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The structural parameters, electron localization functions, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters, formation energies, and thermodynamic transition levels of various oxygen vacancy defects in amorphous silica are comprehensively and integrally investigated by using density functional theory. The trends of changes in the oxygen vacancy defect structure and electron localization induced by the increase in distance between defective silicon atoms are clearly identified. It is shown that the dimer configuration may be the potential structure of the E δ ′ center. For the back-projected unpuckered configuration and the puckered configuration, whose EPR parameters are more consistent with the experimental values of the E γ ′ center, the unpaired electron localized on the sp3 hybridized silicon atom is a common feature. Due to the three-coordinated oxygen atom in the forward-oriented configuration, the EPR parameters are closest to those of the E α ′ center. Transformations of oxygen vacancy defects under different charge states are studied by sequentially adding and removing electrons. The thermodynamic transition level analysis reveals that the dimer and forward configurations may behave as deep traps for electron accumulation. The back-projected puckered fourfold-coordinated and fivefold-coordinated configurations are comparatively stable and may be able to function as shallow traps for electron transport. The neutral double unpuckered, neutral back-projected puckered fourfold-coordinated, and neutral back-projected unpuckered configurations are more likely to lose electrons during hole trapping. As the bias voltage is repeatedly changed, the defect density of the puckered configuration may reduce, while that of the dimer and unpuckered configuration may take an opposite trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) on fused silica upon irradiation with plane wave, double pulse, spot processing, and scanning processing (pulse duration tp = 35 fs, center wavelength λ = 800 nm, low repetition rate ≈1 kHz) is studied theoretically with an improved three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain plasma model. The model covers both intrapulse feedback under single shot and interpulse feedback under multi-shots, thus enabling better prediction of transient responses during laser–material interaction and the evolution of the ablated morphology and accumulated defects' density with more shots. In simulations of a single plane wave, a double pulse can modulate LIPSS periodicity. In simulations of spot processing with Gaussian beam, an increase in the number of shots results in a noticeable ablation pattern where high-spatial-frequency LIPSS surrounds low-spatial-frequency LIPSS at a fluence of 2.8 J/cm2. Moreover, simulations of scanning processing with Gaussian beam showcase the broad applicability of this model, revealing that the orientation of the LIPSS depends on the polarization direction rather than the scanning path. This new model provides a powerful tool to simulate the formation of LIPSS on silica, particularly when temporally modulated laser is involved or predicting the evolution of morphology dependent on the number of shots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uniaxial strain has been widely used as a powerful tool for investigating and controlling the properties of quantum materials. However, existing strain techniques have so far mostly been limited to use with bulk crystals. Although recent progress has been made in extending the application of strain to two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures, these techniques have been limited to optical characterization and extremely simple electrical device geometries. Here, we report a piezoelectric-based in situ uniaxial strain technique enabling simultaneous electrical transport and optical spectroscopy characterization of dual-gated vdW heterostructure devices. Critically, our technique remains compatible with vdW heterostructure devices of arbitrary complexity fabricated on conventional silicon/silicon dioxide wafer substrates. We demonstrate a large and continuously tunable strain of up to − 0.15% at millikelvin temperatures, with larger strain values also likely achievable. We quantify the strain transmission from the silicon wafer to the vdW heterostructure, and further demonstrate the ability of strain to modify the electronic properties of twisted bilayer graphene. Our technique provides a highly versatile new method for exploring the effect of uniaxial strain on both the electrical and optical properties of vdW heterostructures and can be easily extended to include additional characterization techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrogenic silica is a form of amorphous silica with a high surface area and a heterogeneous distribution of silanol hydroxyl terminations and defects. In this work, the interesting and unusual form of the hydroxyl-stretch 2D-IR spectrum of pyrogenic silica is presented and explored in the deuterated (deuteroxyl) form. Transition dipole couplings between hydrogen-bonded and non-hydrogen-bonded silanol groups give a distinct cross-peak in the 2D-IR spectrum, displaying interstate coherence oscillations during the 2D-IR experimental waiting time. The strong asymmetry about the diagonal is proposed to be the result of both the relatively small transition dipole coupling strength and the extreme differences in the width of the hydrogen-bonded and non-hydrogen-bonded silanol bands. The resulting interference of negative and positive cross-peaks has minimal intensity in the below-diagonal ω3 < ω1 region of the spectrum. An additional strong positive cross-peak is observed at a position in the 2D-IR spectrum inconsistent with transition dipole coupling. An assignment as a fifth order effect is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-incorporated amorphous silica (a-SiOC) is expected to be a significant dielectric film for miniaturized semiconductor devices. However, information on the relationship among its composition, atomic structures, and material properties remains insufficient. This study investigated the dependence of the elastic modulus on the C content in a-SiOC, employing a universal neural network interatomic potential to realize a high-accuracy and high-speed simulation of multicomponent systems. The relationship between elastic modulus and atomic network structures was explored by fabricating 480 amorphous structures through the melt-quenching method without predetermined structure assumptions. The bulk modulus increased from 45 to 60 GPa by incorporating 10% C atoms under O-poor conditions and 20% C atoms under O-rich conditions, respectively. This result is attributed to the formation of denser crosslinking atomic network structures. In particular, the C atoms bonded with the Si atoms with higher coordination under O-poor conditions, whereas they tend to bond with O atoms under O-rich conditions, breaking the SiO2 network. Large C clusters precipitated as the C fraction was increased under O-rich conditions. Gas molecules, such as CO and CO2, were also generated. These results are consistent with reported ab initio calculation results of the formation energies of C defects and gas molecules in SiO2. The findings suggest that realizing O-poor conditions during deposition is crucial for fabricating stronger dielectric films. Therefore, this work contributes to understanding the fabrication of stronger dielectric films and elucidating the underlying mechanism of C cluster formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defect generation and recovery at the interface of a silicon dioxide/silicon ( SiO 2 /Si) stack are studied in oxygen ( O 2) or argon (Ar) plasma processing and post-annealing. Defect generation is recognized to be dependent on the processing gas and the SiO 2 layer thickness. O 2 plasma processing shows a strong incident-ion energy dependence, where ion's implantation, diffusion, and reactions in the SiO 2 layer play important roles in defect generation. A similar dependence is observed for Ar plasma processing; however, it also shows the photon effects in defect generation for a thick SiO 2 layer. Defect recovery is demonstrated by annealing, where recovery depends on the annealing temperature as well as the amount of defects generated at the interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a method, based on the classical Green-Kubo theory of linear response, to compute the heat conductivity of extended systems, leveraging energy-density, rather than energy-current, fluctuations, thus avoiding the need to devise an analytical expression for the macroscopic energy flux. The implementation of this method requires the evaluation of the long-wavelength and low-frequency limits of a suitably defined correlation function, which we perform using a combination of recently-introduced cepstral-analysis and Bayesian extrapolation techniques. Our methodology is demonstrated against standard current-based Green-Kubo results for liquid argon and water, and solid amorphous Silica, and compared with a recently proposed similar technique, which utilizes mass-density, instead of energy-density, fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystals of trans-3,3′-dimethylazobenzene (DMAB) exhibit crawling motion on solid surface upon simultaneous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) and visible light from opposite directions. In this study, the shape and velocity during the photoinduced crawling motion of DMAB crystals are successfully controlled by irradiation light intensities. A higher intensity of the visible light than the UV light causes the crystals to be spread shape and move slower (∼1 μm min−1). In contrast, a stronger UV light allows them to be droplet-like shape and move faster (∼4 μm min−1). The shape and velocity can be varied by adjusting the light intensities. Shape transformation is effectively applied to cargo capture–carry–release tasks. In particular, spread-shaped crystals capture silica particles over a wide area, whereas droplet-like crystals gather and transport them. This result suggests that a multifunctional soft transporter composed of a single component does not require complex fabrication, thereby contributing to the fields of soft robotics and microfluidics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the preparation of SiC nanowires (SiC NWs) by carbothermal reduction, it is of great significance to study the formation mechanism of sic nanowires for process optimization and the controllable preparation. Although first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) can simulate systems of hundreds of atoms on a picosecond time scale, the results of FPMD are still insufficient to elucidate the formation mechanism of core-shell SiC nanowires. To make up this deficiency, this article has conducted Deep Potential Molecular Dynamics (DPMD) simulation on nanoseconds timescales with near FPMD accuracy for systems containing thousands of atoms, the results more concretively show the formation process of core-shell SiC nanowires. DPMD simulation results show when CO molecules react with SiO molecules, CO molecules are wrapped by SiO molecules to form agglomerates, SiO molecules in the agglomerates that can come into contact with the wrapped CO molecules will react with wrapped CO molecules to form the SiC core, and SiO molecules that in the outer layer of the agglomerates will disproportionate into the amorphous SiO 2 shell. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of SiC nanowires was validated in combination with thermodynamics and experimental methods. Thermodynamic results show that vacuum conditions are favorable for the formation of SiO and CO and lower the temperature of SiC preparation. Finally, the core-shell structure of SiC NWs with good luminescence properties were successfully prepared by carbothermal reduction method using carbon black and silicon dioxide as raw materials under the pressure of less than 5 kPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid membranes combining graphene oxide (GO) and silicon dioxide (SiO 2) were successfully developed for pervaporation desalination using porous zircon tube substrates. These GO/SiO 2 membranes were carefully designed by adjusting the amount of GO and the pH levels during the dip-coating process on the zircon tube surface. The study aimed to investigate how varying amounts of GO and pH levels affect the membranes' properties and desalination performance. The results indicate that raising the pH level decreases the membranes' hydrophilicity and enhances their stability. Conversely, increasing the amount of GO increases the membranes' hydrophilicity and reduces their pore size. Higher pH levels and GO amounts resulted in better salt rejection but lower water flux. Among the tested membranes, GS-6 (0.3 % GO/SiO 2 , pH 6) achieved the highest salt rejection rate of 99.96 % at 30 °C with a 1 % NaCl feed concentration. In contrast, GS-1 (0.1 % GO/SiO 2 , pH 4) showed the highest water flux of 8.54 kg m−2 h−1 at 60 °C with the same feed concentration. Increasing the temperature led to decreased salt rejection but increased water flux. Additionally, higher feed concentrations lowered both salt rejection and water flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a cost-effective and eco-efficient method for fabricating an advanced microwave absorber using a layer-by-layer rGO and SiO 2 structure. The rGO/SiO 2 composite, synthesized via modified Hummer's and Stöber methods, demonstrates remarkable microwave absorption properties. The resultant porous structure, characterized by an S BET of 294.89 m2/g, enables multiple reflections and scatterings of electromagnetic waves. At a sample thickness of 3.8 mm, the material achieves a reflection loss (RL) of −47.43 dB at 12.56 GHz and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 11.04 GHz. For a 6 mm thick sample, an exceptionally high EAB of 12.72 GHz is observed, maintaining a high RL of −42.32 dB. These results demonstrate that the rGO/SiO 2 material is a promising candidate for applications in electromagnetic wave absorption, offering a simple, scalable solution for mitigating electromagnetic pollution and enhancing military stealth technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 refractories and corresponding inks for 3D printing were prepared from silica glass binder suspensions and fused alumina with grain sizes of 75 and 240 μm. Phase analysis (XRD) and morphological studies (SEM) were conducted to investigate the influence of sintering temperature and Al 2 O 3 content on the strength, porosity, and density of the refractories. Rheological studies (rotational viscometry) were carried out determine the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) content on the flow behavior of the inks. It was established that firing refractories based on fused silica and fused alumina at 1500 and 1600 °C led to the formation of mullite and aluminosilicate melt on the surface of Al 2 O 3 grains, enhancing the strength of the synthesized materials. Addition of PEG and HPMC to the ink composition was found to improve their rheological properties by increasing yield strength and promoting plastic flow. The ink demonstrated high printability and they are suitable for producing refractories using the Direct Ink Writing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions of dendrimers having a phosphorus atom at each branching point, of type poly(phosphorhydrazone) (PPH), with different types of materials based on silicon and aluminum are reviewed. These dendrimers can be used for the functionalization of solid surfaces at the nanoscale, either by covalent immobilization, or by electrostatic interactions, especially for constructing perfectly controlled multi‐layers by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) deposit. The properties of such hybrid materials as chemical sensors, as very sensitive biological sensors, as well as substrates for the growing of cells are described. The PPH dendrimers can also be embedded inside materials. The resulting hybrid materials have been used for the capture of pollutants, in particular CO2 in air and chromate and methylene blue in waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The synthesis of antibacterial nanoparticles is one of the most promising strategies to get rid of the primary threat that pathogenic bacteria pose to public health. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a promising antibacterial agent with robust and broad antibacterial characteristics that have the potential to resolve this issue. A straightforward reduction–impregnation approach for creating an Ag‐loaded SiO2 nanocomposite has been presented in the present study. First, the well‐known Stöber method was employed to produce silica nanoparticles, which were subsequently examined utilizing an X‐ray diffraction (XRD), a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), and a high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HR‐TEM). After that, a composite made of Ag@SiO2 was produced and examined. AgNPs, which are loaded with silica and exhibit instantaneous and synergistic antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive “Bacillus subtilis” (B. subtilis) bacteria, were demonstrated. The coating layer that was produced also showed strong adherence to the steel substrate, a high inhibitory effect against the (B. subtilis), and versatility in its application across various sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our research laboratory, we have developed an absorber composed of various materials and structures. This absorber comprised the following layers arranged from top to bottom: a cubic array layer of titanium and silicon dioxide (SiO2), a magnesium fluoride dielectric layer (MgF2), and an aluminum substrate. Previously, we employed finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations to identify optimal parameters for this structure and subsequently applied them to COMSOL simulations. The optimal parameters determined through FDTD simulations resulted in an average absorptivity of 95.2% within the wavelength range from 400 to 1500 nm. However, when these parameters were applied to COMSOL simulations, the average absorptivity within the same wavelength range decreased to 93.7%. Subsequently, we utilized COMSOL to adjust various parameters in order to identify the optimal ones. Our investigation focused on exploring the impact of different parameters such as material thicknesses, absorber structures, electromagnetic field distributions, and incident angles on the absorptivity. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aimed to refine our understanding of how these parameters affect the absorptivity performance of the structure. This research not only contributes to the optimization of absorber design but also enhances our knowledge of the underlying physical mechanisms governing light absorption in such structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic performance of liquid‐phase hydrogenation of 1,4‐butynediol (BYD) to 1,4‐butanediol (BDO) was studied on silica‐supported Ni catalysts prepared by impregnation, sol‐gel, and ammonia evaporation methods, respectively. Due to the formation of nickel phyllosilicate, the Ni species in Ni/SiO2‐AE catalyst prepared by ammonia evaporation is difficult to reduce at 450 °C, resulting in fewer Ni0 active sites and poor hydrogenation activity. As for the impregnated Ni/SiO2‐IM, its nickel particles are prone to aggregate seriously due to their weak interaction with the support which may be not conducive to catalytic hydrogenation. On the contrary, the Ni species introduced by sol‐gel method can homogenously embedded in the amorphous silica intersecting network structure with high metal dispersion and well physical confinement effect, which greatly promotes its BYD hydrogenation performance to obtain BDO with super high selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms are able to control material patterning down to the nanometer scale. This is exemplified by the intricate geometrical patterns of the silica cell wall of diatoms, a group of unicellular algae. Theoretical and modeling studies propose putative physical and chemical mechanisms to explain morphogenesis of diatom silica. Nevertheless, direct investigations of the underlying formation process are challenging because this process occurs within the confines of the living cell. Here, a method is developed for in situ 3D visualization of silica development in the diatom Stephanopyxis turris, using electron microscopy slice‐and‐view techniques. The formation of an isotropic hexagonal pattern made of nanoscale pores is documented. Surprisingly, these data reveal a directional process that starts with elongation of silica rods along one of the three equivalent orientations of the hexagonal lattice. Only as a secondary step, these rods are connected by crisscrossing bridges that give rise to the complete hexagonal pattern. These in situ observations combine two known properties of diatom silica, close packing of pores and branching of rods, to a unified process that yields isotropic patterns from an anisotropic background. Future research into diatom morphogenesis should focus on rod elongation and branching as the key for pattern formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report herein a dual function mesoporous structure of titanium oxide based porous carbon with large surface‐to‐volume ratios for efficient degradation of noxious methylene blue dye (MB) from an aqueous environment. The mesoporous photocatalysts is fabricated via direct template synthesis of highly ordered silica‐titania monolith doped with Ag0/Ag2O starting from a quaternary microemulsion liquid crystalline phase. The produced monoliths are subjected in‐situ to doping by growing silver, in the cubic cavities, and on the silica/titania structure's domain. This study investigated the efficiency of novel composite materials, consisting of silver‐doped silica‐titania (SiO2/TiO2), which is synthesized using the microemulsion templating approach. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized composite in the photodegradation of MB has been studied. The procedure of photodegradation was employed to achieve decolorization of the cationic MB dye using visible light. The catalyst effectively achieved the decolorization of the dyed solution through the processes of adsorption and photodegradation. The composite consisting of SiO2, TiO2, and Ag2O at a ratio of 1 : 1:0.5, which underwent calcination in an air environment (AgOST), exhibited a removal efficiency of 99 % compared to its calcined state under argon (AgSTC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites are microporous crystalline materials that find a very wide range of applications, which, however, are limited by the size and dimensionality of their pores. Stable silica zeolites with a three‐dimensional (3D) system of extra‐large pores (ELP, i.e. pores with minimum windows along the diffusion path consisting of more than 12 SiO4/2 tetrahedra, 12R) are in demand for processing larger molecules than zeolites can currently handle. However, they have challenged worldwide synthetic capabilities for more than eight decades. In this review we first present a brief history of the discovery of ELP zeolites. Next, we show that earlier successes of zeolites with 3D ELP were not actually zeolites, but rather interrupted structures with, in addition, a composition that severely detracted from their stability. Finally, we present three new fully connected stable silica‐based 3D ELP zeolites ZEO‐1, ZEO‐3 and ZEO‐5, discuss their preparation methods and stability as well as the clear advantage of their increased porosity in catalysis and adsorption processes involving large molecules. We will discuss peculiar characteristics of their preparation and present two new reaction types giving rise to zeolites (1D‐to‐3D topotactic condensation and interchain expansion), highlighting how new synthesis methods can provide materials that would otherwise be unfeasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In soils, various solid silica (Si) species exhibit different weathering behaviors and surface reactivities, which are among other characteristics related to the crystallinity of the silicate tetrahedral network. Amorphous species exhibit faster weathering and generally possess a larger specific surface area in comparison to crystalline species. However, the characterization of these different species is commonly based on wet chemical extraction methods, which lack selectivity. While Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the mid-infrared range can differentiate between short-range ordered aluminosilicates (SROAS) and pure amorphous silica (ASi), few systematic studies are found on the IR spectral features that distinguish solid Si species by crystallinity. This study aims to identify FTIR absorption bands that can differentiate Si species based on their crystallinity. Our data clearly indicate that ASi can be distinguished from very crystalline silica (quartz) and sea sand. The absorption band at approximately 800 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra allows determining the degree of crystallinity of the studied ASi species since the band becomes smaller and the band maximum shifted toward lower wavenumbers with increasing degree of crystallinity. Hence, FTIR spectra may be used to differentiate certain Si species in complex samples like soils, allowing the estimation of weatherability and surface reactivity of those species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have been extensively studied and used in different dental applications to promote improved physicochemical properties, high substance loading efficiency, in addition to sustained delivery of substances for therapeutic or preventive purposes. Therefore, this study aimed to review the SNPs applications in nanomaterials and nanoformulations in dentistry, discussing their effect on physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and ability to nanocarry bioactive substances. Literature searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify studies examining the physicochemical and biological properties of dental materials and formulations containing SNPs. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer and verified by another A total of 50 were reviewed. In vitro studies reveal that SNPs improved the general properties of dental materials and formulations, such as microhardness, fracture toughness, flexural strength, elastic modulus and surface roughness, in addition to acting as efficient nanocarriers of substances, such as antimicrobial, osteogenic and remineralizing substances, and showed biocompatibility SNPs are biocompatible, improve properties of dental materials and serve as effective carriers for bioactive substances Overall, SNPs are a promising drug delivery system that can improve dental materials biological and physicochemical and aesthetic properties, increasing their longevity and clinical performance. However, more studies are needed to elucidate SNPs short- and long-term effects in the oral cavity, mainly on in vivo and clinical studies, to prove their effectiveness and safety. • Silica nanoparticles have been widely studied and used in dentistry in intra and extraoral materials and formulations. • In vitro results reveal that silica nanoparticles enhance the physicochemical properties of dental materials. • In vitro results also confirm the potential silica nanoparticles can effectively load and release antimicrobial substances, acting as a sustained-release drug delivery system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reinforce natural rubber latex foam, fumed silica and precipitated silica are introduced into latex foam prepared using the Dunlop process as fillers. Four types of silica, including Aerosil 200 (hydrophilic fumed silica), Reolosil DM30, Aerosil R972 (hydrophobic fumed silica), and Sipernat 22S (precipitated silica), are investigated. The latex foam with added silica presents better mechanical and physical properties compared with the non-silica foam. The hydrophobic nature of the fumed silica has better dispersion in natural rubber compared to hydrophilic silica. The specific surface area of silica particles (BET) also significantly influences the properties of the latex foam, with larger specific surface areas resulting in better dispersity in the rubber matrix. It was observed that exceeding 2 phr led to difficulties in the foaming process (bulking). Furthermore, higher loading of silica also affected the rubber foam, resulting in an increased shrinkage percentage, hardness, compression set, and crosslink density. The crosslink density increased from 11.0 ± 0.2 mol/cm3 for non-silica rubber to 11.6 ± 0.6 mol/cm3 for Reolosil DM30. Reolosil DM30 also had the highest hardness, with a hardness value of 52.0 ± 2.1 IRHD, compared to 45.0 ± 1.3 IRHD for non-silica foam rubber and 48 ± 2.4 IRHD for hydrophilic fumed silica Aerosil 200. Hydrophobic fumed silica also had the highest ability to return to its original shape, with a recovery percentage of 88.0% ± 3.5% compared to the other fumed silica. Overall, hydrophobic fumed silica had better results than hydrophilic silica in both fumed and precipitated silica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acrylic polymer composites in this study are made up of various weight ratios of cement or silica nanoparticles (1, 3, 5, and 10 wt%) using the casting method. The effects of doping ratio/type on mechanical, dielectric, thermal, and hydrophobic properties were investigated. Acrylic polymer composites containing 5 wt% cement or silica nanoparticles had the lowest abrasion wear rates and the highest shore-D hardness and impact strength. The increase in the inclusion of cement or silica nanoparticles enhanced surface roughness, water contact angle (WCA), and thermal insulation. Acrylic/cement composites demonstrated higher mechanical, electrical, and thermal insulation properties than acrylic/silica composites because of their lower particle size and their low thermal/electrical conductivity. Furthermore, to improve the surface hydrophobic characteristics of acrylic composites, the surface was treated with a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma jet. The DBD plasma jet treatment significantly enhanced the hydrophobicity of acrylic polymer composites. For example, the WCA of acrylic composites containing 5 wt% silica or cement nanoparticles increased from 35.3° to 55° and 44.7° to 73°, respectively, by plasma treatment performed at an Ar flow rate of 5 L/min and for an exposure interval of 25 s. The DBD plasma jet treatment is an excellent and inexpensive technique for improving the hydrophobic properties of acrylic polymer composites. These findings offer important perspectives on the development of materials coating for technical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the depletion of shallow oil and gas resources, wells are being drilled to deeper and deeper depths to find new hydrocarbon reserves. This study presents the selection and optimization process of the cement slurries to be used for the deepest well ever drilled in China, with a planned vertical depth of 11,100 m. The bottomhole circulating and static temperatures of the well were estimated to be 210 °C and 220 °C, respectively, while the bottomhole pressure was estimated to be 130 MPa. Laboratory tests simulating the bottomhole conditions were conducted to evaluate and compare the slurry formulations supplied by four different service providers. Test results indicated that the inappropriate use of a stirred fluid loss testing apparatus could lead to overdesign of the fluid loss properties of the cement slurry, which could, in turn, lead to abnormal gelation of the cement slurry during thickening time tests. The initial formulation given by different service providers could meet most of the design requirements, except for the long-term strength stability. The combined addition of crystalline silica and a reactive aluminum-bearing compound to oil well cement is critical for preventing microstructure coarsening and strength retrogression at 220 °C. Two of the finally optimized cement slurry formulations had thickening times more than 4 h, API fluid loss values less than 50 mL, sedimentation stability better than 0.02 g/cm3, and compressive strengths higher than 30 MPa during the curing period from 1 d to 30 d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waveguide chip with a phase measurement function has garnered significant attention in the field of imaging optics, emerging as a crucial component in optical interferometric imaging systems. Enhancing the working bandwidth of these waveguide chips is essential for improving the imaging quality of interferometric systems. However, most existing designs primarily focus on narrow bands, with no reported research on broadband designs. This paper introduces a novel broadband waveguide chip design that incorporates a phase measurement function. We explore the fundamental structure and working principle of this innovative design. Fabricated on a silicon substrate, the chip features a silicon dioxide cladding layer and a germanium-doped silicon dioxide core layer, strategically optimized for performance. Utilizing the Beam Propagation Method (BPM), we conduct detailed simulations to determine the optimal device parameters. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our design, showing a phase measurement deviation of approximately 5° at a center wavelength of 1550 nm across a 300 nm wavelength range. The loss of the device is approximately 0.8 dB. These findings provide a solid foundation for future experimental implementations and fabrications, offering both a theoretical framework and technical reference for advancing the practical use of broadband waveguide chips with phase measurement functions in optical interferometric imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respirable crystalline silica (RCS) poses significant health risks in workplaces, including underground coal mines, metal and nonmetal mining, construction sites, fire suppression, and oil and gas industries. Raman spectroscopy offers a promising avenue for direct analysis of RCS on sample filters with minimal pretreatment. However, the presence of organic compounds (OC) in the samples can generate fluorescence signals that interfere with RCS measurements, potentially saturating the detector even at short integration times, particularly when using portable Raman instruments. This study explores a novel approach to address these challenges by functionalizing filters with a hydroxyapatite/silver bromide/titanium dioxide (HAT) photocatalyst, facilitating the oxidation and removal of OC using the Raman excitation laser. Photocatalytic degradation experiments conducted on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filters preloaded with HAT and anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles demonstrated that HAT significantly enhances the degradation of OC, such as oxalic acid, under visible light irradiation compared to TiO2. Additionally, fluorescence interferences were reduced for coal dust samples analyzed on functionalized silver filters using a portable Raman instrument. The efficacy of HAT in OC photocatalytic degradation on silver filters was further confirmed using a benchtop micro‐Raman system. Filter functionalization had minimal impact on filtration efficiencies and pressure drops, indicating the feasibility of this approach for improving RCS analysis while maintaining filter performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica polymorphs occur under various pressures and temperature conditions, and their characteristics can be used to better understand the complex metamorphic history of planetary materials. Here, we conducted isothermal heating experiments of silica polymorphs in basaltic eucrites to assess their formation and stability. We revealed that each silica polymorph exhibits different metamorphic responses: (1) Quartz recrystallizes into cristobalite when heated at ≥ 1040 °C. (2) Monoclinic (MC) tridymite recrystallizes into no other polymorphs when heated at ≤ 1070 °C. (3) Silica glass recrystallizes into quartz when heated at 900–1010 °C, and recrystallize into cristobalite when heated at ≥ 1040 °C. These results suggest that MC tridymite in eucrites does not recrystallize into other polymorphs during the reheating events, nor does it recrystallize from other silica phases below the solidus temperature of eucrite (~ 1060 °C). Additionally, we found that pseudo-orthorhombic (PO) tridymite crystallizes from quenched melts in the samples heated at ≥ 1070 °C. Previously, cristobalite has been considered as the initial silica phase, which crystallizes from eucritic magma. Our findings suggest that the first crystallizing silica minerals may not always be cristobalite. These require a reconsideration of the formation process of silica minerals in eucrites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in skincare products has significantly increased human skin exposure, raising safety concerns. Whilst NP's ability to penetrate healthy skin is minimal, studies have demonstrated that metal oxide NPs can induce toxicity in keratinocytes through direct contact. Moreover, NP's effect on common skin disorders like psoriasis, where barrier impairments and underlying inflammation could potentially increase NP penetration and worsen nanotoxicity is largely unstudied. In this paper, we investigated whether psoriasis-like human keratinocytes (Pso HKs) would exhibit heightened toxic responses to titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and/or silica (SiO2) NPs compared to healthy HKs. Cells were exposed to each NP at concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 500 µg/ml for 6, 24, and 48 h. Amongst the metal oxide NPs, ZnO NPs produced the most pronounced toxic effects in both cell types, affecting cell viability, inducing oxidative stress, and activating the inflammasome pathway. Notably, only in ZnO NPs-treated Pso HKs, trappin-2/pre-elafin was cleaved intracellularly through a non-canonical process. In addition, tissue remodelling-related cytokines were upregulated in ZnO NP-treated Pso HKs. The full impact of the observed outcomes on psoriatic symptoms will need further evaluation. Nonetheless, our findings indicate the importance of understanding the sub-lethal impacts of NP exposures on keratinocytes, even though direct exposure may be low, particularly in the context of skin disorders where repeated and long-term exposures are anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the risk for eye diseases in individuals with Ulcerative Colitis (UC), and to assess whether silica dust‐exposure could contribute to the development of inflammatory eye diseases. Methods: A case–control study was conducted using a patient register processed by the National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW) and Statistics Sweden. Cases were diagnosed with UC between 2007 and 2016. Matching was done with two random controls having the same age, sex and county of residence, without a systemic inflammatory disease. Using a job‐exposure matrix, cases and controls were assessed for work‐related silica dust exposure. The risk for eye disease was estimated by Cox regression analysis with calculation of Hazard Ratio (HR). Results: A total of 58 989 individuals were included, comprising 19 663 cases and 39 326 controls. The sex distribution was similar. Overall, individuals with UC had an increased risk for eye disease, specified in ICD 10 chapter VII (H00‐H59) with HR 1.25 (CI 1.20–1.32). The highest HR on block‐level for cases was 1.52 (CI 1.36–1.70), (H15‐H22), which includes episcleritis, keratitis and anterior uveitis. The risk for ocular disease was higher in silica dust‐exposed than non‐exposed with a HR of 1.44 (CI 1.16–1.78) and 1.25 (CI 1.19–1.31), respectively. Among cases, the risk for iridocyclitis (H20) was further elevated by silica dust exposure, with HR of 3.84 (CI 1.64–8.97) in exposed compared to 1.94 (1.57–2.41) in non‐exposed. Conclusion: UC is associated with an increased risk for eye diseases, including inflammatory conditions. Our findings highlight that silica dust‐exposure may be of importance in the pathogenesis of uveitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of silica (SiO 2) addition (0 wt%-20 wt%) on the microstructural and mechanical properties, as well as the in vitro response of calcium phosphate scaffolds for potential application in bone tissue engineering (BTE) was investigated in this research. Scaffolds characterized by high porosity (77%–88 %) and interconnected spherical pores with a broad range of pore sizes (5–600 μm) were fabricated using in-situ foaming method. Incorporated silica affected the phase transformation of hydroxyapatite (HA) to β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and led to the development of new crystalline silica-rich phases like silicocarnotite and wollastonite. The reinforcement of silica became apparent during the tests of mechanical properties. Scaffolds with 5 wt% of SiO 2 exhibited compressive strength (1.13 MPa) higher than pure HA scaffolds (0.93 MPa). Bone bonding potential of the materials was tested in simulated body fluid (SBF), demonstrating this potential in silica-doped samples. Additionally, degradation experiments showed gradual material degradation, making it suitable for BTE applications. Furthermore, cell culture studies using human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) confirmed the scaffold's non-toxicity and provided insights into how the silica content influences cell viability, morphology, and osteogenic potential. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the design and development of advanced scaffolds with tailored properties for effective BTE applications. [Display omitted] • In vitro evaluation of bioactive potential of multiphase porous ceramic materials for non-loadbearing bone regeneration. • In-situ foaming technique was used to produce porous bioceramic. • Si-containing phases undergo selective degradation under conditions that simulate osteoclastic activity. • Si-containing phases release Si into test media during degradation tests – possible osteoblastogenetic response in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research helps with the creation, assessment, and characterization of a new hybrid protective coating for carbon steel alloy in acid conditions. The findings of this study will be useful for both chemical and petrochemical companies as well as scientists. This study aims to protect C-steel in acid pickling solution 1.0M HCl and formulate new hydrophobic protective hybrid organic–inorganic coatings from biopolymers chitosan and plant resin guar gum. Eight coating samples of chitosan in the absence and the presence of guar gum, silica and two heterocyclic compounds are prepared at feasible operational conditions using hot melt method. The aiding additives improved compatibility between coating constituents as confirmed by using different methods of analysis. This new processing approach has addressed the problems of using chitosan in corrosion control such as solubility in acid media and low mechanical strength. Coating samples of chitosan and its composites with the heterocyclic compounds (2-Hydrazinyl-6-methyl-4, 5-dihydro pyrimidine-4-on) or (2-Hydrazinyl-6-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro pyrimidine-4-on) are potent biocides. Coating shifts corrosion potential of carbon steel by 30 mV to more noble direction relative to the active potential 520 mV of bare carbon steel surface. Impedance and polarization measurements indicate that coating samples protect metal surface as mixed-type inhibitor by adsorption mechanism. There is a good agreement between percentages protection %P of coating calculated using the values of charge transfer resistance, Rct, and corrosion current density, icorr. All %P values are above 99% for all coating samples. Guar gum plant resin increases gloss of the coating film. Silica fills the pores in the polymeric film and increases the stuffiness of the polymeric coating film by modifying the particle size. All coated samples have high contact angle ranging from 150° to 165° indicating low wettability and high hydrophobicity of coating film on the metal surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the silica–polymer interaction in enhancing the performance of green tires is well recognized. However, there has been a lack of a standardized method to accurately characterize this interaction in vulcanizates. This paper introduces a new methodology for characterizing the interaction between polymer and silica, focusing on the impact of filler loading, coupling agents, and amount of sulfur on this interaction. The methodology is based on equilibrium swelling experiments. Conducting the swelling test in an ammonia atmosphere facilitates the elimination of physical interactions. Consequently, the resulting crosslink density predominantly encompasses that of the rubber matrix and the chemical silica–polymer interaction. Treatment of vulcanizates with hydrofluoric acid serves to nullify the chemical interaction between silica and rubber. Following this process, the equilibrium swelling test enables the determination of the crosslink density of the rubber matrix. As such, the disparity between the crosslink densities obtained after ammonia and after the hydrofluoric acid treatment signifies the chemical interaction between the polymer and silica. The findings revealed that the polymer–silica interaction facilitated by the coupling agent bis[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]tetrasulfide (TESPT) exhibited a notably higher magnitude compared to that enabled by the coupling agent bis[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]disulfide. Moreover, the silica–polymer interaction demonstrated a positive correlation with both silica/TESPT loading and sulfur content. It is worth noting that this paper provides one solution and theoretical basis for calculating polymer–filler interactions in crosslinked composites by dissolving fillers. Highlights: Experimental method for quantitative evaluation of silica–polymer interaction.The method can also be applied to crosslinked polymer/nanofiller composites.TESPT is a more potent silane than TESPD, even sulfur is compensated.Polymer–filler interaction is deeply affected by polysulfide‐polymer reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the preparation of natural rubber latex (NRL) composites with varying nanosilica contents of 5, 15, 30, and 45 phr, using both interfacial and conventional mixing techniques. Analysis focused on viscosity, plasticity, morphology, and FTIR spectra to evaluate the impact of these methods on composite properties. The interfacial technique maintained lower viscosity values, indicating better latex stability, and achieved higher silica yields and conversion rates (94 - 99%) at elevated TEOS contents. Plasticity analysis revealed that the interfacial method produced more uniform and stable plasticity values, suggesting improved resistance to oxidation and enhanced mechanical properties. SEM and FTIR analyses confirmed superior dispersion with the interfacial technique, especially at higher silica contents. These findings highlight the efficacy of the interfacial technique in optimizing the properties of NRL composites, making it a promising approach for advanced material applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until now, automation in nanomaterial research has been largely focused on the automated synthesis of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) including the screening of synthesis parameters and the automation of characterization methods such as electron microscopy. Despite the rapidly increasing number of NP samples analyzed due to increasing requirements on NP quality control, increasing safety concerns, and regulatory requirements, automation has not yet been introduced into workflows of analytical methods utilized for screening, monitoring, and quantifying functional groups (FGs) on NPs. To address this gap, we studied the potential of simple automation tools for the quantification of amino surface groups on different types of aminated NPs, varying in size, chemical composition, and optical properties, with the exemplarily chosen sensitive optical fluorescamine (Fluram) assay. This broadly applied, but reportedly error-prone assay, which utilizes a chromogenic reporter, involves multiple pipetting and dilution steps and photometric or fluorometric detection. In this study, we compared the influence of automated and manual pipetting on the results of this assay, which was automatically read out with a microplate reader. Special emphasis was dedicated to parameters like accuracy, consistency, achievable uncertainties, and speed of analysis and to possible interferences from the NPs. Our results highlight the advantages of automated surface FG quantification and the huge potential of automation for nanotechnology. In the future, this will facilitate process and quality control of NP fabrication, surface modification, and stability monitoring and help to produce large data sets for nanomaterial grouping approaches for sustainable and safe-by-design, performance, and risk assessment studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) provide a promising alternative to traditional solar technologies, as they offer a unique mix of cost-effectiveness, adaptability, and the possibility of achieving high efficiency. This study aims to investigate the effect of SiO2 purity obtained from coal fly ash on the photoelectric performance of DSSCs. The study focuses on varying the purity of extracted SiO2 from coal fly ash as a counter-electrode material and examining its impact on the efficiency of DSSCs. The efficiency of DSSCs was assessed by evaluating the performance of several various SiO2 purity materials for counter-electrode materials. The performance testing of DSSCs revealed that the counter electrode material, consisting of artificial SiO2 with a purity of 99.9%, achieved the highest efficiency of 0.0113%. Subsequently, DSSCs were fabricated using counter-electrode materials derived from coal fly ash with a purity of 52.91%. These DSSCs demonstrated an efficiency of 0.0076%. DSSCs utilizing SiO2 with a purity of 91.20% exhibited an efficiency of 0.0062%. Dye-sensitized solar cells utilizing a counter electrode material composed of SiO2 with a purity level of 72.54% demonstrated an efficiency of 0.0061%. The results showed that the level of SiO2 purity obtained from coal fly ash has a substantial impact on the photoelectric performance of DSSCs, since higher purity of SiO2 is associated with improved efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper, A Brief History and Prospects of Sodium Silicate-Based Aerogel, aims to attract junior researchers and/or students interested in investing time and other resources to harness the overriding potential of silica aerogel. It will also invigorate the field experts for quick reference and areas of growth. This review provides solid evidence that the prospects for aerogel-based water treatment solutions and other potential applications are very optimistic than ever before. Early reports from the 1930s are reflected on, and current efforts are critically examined. Aerogel is a highly porous nanomaterial with more than 90% of its pores filled with air and can be assembled into nano-scale structures suitable for various applications. Current efforts in 2023 and 2024 include improving optical transmission through ambient pressure treatment to produce aerogels using a two-step sole-gel procedure and enable large scale industrial production/application. Historically, efforts have been made to improve the following aspects: (i) precursor preparation, (ii) gelation, (iii) aging, and (iv) drying. This brief review article intends to demonstrate the efforts made to: (i) synthesize a unique material (aerogels) with interesting properties using supercritical drying method; (ii) overcome the challenges caused by supercritical drying; (iii) modify the surface of a wet silica film prior to ambient pressure drying; (iv) regenerate the ion-exchange resin; (v) develop a single step sole-gel process to form a gel; (vi) synthesize optically transparent silica aerogels; (vii) prepare silica aerogel with the largest surface area by methods that are versatile, cost-effective, and not time consuming; (viii) investigate the recyclability of aerogels and manipulate their hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity and; and (ix) design aerogel-based water treatment system. This review article highlights the brief history and prospects of sodium silicate-based aerogels and its potential applications, particularly in water treatment. Critical issues affecting the large scale production of aerogels are also pointed out. Highlights: A brief history of aerogel is reflected from as early as 1930s. Early challenges and solutions like ambient pressure treatment are critically examined. Current efforts include use of aerogels for water treatment. Critical issues affecting the large scale production of aerogels are pointed out. Solid evidence and future prospects of diverse applications of aerogels are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to reveal the role of inorganic nanoparticles concerning silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in retarding the photodegradation of thermochromic microcapsules for extending the serviceability of thermochromic cool pavement material. Thermochromic asphalt binders (TABs) with and without inorganic nanoparticles were prepared. The varying trends of physical, rheological, chemical and morphological properties with the extended ultraviolet irradiation (UV) ageing duration were compared among asphalt binders. The effects of inorganic nanoparticles on the long-term cooling effects of TABs were evaluated. The results indicate that differing from regular asphalt binder, TABs present an inversely-age hardening phenomenon due to the photodegradation of thermochromic microcapsules. ZnO shows the best efficiency in retarding the photodegradation of thermochromic microcapsules, followed by TiO2 and SiO2. The addition of ZnO or TiO2 can effectively mitigate the impacts of long-term UV ageing on the cooling effects shown by TAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fiber-to-chip coupling with ultralow loss and broadband operation wavelength range is essential in the practical applications of thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) integrated photonic devices. However, the existing edge couplers often require electron beam lithography overlaying and multiple etching processes, which are expensive and complex. In this Letter, we demonstrate an edge coupler that includes only a vertically tapered TFLN waveguide and silicon dioxide cladding. The coupling efficiency between a lensed fiber and an on-chip LN waveguide is down to 1.43 dB/facet, while the 3-dB bandwidth exceeds the range from 1510 to 1630 nm. These edge couplers also show reliable fiber misalignment tolerance. Furthermore, the fabrication complexity is greatly reduced since only a single etching step for the TFLN waveguide is needed. The minimum waveguide width of 1.3 μm guarantees compatibility with i-line photolithography, providing a potential for massive production of TFLN devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase separation was observed in silica glass following low‐temperature heat treatment in high water vapor pressure through the formation of bubbles. Although the 6 day diffusion treatment in saturated water vapor pressure at 250°C does not normally cause phase separation, the reactive fracture surface and subsurface damage caused by polishing with cerium oxide (CeO2) allowed for an increase in water absorption during treatment and heterogeneous nucleation of the bubbles at damaged sites. The sub‐surface damage, characteristic of blunt contact damage, was only revealed when the polished sample was etched. The formation of bubbles and polishing damage were observed in two silica glasses—one containing chlorine impurities and the other containing OH impurities. Raman spectra collected after fracture or polishing and water diffusion treatment demonstrated an increase in the abundance of –OH species including silanol (SiOH) groups and an evolution in the glass structure in the bubble regions compared with the bubble‐free regions. These results indicate an increase in the reactivity between water and glass fracture surfaces relative to the bulk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of 17OH2 to silica at room temperature leads to spontaneous hydroxyl oxygen exchange and the selective isotopic enrichment of silanols, as observed using in and ex situ17O NMR. The discovery that silanols are labile alters our understanding of the chemistry of silica surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides the pharmaceutical protein production challenge, storing and transporting them between industrial sectors and the administration site have always been problematic. Insulin, an example of the most widely used therapeutic protein, aggregates into unstable larger particles and, in many cases, into amyloid fibrils under environmental stresses. In this study, chitosan was used to decorate the surface of glass beads (to produce Chi@GB) to increase the structural stability of insulin against environmental stresses. FT‐IR spectroscopy characterized the beads, and HPLC determined the chitosan loading. The results showed that the modified beads could inhibit insulin fibrillation. In addition, the beads can be used in biopharmaceutical containers of insulin or other proteins for long‐term storage of their commercial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety concerns significantly hinder the practical implementation of ultrahigh‐nickel cathodes in lithium‐ion batteries. The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) derived from conventional ester‐based electrolyte is susceptible to thermal decomposition, resulting in battery safety degradation. Herein, a temperature‐inert and inorganic‐rich SEI is developed for the ultrahigh‐nickel LiNi0.91Co0.07Mn0.02O2|graphite (NCM91|Gr) battery by employing a flame‐retardant diluted weakly solvated electrolyte. Temperature‐dependent X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that SEI's inorganic components of LiF, Li2SO3, Li2SO4, and Li3N exhibit exceptional thermotolerance under thermal attack. Further evidence from temperature‐dependent X‐ray diffraction indicates that this thermally stable interface effectively mitigates the anode phase transition from the original LiC6 to LiC12 state, resulting in a remarkable improvement in intrinsic safety and a 32% reduction in gas emission for battery. The 1.2 Ah NCM91|Gr pouch cell exhibits a thermal failure onset temperature as high as 183.1 °C and maintains stability at 180 °C for 60 min. Furthermore, a 360 Wh kg−1 12.3 Ah LiNi0.92Co0.06Mn0.02O2|graphite@20% silicon dioxide cell experiences no thermal runaway even at 200 °C. The 1.2 Ah NCM91|Gr pouch cell also delivers outstanding capacity retention of 90.5% after 1200 cycles with enhanced electrochemical performance. This study provides a promising approach for developing safer energy‐dense batteries through electrolyte and interface design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon‐based on‐chip broadband surface‐enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) is highly desired for integrated micromolecular detection systems, taking advantages of CMOS mass production, low cost, high sensitivity, etc. However, the silicon platform is difficult to operate in the mid‐infrared wavelength region above 4 µm where abundant fingerprint characteristics of biomolecules are located, because of the strong absorptions in silicon dioxide cladding above 4 µm. Here, a large‐core rib silicon waveguide‐integrated gradient nanoantenna array is proposed for broadband long‐wave infrared biomolecular detection. It is shown that Low loss propagation of light in the long‐wave infrared region up to 7 µm (1428 cm−1) in silicon photonics can be achieved while avoiding complex fabrication techniques. A gradient nanoantenna array is designed on the waveguide to achieve broadband enhancement from 5 to 7 µm (1428–2000 cm−1). Laser spectroscopy of bovine serum albumin on the chip is demonstrated, showing enhancement of absorbance by approximately ten times over laser transmission spectroscopy in the amide bands. Such a platform opens up a new horizon of silicon‐based on‐chip SEIRA biomolecular detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present the synthesis, characterization, and structural analysis of a novel zeolite, ITQ‐70, using 3D electron diffraction. This unique material was synthesized under alkaline conditions, employing tetrakis(diethylamino)phosphonium as an organic structure‐directing agent, leading to the formation of a pure silica zeolite. ITQ‐70 is distinguished by its extra‐large pore apertures, which extend along all three axes and intersect one to the other. A notable feature of this zeolite is the presence of structurally ordered defects in very high concentrations (38 % of the silicon atoms). As a result, ITQ‐70 exhibits the lowest framework density (10.0 T/1000 Å3) ever reported for any zeolite except RWY (7.6 T/1000 Å3), which contains sulfur instead of oxygen connecting T‐atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of modified mesoporous silica (SBA-15), a powerful and highly effective adsorbent, was provided for the preconcentration, extraction, separation, and determination of trace amounts of Ni (II) ions. In this method, SBA-15 modified with 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) was used as a suitable absorbent. The absorption of Ni (II) ions was studied using the FAAS technique. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and CHNS elemental analysis techniques were used to assess the characteristics of SBA-15 and TAN/SBA-15. Effective parameters (pH, amount of nanocomposite, extraction time, and type of recovery solvent) for extracting Ni (II) ions via TAN/SBA-15 were investigated. The merit figures of the method were obtained with appropriate results, such as detection limit, accuracy, enrichment factor, and preconcentration factor. The calibration curve was linear within the range of 5.0-50 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 1.8 ng mL-1. High preconcentration, small relative standard deviations, and enrichment factors (approximately 100) were represented by the statistical analysis. The proposed method for measuring Ni (II) ions was used at trace levels in real samples, such as seawater, river water, well water, and wastewater from a textile factory, an electrical power station, an MDF factory, and a food industrial company, with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsDiscussionAcute intranasal (IN) instillation of lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice with crystalline silica (cSiO2) triggers robust lung inflammation that drives autoimmunity. Prior studies in other preclinical models show that soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition upregulates pro-resolving lipid metabolites that are protective against pulmonary inflammation. Herein, we assessed in NZBWF1 mice how acute IN cSiO2 exposure with or without the selective sEH inhibitor TPPU influences lipidomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and histopathological biomarkers of inflammation, fibrosis, and autoimmunity.Female 6-week-old NZBWF1 mice were fed control or TPPU-supplemented diets for 2 weeks then IN instilled with 2.5 mg cSiO2 or saline vehicle. Cohorts were terminated at 7 or 28 days post-cSiO2 instillation (PI) and lungs analyzed for prostaglandins, cytokines/chemokines, gene expression, differential cell counts, histopathology, and autoantibodies.cSiO2-treatment induced prostaglandins, cytokines/chemokine, proinflammatory gene expression, CD206+ monocytes, Ly6B.2+ neutrophils, CD3+ T cells, CD45R+ B cells, centriacinar inflammation, collagen deposition, ectopic lymphoid structure neogenesis, and autoantibodies. While TPPU effectively inhibited sEH as reflected by skewed lipidomic profile in lung and decreased cSiO2-induced monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in lung lavage fluid, it did not significantly impact other biomarkers.cSiO2 evoked robust pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in NZBWF1 mice that was evident at 7 days PI and progressed to ELS development and autoimmunity by 28 days PI. sEH inhibition by TPPU modestly suppressed cSiO2-induced cellularity changes and pulmonary fibrosis. However, TPPU did not affect ELS formation or autoantibody responses, suggesting sEH minimally impacts cSiO2-triggered lung inflammation, fibrosis, and early autoimmunity in our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Animals Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Respirable mineral particles can induce lower airway inflammation, but the role they play in asthma of horses is unknown.Respirable mineral particles, particularly respirable silica, are an overlooked determinant of chronic lung inflammation (asthma) in horses.Twenty‐three horses from an equine hospital population: 11 moderately affected (MEA), 7 severely asthmatic (SEA), and 5 control horses free from respiratory clinical signs.Prospective observational study. The quantity and quality of mineral particles found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were characterized, with particular attention to silica content. Polarized light microscopy performed on cytospin slides identified intracellular birefringent particles as silica. Spectrometry‐based analysis performed on whole BALF determined total mineral and silica percentage and concentration. Group‐related differences in BALF mineral and silica load were investigated as well as associations with BALF cytology.Intracellular birefringent particles were increased in SEA vs MEA (median [interquartile range, IQR]), 12 [7] vs 4 [5] particles/30 high power fields [hpf], respectively; P = .01) and vs controls (4 [2] particles/30 hpf; P = .02). Total mineral concentration in BALF was similar between the groups studied, whereas silica concentration and percentage were increased in SEA vs MEA (1758 [887] particles/mL and 20 [10]% vs 867 [662] particles/mL and 8 [6]%; P = .009 and P = .001) and control group (355 [330] particles/mL and 6 [3]%; P = .0003 and P = .002). Silica load in BALF was associated with BALF neutrophilia in MEA and SEA.Respirable silica is associated with neutrophilic lower airway inflammation in horses and might contribute to asthma development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersion of silica in rubber systems and its interaction with rubber are two key factors in the preparation of rubber composites with excellent properties. In view of this, silica modified with terminal isocyanate-based polybutadiene liquid rubber (ITPB) is used to improve the dispersion effect of silica in rubber and enhance its interaction with the rubber matrix to improve the rubber's performance. The impact of different modification conditions on the dispersion of silica and the properties of modified silica-filled rubber composites were studied by changing the amount of ITPB and the modification method of silica, including blending and chemical grafting. The experimental results show that ITPB is successfully grafted onto silica, and the use of modified silica improves the cross-linking density of rubber, promotes the rate of rubber vulcanization, and overcomes the shortcomings of the delayed vulcanization of silica itself. When the ratio of ITPB liquid rubber to silica equals 1:20, the comprehensive performance of rubber is the best, the ITPB-modified silica has a better dispersion effect in rubber, and the rolling resistance is slightly improved, with tensile strength reaching 12.6 MPa. The material demonstrates excellent overall performance and holds promise for applications in the rail, automotive, and electrical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]