactions and Hanbury-Brown Twiss interference results in unique spatial correlations which depend on the strength of the interaction, but not on its sign. The results are explained in light of the two-particle spectrum and the physics of attractively and repulsively bound pairs. We experimentally measure the weak interaction limit of these effects in nonlinear photonic lattices. Finally, we discuss an experimental approach to observe the strong interaction limit using single atoms in optical lattices., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. Comments wellcome

Light scattering in inhomogeneous media induces wavefront distortions which pose an inherent limitation in many optical applications. Examples range from microscopy and nanosurgery to astronomy. In recent years, ongoing efforts have made the correction of spatial distortions possible by wavefront shaping techniques. However, when ultrashort pulses are employed scattering induces temporal distortions which hinder their use in nonlinear processes such as in multiphoton microscopy and quantum control experiments. Here we show that correction of both spatial and temporal distortions can be attained by manipulating only the spatial degrees of freedom of the incident wavefront. Moreover, by optimizing a nonlinear signal the refocused pulse can be shorter than the input pulse. We demonstrate focusing of 100fs pulses through a 1mm thick brain tissue, and 1000-fold enhancement of a localized two-photon fluorescence signal. Our results open up new possibilities for optical manipulation and nonlinear imaging in scattering media.

We demonstrate the acquisition of stimulated Raman scattering spectra with the use of a single femtosecond pulse. High resolution vibrational spectra are obtained by shifting the phase of a narrow band of frequencies in the broadband input pulse spectrum, using spectral shaping. The vibrational spectrum is resolved by examining the amplitude features formed in the spectrum after interaction with the sample. Using this technique, low frequency Raman lines (<100cm^-1) are resolved in a straightforward manner., Comment: 3.5 pages, 3 figures

We show that when photons in N-particle path entangled |N,0> + |0,N> state undergo Bloch oscillations, they exhibit a periodic transition between spatially bunched and antibunched states. The transition occurs even when the photons are well separated in space. We study the scaling of the bunching-antibunching period, and show it is proportional to 1/N., Comment: An error in figure 1b of the original manuscript was corrected, and the period $\lambda_B$ was redefined

Quantum walks of correlated particles offer the possibility to study large-scale quantum interference, simulate biological, chemical and physical systems, and a route to universal quantum computation. Here we demonstrate quantum walks of two identical photons in an array of 21 continuously evanescently-coupled waveguides in a SiOxNy chip. We observe quantum correlations, violating a classical limit by 76 standard deviations, and find that they depend critically on the input state of the quantum walk. These results open the way to a powerful approach to quantum walks using correlated particles to encode information in an exponentially larger state space.

We describe an approach based on compressive-sampling which allows for a considerable reduction in the acquisition time in Fourier-transform spectroscopy. In this approach, an N-point Fourier spectrum is resolved from much less than N time-domain measurements using a compressive-sensing reconstruction algorithm. We demonstrate the technique by resolving sparse vibrational spectra using <25% of the Nyquist rate samples in single-pulse CARS experiments. The method requires no modifications to the experimental setup and can be directly applied to any Fourier-transform spectroscopy measurement, in particular multidimensional spectroscopy.

We generate bipartite states of light which exhibit an absence of multiphoton coincidence events between two modes amid a constant background flux. These `correlated photon holes' are produced by mixing a coherent state and relatively weak spontaneous parametric down-conversion using a balanced beamsplitter. Correlated holes with arbitrarily high photon numbers may be obtained by adjusting the relative phase and amplitude of the inputs. We measure states of up to five photons and verify their nonclassicality. The scheme provides a route for observation of high-photon-number nonclassical correlations without requiring intense quantum resources., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, comments are welcome

We predict the quantum correlations between non-interacting particles evolving simultaneously in a disordered medium. While the particle density follows the single-particle dynamics and exhibits Anderson localization, the two-particle correlation develops unique features that depend on the quantum statistics of the particles and their initial separation. On short time scales, the localization of one particle becomes dependent on whether the other particle is localized or not. On long time scales, the localized particles show oscillatory correlations within the localization length. These effects can be observed in Anderson localization of non-classical light and ultra-cold atoms., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, comments welcome

Raman spectroscopy is one of the key techniques in the study of vibrational modes and molecular structures. In Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) spectroscopy, a molecular vibrational spectrum is resolved via the third-order nonlinear interaction of pump, Stokes and probe photons, typically using a complex experimental setup with multiple beams and laser sources. Although CARS has become a widespread technique for label-free chemical imaging and detection of contaminants, its multi-source, multi-beam experimental implementation is challenging. In this work we present a simple and easily implementable scheme for performing single-beam CARS spectroscopy and microscopy using a single femtosecond pulse, shaped by a tunable narrowband notch filter. As a substitute for multiple sources, the single broadband pulse simultaneously provides the pump, Stokes and probe photons, exciting a broad band of vibrational levels. High spectroscopic resolution is obtained by utilizing a tunable spectral notch, shaped with a resonant photonic crystal slab filter, as a narrowband, time-delayed probe. Using this scheme the entire vibrational spectrum can be resolved in a single-shot multiplexed measurement, circumventing the need for a multi-source configuration or a complex pulse-shaping apparatus. We demonstrate high-resolution single-beam micro-spectroscopy and vibrational imaging of various samples in the 300cm^{-1}-1000cm^{-1} spectral range.

The employment of path entangled multiphoton states enables measurement of phase with enhanced precision. It is common practice to demonstrate the unique properties of such quantum states by measuring super-resolving oscillations in the coincidence rate of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Similar oscillations, however, have also been demonstrated in various configurations using classical light only; making it unclear what, if any, are the classical limits of this phenomenon. Here we derive a classical bound for the visibility of super-resolving oscillations in a Mach-Zehnder. This provides an easy to apply, fundamental test of non-classicality. We apply this test to experimental multiphoton coincidence measurements obtained using photon number resolving detectors. Mach-Zehnder super-resolution is found to be a highly distinctive quantum effect., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure, Comments welcome

"Schrodinger's cat" is a gedankenexperiment intended to highlight conceptual difficulties in the interpretation of quantum mechanics. The generation of 'cat-like' states is central to numerous quantum information protocols. In particular, much attention has been drawn by states containing N photons in a superposition of all being in one of two designated modes. These maximally path entangled states, known as 'NOON' states, exhibit enhanced phase sensitivity and allow reaching the fundamental quantum limit of precision measurement. Such states could also be used for obtaining 'super-resolution' in quantum lithography. Creation of NOON states in the lab, has been limited to N=3. Surpassing this has proven a formidable experimental challenge. Here, we realize a scheme for generation of high fidelity NOON states with arbitrarily large N. We demonstrate the versatility of the scheme by measuring up to N=5 in a single setup, this is in contrast to previous experiments which were custom-designed for a specific N. The scheme is based on high order interference between 'quantum' down-converted light and 'classical' coherent light in the photon number basis. Our results verify the high degree of path entanglement which emerges naturally from the interference of two ubiquitous, easy to generate, states of light., Comment: 4 page, 3 figure

We describe an advanced image reconstruction algorithm for pseudothermal ghost imaging, reducing the number of measurements required for image recovery by an order of magnitude. The algorithm is based on compressed sensing, a technique that enables the reconstruction of an N-pixel image from much less than N measurements. We demonstrate the algorithm using experimental data from a pseudothermal ghost-imaging setup. The algorithm can be applied to data taken from past pseudothermal ghost-imaging experiments, improving the reconstruction's quality., Comment: Comments are welcome

We experimentally demonstrate pseudothermal ghost imaging and ghost diffraction using only a single single-pixel detector. We achieve this by replacing the high resolution detector of the reference beam with a computation of the propagating field, following a recent proposal by Shapiro [J. H. Shapiro, arXiv:0807.2614 (2008)]. Since only a single detector is used, this provides an experimental evidence that pseudothermal ghost imaging does not rely on non-local quantum correlations. In addition, we show the depth-resolving capability of this ghost imaging technique., Comment: See video at http://www.weizmann.ac.il/home/feori/Misc.html Comments are welcome

When a periodic 1D system described by a tight-binding model is uniformly initialized with equal amplitudes at all sites, yet with completely random phases, it evolves into a thermal distribution with no spatial correlations. However, when the system is nonlinear, correlations are spontaneously formed. We find that for strong nonlinearities, the intensity histograms approach a narrow Gaussian distributed around their mean and phase correlations are formed between neighboring sites. Sites tend to be out-of-phase for a positive nonlinearity and in-phase for a negative one. The field correlations take a universal shape independent of parameters. This nonlinear evolution produces an effectively dynamically disordered potential which exhibits interesting diffusive behavior., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. Comments welcome

The breakup of high-order spatial solitons propagating in an AlGaAs slab waveguide is studied. We experimentally observe the breakup of such beams into multiple fragments and identify the mechanism of this breakup as the combined effect of two- and three-photon-absorption. We show that the multiple breakup persists even when the value of two-photon-absorption is reduced by an order of magnitude owing to the high value of three-photon-absorption of AlGaAs at the half band-gap. The experimental results extend known mechanism of soliton breakup induced by two-photon-absorption and agree well with numerical beam propagation simulations.

We present a geometrical representation of sum frequency generation process in the undepleted pump approximation. The analogy of such dynamics with the known optical Bloch equations is discussed. We use this analogy to present a novel technique for the achievement of both high efficiency and large bandwidth in a sum frequency conversion processes using adiabatic inversion scheme, adapted from NMR and light-matter interaction. The adiabatic constraints are derived in this context. Last, this adiabatic frequency conversion scheme is realized experimentally by a proper design of adiabatic aperiodically poled KTP device, using quasi phased matched method. In the experiments we achieved high efficiency signal to idler conversion over a bandwidth of 140nm., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

We investigate the effect of nonlinearity in a system described by an adiabatically evolving Hamiltonian. Experiments are conducted in a three-core waveguide structure that is adiabatically varying with distance, in analogy to the STIRAP process in atomic physics. In the linear regime, the system exhibits an adiabatic power transfer between two waveguides which are not directly coupled, with negligible power recorded in the intermediate coupling waveguide. In the presence of nonlinearity the behavior of this configuration is drastically altered and the adiabatic light passage is found to critically depend on the excitation power. We show how this effect is related to the destruction of the dark state formed in the STIRAP configuration., Comment: Comments welcomed

Quantum random walks are the quantum counterpart of classical random walks, and were recently studied in the context of quantum computation. A quantum random walker is subject to self interference, leading to a remarkably different behavior than that of classical random walks such as ballistic propagation or localization due to disorder. Physical implementations of quantum walks have only been made in very small scale systems severely limited by decoherence. Here we show that the propagation of photons in waveguide lattices, which have been studied extensively in recent years, are essentially an implementation of quantum walks. Since waveguide lattices are easily constructed at large scales and display negligible decoherence, they can serve as an ideal and versatile experimental playground for the study of quantum walks and quantum algorithms. We experimentally observe quantum walks in large systems (~100 sites) and confirm quantum walks effects which were studied theoretically, including ballistic propagation, disorder and boundary related effects., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Added subfigure. Accepted to PRL

We experimentally investigate the evolution of linear and nonlinear waves in a realization of the Anderson model using disordered one dimensional waveguide lattices. Two types of localized eigenmodes, flat-phased and staggered, are directly measured. Nonlinear perturbations enhances localization in one type, and induce delocalization in the other. In a complementary approach, we study the evolution on short time scales of $\delta$-like wavepackets in the presence of disorder. A transition from ballistic wavepacket expansion to exponential (Anderson) localization is observed. We find an intermediate regime in which the ballistic and localized components coexist while diffusive dynamics is absent. Evidence is found for a faster transition into localization under nonlinear conditions., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. Slightly different then the published version. Comments welcome

We demonstrate a scheme to spectrally manipulate a collinear, continuous stream of time and energy entangled photons to generate beamlike, bandwidth-limited fuxes of polarization-entangled photons with nearly-degenerate wavelengths. Utilizing an ultrashort-pulse shaper to control the spectral phase and polarization of the photon pairs, we tailor the shape of the Hong-Ou-Mandel interference pattern, demonstrating the rules that govern the dependence of this interference pattern on the spectral phases of the photons. We then use the pulse shaper to generate all four polarization Bell states. The singlet state generated by this scheme forms a very robust decoherence-free subspace, extremely suitable for long distance fiber-optics based quantum communication., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures