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BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens is an increasing clinical problem and alternative approaches to antibiotic chemotherapy are needed. One of these approaches is the use of lytic bacterial viruses known as phage therapy. We aimed to assess the efficacy of phage therapy in preclinical animal models of bacterial infection. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, MEDLINE/Ovid, Embase/Ovid, CINAHL/EbscoHOST, Web of Science/Wiley, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to Sept 30, 2021. Studies assessing phage efficacy in animal models were included. Only studies that assessed the efficacy of phage therapy in treating established bacterial infections in terms of survival and bacterial abundance or density were included. Studies reporting only in-vitro or ex-vivo results and those with incomplete information were excluded. Risk-of-bias assessment was performed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool. The main endpoints were animal survival and tissue bacterial burden, which were reported using pooled odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences with random-effects models. The I2 measure and its 95% CI were also calculated. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022311309. FINDINGS Of the 5084 references screened, 124 studies fulfilled the selection criteria. Risk of bias was high for 70 (56%) of the 124 included studies; therefore, only studies classified as having a low-to-moderate risk of bias were considered for quantitative data synthesis (n=32). Phage therapy was associated with significantly improved survival at 24 h in systemic infection models (OR 0·08 [95% CI 0·03 to 0·20]; I2=55% [95% CI 8 to 77]), skin infection (OR 0·08 [0·04 to 0·19]; I2 = 0% [0 to 79]), and pneumonia models (OR 0·13 [0·06 to 0·31]; I2=0% [0 to 68]) when compared with placebo. Animals with skin infections (mean difference -2·66 [95% CI -3·17 to -2·16]; I2 = 95% [90 to 96]) and those with pneumonia (mean difference -3·35 [-6·00 to -0·69]; I2 = 99% [98 to 99]) treated with phage therapy had significantly lower tissue bacterial loads at 5 ± 2 days of follow-up compared with placebo. INTERPRETATION Phage therapy significantly improved animal survival and reduced organ bacterial loads compared with placebo in preclinical animal models. However, high heterogeneity was observed in some comparisons. More evidence is needed to identify the factors influencing phage therapy performance to improve future clinical application. FUNDING Swiss National Foundation and Swiss Heart Foundation.

HIV/AIDS information systems are a critical tool for keeping track of the HIV pandemic in any country, leading to the AIDS elimination to 2030 and achievement of the 95-95-95 goals set by 2025. In this article, we describe the data management process of the Colombian National HIV/AIDS registry, its epidemiological results and contributions to research and health risk management. This registry is a longitudinal database. Variables and periodicity are defined by The Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Reporting is done by health insurers and their healthcare providers on annual bases. The information is uploaded through a web platform run by the High-Cost Diseases Fund, in charge of the validation, auditing process, consolidation, analysis and publication of the data. Security and confidentiality of the information is also taken care of by the High-Cost Disease Fund. Main results include epidemiological follow up of the epidemic, periodic evaluation of 25 risk management indicators, publication of research studies and the calculation of an economic incentive for insurers to improve health risk management. The registry has shown to be useful not only for the management of clinical information but also for administrative purposes.

Introduction: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, should be an opportunity to ensure greater visibility of nursing in health systems and society worldwide. Objective: Review and synthesize the patterns on COVID-19 and nursing research, identifying the main journals, country of origin, language, topics, designs, and area of applicability of the results. Materials and Methods: Systematic review. Searches in PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS, and EMBASE databases (from the inception of the pandemic to May 15, 2020) were performed. Articles of any language related were related to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 disease and nursing in any of its roles (care, management, education, among others) and using any epidemiological design or a scientific report were included. Two reviewers independently selected the studies and extracted the data. The main findings from the included studies were summarized through narrative synthesis and descriptive tables. The characteristics of the studies were presented as absolute values and proportions. Results: Three hundred and sixty-five articles were assessed for eligibility. Thirty-eight were included, published in 28 journals. Of those, 53.57% (n=15) were nursing specific. Most articles were “narrative reviews”, accounting for 23.68% (n=9). Most studies were conducted in China (n=18, 47.37%), followed by the United Kingdom and the United States. Thirty-four (89.47%) articles were published in English, followed by Portuguese and Chinese. We identified five areas of application of the results, and the most frequent was the “clinical” setting with 47.00% (n=18). Discussion: These findings are crucial to give visibility to nursing work during the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health was the main research topic, while the clinical setting concentrates the major number of articles. This pattern was aligned with the challenges of the initial phase of the pandemic. Conclusion: Future research should explore the current state of evidence in the main topics identified in this review and continue to give visibility to work carried out by nursing in the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introducción: La escala Zung para depresión ha sido previamente utilizada en pacientes con falla cardíaca; sin embargo, en nuestro conocimiento no se encuentra evidencia de su validez para la versión en español y su uso en población adulta con falla cardíaca en Colombia. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de constructo de la escala Zung para depresión en su versión original y proponer una versión abreviada para pacientes adultos con falla cardíaca. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal, realizado en 200 pacientes de una clínica de falla y trasplante cardiaco, en quienes se aplicó Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Se evaluó la consistencia interna por medio del alfa de Cronbach y el análisis factorial fue utilizado para identificar las dimensiones del instrumento. Resultados: La consistencia interna de la versión original de la escala (20 ítems) fue de α=0.811. El análisis de factores mostró una estructura compuesta por tres factores que explican el 51.59% de la varianza total. La nueva versión abreviada (13 ítems) obtuvo un α=0.819 y los ítems correlacionaron con un único factor que explicó el 33.54% de la varianza total. Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos son similares a los encontrados por otros autores en diferentes poblaciones a la estudiada. Conclusiones: Se evidenció validez de constructo tanto para la escala Zung para depresión en su versión original como para la abreviada creada en la población estudiada. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios adicionales que verifiquen estos hallazgos en una muestra representativa y que otros aspectos de la psicometría sean evaluados.

Aim: To assess the epidemiological situation of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in the municipalities and regions of Colombia in 2018. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with secondary data from the High-Cost Diseases Fund from February 1st, 2018 to January 31st, 2019. We included sociodemographic, clinical variables, and related to geographic location. We calculated incidence, prevalence, and mortality according to the Colombian geographical regions, department and municipality of residence. Crude and age-standardized rates were estimated. Results: By 2018, 10,930 new cases of PLWHA were reported, being more frequent in males, aged between 25 to 49 years. 39.32% were reported with AIDS and 35.27% had undetectable HIV viral load. During 2018, there are 109,056 PLWHA in Colombia. The highest age-standardized incidence and prevalence were reported in Florencia (Cauca) (354.28 per 100,000 and 3.32 per 100people, respectively). The age-standardized incidence rate was 22.12 per 100,000 population (95% CI 21.71-22.54). Age-standardized prevalence and mortality were 0.23 per 100 population (95% CI 0.22-0.23) and 3.78 per 100,000 population (95% CI 3.61-3.96), respectively. Conclusion: Different strategies should be implemented to improve the identification of risk factors in the population, especially in some regions of Colombia and prevent transmission. Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la situación epidemiológica de las personas que viven con el VIH y el SIDA (PVVS) en los municipios y regiones de Colombia en 2018. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con datos secundarios del Fondo Colombiano de Enfermedades de Alto Costo entre febrero 1 de 2018 al 31 de enero de 2019. Incluimos variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y relacionadas con la ubicación geográfica. Calculamos la incidencia, prevalencia y mortalidad según la región geográfica colombiana, el departamento de residencia y el municipio. Se estimaron tasas crudas y estandarizadas por edad. Resultados: Para el 2018, 10.930 nuevos casos de PVVS fueron reportados, siendo más frecuentes en hombres, en edades entre 25 a 49 años. 39.32% fueron reportados con SIDA y 35.27% tuvieron una carga viral de VIH indetectable. 109,056 PVVS en Colombia. Las incidencia y prevalencia ajustadas por edad más altas se informaron en Florencia (Cauca) (354.28 por 100,000 y 3.32 por 100 personas, respectivamente). La tasa de incidencia estandarizada por edad fue de 22.12 por 100,000 habitantes (IC 95% 21.71-22.54). La prevalencia y mortalidad ajustadas por edad fueron 0.23 por 100 habitantes (IC 95% 0.22-0.23) y 3.78 por 100.000 habitantes (IC 95% 3.61-3.96), respectivamente. Se deben implementar diferentes estrategias para mejorar la identificación de los factores de riesgo en la población, especialmente en algunas regiones geográficas de Colombia y prevenir la transmisión.

Introduction Hypertension is a chronic disease with 31% worldwide prevalence in adults. It has been associated with non-adherence to therapeutic regime with a negative impact on the prognosis of the disease and healthcare-associated costs. So, it is necessary to identify effective interventions to improve adherence among the afflicted population. The objective of this protocol is to describe the methods for a systematic review that will evaluate the effect of individual interventions so as to improve adherence to the prescribed pharmacological treatment, as well as to prescribed diet and physical activity in adults with primary hypertension. Methods and analysis A systematic search of studies will be conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, BVS, CINAHL, Embase, Cochrane and Scopus databases. Randomised and non-randomised clinical studies conducted in human beings, published from 1 January 2009 to 13 December 2019, are to be included, in any language. Adherence to pharmacological treatment, diet and physical activity, measured by direct and indirect methods, will be the primary outcome. Two independent reviewers will select relevant studies and will extract the data following the Cochrane's Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Approach and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols. Methodological quality will be evaluated using the risk-of-bias (RoB) 2 and Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tools. Risk of bias will also be evaluated, and if the criteria are met, a meta-analysis will be finally performed. Ethics and dissemination Information to be analysed is of a grouped nature, and given that its sources are published studies, no ethics committee approval is required. Results will be published in scientific journals, and in conferences, seminars and symposiums. Copyrights will be addressed by giving due credit through bibliographic references., The principal author is a PhD student and is the beneficiary of an academic scholarship granted by the Government of Santander (Colombia) Colciencias convening 771 of 2016

There is a need to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis who are attended within the Colombian health system. This characterization allows prioritizing populations with specific risks, programming the use of health services, and planning the costs necessary to guarantee equitable care.To assess the demographic and clinical characteristics of a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis using national data collected by the High-Cost Disease Fund (CAC in Spanish).A cross-sectional study from a secondary source. Data was gathered from a national administrative registry. A descriptive analysis was performed on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Age-standardized prevalence was estimated at national level and by geographical regions. Remission rates were also estimated for Colombian departments and regions.By 2019, 81,386 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were reported in Colombia. The relation female-male was 5.2:1. The median age was 59 years (IQR: 50-67). Prevalence was higher in people aged 50-69 years. The most frequent comorbidities were high blood pressure (31.15%) and osteoporosis (19.46%). Age-standardized prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis was 0.24 per 100 population (95% CI: 0.23-0.24). In cases with complete information, 57.57% of departments had remission rates up to 30%.Rheumatoid arthritis in Colombia was more frequent in females aged ≥50 year. Age-standardized prevalence was lower than reported by other studies performed in Colombia but similar to the estimated internationally for the country. Key Points • More than 80,000 rheumatoid arthritis patients were reported to this national registry in Colombia in 2019, finding an age-standardized prevalence of 0.24 per 100 population. • Hypertension was the most common comorbidity reported in people with rheumatoid arthritis. This finding is similar to the reports by similar studies such as the COMORA. • A major strength of this study is the large sample size since data come from a nationwide registry of people with rheumatoid arthritis, supported by the National Ministry of Health. Additionally, this registry has a rigorous data monitoring process that guarantees the internal validity of data and provides valuable information for decision-making based on local evidence. • Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis was higher in females between 50 and 65 years. Age-standardized prevalence was lower than previously reported in Colombia, but similar to the world estimations.

// Silvia Juliana Trujillo-Caceres 1 , Luisa Torres-Sanchez 1 , Ana I. Burguete-Garcia 2 , Yaneth Citlalli Orbe Orihuela 2 , Ruth Argelia Vazquez-Salas 3 , Esmeralda Alvarez-Topete 4 and Rocio Gomez 4 1 Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico 2 Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico 3 Conacyt-Centro de Investigacion en Salud Poblacional, INSP, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico 4 Departamento de Toxicologia, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico Correspondence to: Luisa Torres-Sanchez, email: ltorress@insp.mx Keywords: genetic polymorphisms; MSMB; prostate cancer; rs10993994; sexually transmitted diseases Received: July 13, 2018 Accepted: December 16, 2018 Published: January 22, 2019 ABSTRACT Sexually transmitted infections and its contribution to prostate cancer (PC) development have been relevant in different populations. MSMB gene polymorphism (rs10993994) has exhibited an association both with PC as well as the susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections. Hitherto, these conditions have been not studied in Mexico yet, neither if sexually transmitted infections could modify the MSMB and PC association. Herein, socio-demographic features, sexually transmitted infections records, the reproductive backgrounds, and the genetic characterisation were analysed in 322 incident PC cases and 628 population healthy controls from Mexico City. Whole PC, early-onset PC (PC at < 60 years old), late-onset PC (≥ 60 years old), and PC aggressiveness were used to evaluate the genetic variants contribution to PC risk using unconditional logistic regression models. Overall, none associations between the allelic variants of rs10993994 polymorphisms with whole and PC aggressiveness were found. Howbeit, the TT genotype carriers presented the highest susceptibility to develop early-onset PC (OR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.41, 5.04; p = 0.03) than CC+CT carriers, both with codominant and recessive models. Although none association between whole PC and MSMB gene polymorphism was found, our results were reinforced by prior studies in European descendent populations, suggesting a contribution between rs10993994 and early-onset PC development.

OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical and construct validity of the nursing diagnosis “decreased cardiac output” (DCO) in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS Cross-sectional study. RESULTS A total of 200 people were studied. The defining characteristics with the highest prevalence were as follows: arrhythmia (62.5%) and fatigue (61.5%). Adjustment measures such as infit and outfit were maintained between 0.50 and 1.56 and the total variance explained by the measures was 29.3%. CONCLUSIONS This study determined the clinical validity of the nursing diagnosis DCO. Regarding construct validity, adjustment of the defining characteristics to the Rasch model was observed. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE This study improves the evidence-based practice of nursing and strengthened the role of the nurse who leads care to this population. OBJETIVO Determinar la validez clinica y de constructo del diagnostico de enfermeria “Disminucion del Gasto Cardiaco” en pacientes con falla cardiaca cronica. METODOS Estudio de corte transversal. RESULTADOS Un total de 200 pacientes fueron estudiados. Las caracteristicas definitorias con las mayores prevalencias fueron: arritmia (62.5%) y fatiga (61.5%). Medidas de ajuste como el infit y outfit se mantuvieron entre 0.50 y 1.56. El total de la varianza explicada por las medidas fue de 29.3%. CONCLUSIONES Este estudio determino la validez clinica del diagnostico de enfermeria “Disminucion del Gasto Cardiaco”. En cuanto a la validez de constructo, se observo que 19 de las 21 caracteristicas definitorias se ajustaron al modelo Rasch. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRACTICA DE ENFERMERIA Este estudio mejora la practica basada en la evidencia de enfermeria y fortalece el rol de las enfermeras que lideran el cuidado en esta poblacion.

To determine the clinical and construct validity of the nursing diagnosis "decreased cardiac output" (DCO) in patients with chronic heart failure.Cross-sectional study.A total of 200 people were studied. The defining characteristics with the highest prevalence were as follows: arrhythmia (62.5%) and fatigue (61.5%). Adjustment measures such as infit and outfit were maintained between 0.50 and 1.56 and the total variance explained by the measures was 29.3%.This study determined the clinical validity of the nursing diagnosis DCO. Regarding construct validity, adjustment of the defining characteristics to the Rasch model was observed.This study improves the evidence-based practice of nursing and strengthened the role of the nurse who leads care to this population.Determinar la validez clínica y de constructo del diagnóstico de enfermería "Disminución del Gasto Cardíaco" en pacientes con falla cardíaca crónica. MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal.Un total de 200 pacientes fueron estudiados. Las características definitorias con las mayores prevalencias fueron: arritmia (62.5%) y fatiga (61.5%). Medidas de ajuste como el infit y outfit se mantuvieron entre 0.50 y 1.56. El total de la varianza explicada por las medidas fue de 29.3%.Este estudio determinó la validez clínica del diagnóstico de enfermería "Disminución del Gasto Cardíaco". En cuanto a la validez de constructo, se observó que 19 de las 21 características definitorias se ajustaron al modelo Rasch. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA DE ENFERMERÍA: Este estudio mejora la práctica basada en la evidencia de enfermería y fortalece el rol de las enfermeras que lideran el cuidado en esta población.