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Background: a third of the total deaths that occur in the world, due to non-transmissible diseases, are due to cardiovascular diseases. They constitute the first cause of death worldwide and in Cuba. Objective: to characterize the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Cuba that occurred in the period 2009-2018. Methods: an ecological study was carried out. Statistical yearbooks published by the Cuban Ministry of Public Health and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) were used. Mortality rates from heart diseases and their behavior by provinces were considered, as well as mortality rates from diseases of the circulatory system and their distribution by age group. The rates used were gross. Results: in Cuba, diseases of the circulatory system provide a mortality rate between 299.4 and 360.0 per 100 000 inhabitants with a tendency to increase. Mortality rates for diseases of the heart and arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, from 2009 to 2018, were higher in men. Regarding stroke diseases, they exceeded in women, except in the years 2014, 2016-2018. In 2013 and 2015 they were very similar for both sexes. Within cardiovascular diseases, heart diseases contributed more potentially lost years of life, supported by stroke diseases and to a lesser extent those of arteries, arterioles and capillaries. Conclusions: cardiovascular diseases continue to be a serious health problem, which is why it is necessary to act on the causes that cause them, gaining in the perception of cardiovascular risk and in the responsibility, of each person, in the self-care of the health. DeCS: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES/epidemiology; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES/mortality; NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES /prevention&control; HEART DISEASES; EARLY MEDICAL INTERVENTION.

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una afección grave y crónica que ocurre cuando los niveles de glucosa en la sangre de una persona son altos, porque su cuerpo no puede producir insulina o su cantidad es insuficiente. Constituye un importante e independiente factor de riesgo, para las enfermedades cardiovasculares y otros daños. Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia y mortalidad por diabetes en Cuba, en el decenio 2010- 2019. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio ecológico, descriptivo, sobre la diabetes mellitus en Cuba. Se tuvieron en cuenta, la dispensarización, las tasas de mortalidad brutas por la enfermedad, en el decenio 2010- 2019. Los anuarios estadísticos publicados por la Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Salud, del Ministerio de Salud Pública de esos años, fueron la fuente de información. Resultados: La prevalencia de diabetes en Cuba en el decenio, ha tenido tendencia al incremento de 4,04 % en 2010, a 6,67 % en 2019. Fue más frecuente en las personas del sexo femenino. Las tasas brutas de mortalidad, disminuyeron en ese período de 23,9 a 20,6 por 100 000 habitantes. Conclusiones: Las tasas de prevalencia anuales de diabetes reportadas en Cuba, resultaron mayores en el sexo femenino. En el decenio, la prevalencia general de diabetes mostró un incremento, en tanto que la tendencia de la mortalidad bruta por esta enfermedad, fue al descenso. Murieron más mujeres que hombres.

Table of contents A1 Characterization of the immunoallergic profile towards the proteins of the wheat flour in Cuban population Raúl Lázaro Castro Almarales, Mary Carmen Reyes Zamora, Beatriz Tamargo, Damaris Torralba Averoff, Raysa Cruz, Yunia Oliva Diaz, Mirta Alvarez Castello, Alexander Ciria, Alexis Labrada, Maytee Mateo A2 Are peanuts causing food allergy in Cuba? Maytee Mateo, Damaris Torralba Averoff, Raysa Cruz, Yunia Oliva Diaz, Mirta Alvarez Castello, Alexander Ciria, Mary Carmen Reyes Zamora, Beatriz Tamargo, Alexis Labrada A3 Prick test and immunoallergic profile to soy allergens in Cuban population Omar Herrera, Maytee Mateo, Raysa Cruz, Mirta Alvarez Castello, Alexander Ciria, Raúl Lázaro Castro Almarales, Mary Carmen Reyes Zamora, Alexis Labrada A4 Skin sensitization and immunoallergic profile to hen's egg in Cuban population José Severino Rodríguez Canosa, Raysa Cruz, Maytee Mateo, Mirta Alvarez Castello, Alexander Ciria, Raúl Lázaro Castro Almarales, Mary Carmen Reyes Zamora, Alexis Labrada A5 Sensitization to three domestic mites in patients with adverse food events to shellfish Mirta Alvarez Castello, Raúl Lázaro Castro Almarales, Alexis Labrada, Biocen A6 Diagnostic efficacy by skin prick test with allergenic extracts of legumes in Cuban patients Yamilet Ibizate Novales, Ilonka Estruch Fajardo, Alexis Labrada, Maytee Mateo, Armando Ginard A7 Baked egg goods without wheat flour carry an increased risk of reaction Bruce Lanser, Anna Faino, Erwin Gelfand, Pia Hauk A8 Prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors of adverse reaction to food in Cuban infants - a population-based prospective study Silvia Venero Fernández, Julia Urbina, Mirta Alvarez Castello, Raúl Lázaro Castro Almarales, Ramón Suárez Medina, Hermes Fundora Hernández, John Britton, Andrew William Fogarty A9 Microbiome in ice machines and assessing the plasma nanotechnology in breaking the biofilm and improving air quality Nabarun Ghosh, Clinton Ross Bell, Chandini Revanna, Constantine Saadeh, Jeff Bennert, Danius Bouyi, Mitsy Veloz, Nelofar Sherali A10 Characteristics of patients with food allergy in health public service Magna Coelho A11 Allergic rhinitis and asthma index increased in Texas panhandle and AHPCO and plasma nanotechnology as solutions Nabarun Ghosh, Jeff Bennert, Danius Bouyi, Constantine Saadeh, Clinton Ross Bell, Mitsy Veloz, Chandini Revanna, Nelofar Sherali A12 Antigen-specific T follicular helper cells mediate peanut allergy in mice Joseph J. Dolence, Takao Kobayashi, Koji Iijima, Hirohito Kita, Hirohito Kita, Ashli Moore, James Krempski A13 Production of recombinant Mal d 3, a major apple allergen, in Pichia Pastoris, to investigate the impact of the food matrix and post-translational modifications on Mal d 3 immuno-reactivity Roberta Aina, Riccardo Asero, Sabine Pfeifer, Pawel Dubiela, Merima Bublin, Christian Radauer, Piotr Humeniuk, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber A14 Reaction to sports drink: no whey! Whey allergy in absence of clinical cow’s milk allergy Frank Eidelman, Ves Dimov, Charl Khalil A15 Food allergy on Tumblr: focus on teenage audience may increase educational impact Ves Dimov, Frank Eidelman, Charl Khalil A16 Changes in IgE levels following one-year immunizations in two children with food allergy Alice E. W. Hoyt, Peter Heymann, Alexander Schuyler, Scott Commins, Thomas Platts-Mills A17 IgE and IgG4 antibodies to cow's milk components in children with eosinophilic esophagitis: higher specific IgG4 antibodies and IgG4:IgE ratios compared with subjects with IgE-mediated food allergy Alexander Schuyler, Patrice Kruszewski, John Russo, Lisa Workman, Thomas Platts-Mills, Elizabeth Erwin, Anubha Tripathi A18 Frequency of Sensitization to Food Allergens in Patients with Rhinitis and Asthma in the National Medical Center La Raza “Dr. Antonio Fraga Mouret”, Mexico City Gabriela Yvette Castellanos, Elizabeth Mendieta, Martín Becerril-Angeles

La evaluación externa de la calidad permite determinar el desempeño de laboratorios individuales para efectuar ensayos o mediciones específicos e identifica los problemas existentes en ellos. La necesidad de establecer una metodología económica y confiable para la evaluación externa de la calidad de algunas de las variables hematológicas de los laboratorios nos impulso a realizar este trabajo. En esta metodología definimos tres etapas: a) capacitación, b) control externo de una técnica por espectrofotometría, la concentración de hemoglobina y otra de microscopia, conteo total de leucocitos que permitieran evaluar el trabajo de la sección de hematología, c)la retroalimentación de los resultados y una inspección in situ a los que obtuvieran resultados deficientes para aplicar medidas correctivas. Los profesionales de los laboratorios recibieron la capacitación y los procedimientos. La evaluación externa se aplicó a los laboratorios de 4 municipios de La Habana y se estandarizaron las variables. De los 9 laboratorios examinados; en la concentración de hemoglobina: 5 obtuvieron calificación de excelente, 1 bien y 3 satisfactorio; en el conteo total de leucocitos: 2 con excelente, 3 bien, 1 satisfactorio y 3 no reportaron. Estos últimos fueron visitados e identificados los problemas. El coeficiente de variación ínter laboratorio se calculo para el grupo 2 con 6 laboratorios; en la Hb el resultado es de 2.05%, para el conteo total de leucocitos de 9.93%. La metodología implementada requiere de menos recursos que la forma recomendada internacionalmente y permite diferenciar los laboratorios en cuanto a la exactitud y la precisión.External quality assessment allows us to determine the performance of individual laboratories to make trials or take specific measurements and identify the specific problems in them. The need to establish a cheap and reliable methodology for the external evaluation of the quality of some of some haematological variables of laboratories encouraged us to carry out this work. In this methodology, we define three stages: a) training, b) external control of a spectrophotometer technique, haemoglobin concentrations and microscopy, total leukocyte count that allowed us to assess the work of the haematology section, c) feedback of results and an in situ inspection to the ones that obtained deficient results to apply correction measures. The laboratory professionals were trained and informed on the procedures. The external evaluation was applied to the laboratories of four municipalities of Havana and the variables were standardized. Of the nine laboratories tested on haemoglobin concentration we had the following results: five of them obtained excellent marks, one was marked good and the other three were marked satisfactory. In relation to the total leukocyte count, two of them were marked excellent, three were marked good, one was considered satisfactory and the remaining three were not reported. The latter laboratories were visited and the problems were identified. The inter-laboratory rates of variation were calculated for group two with six laboratories. The result of haemoglobin was 2.05%, for a total leukocytes count of 9.93%. The implemented methodology requires fewer resources than the internationally recommended form and allows the differentiation of laboratories in terms of both accuracy and precision.

Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de eczema atópico y describir sus características en niños y adolescentes de La Habana, así como su relación con el asma y la rinitis. Métodos: estudio transversal que aplicó la metodología ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in the Childhood) adaptada al contexto nacional. Incluyó 1 803 niños (6-7 años) y 3 023 adolescentes (13-14 años) de población escolar urbana en los municipios Playa y Marianao, durante los años 2002-2003. La información se obtuvo a partir de entrevistas a los padres de los niños y a los adolescentes. En el análisis se utilizaron estadígrafos de frecuencia absoluta y relativa en porcentajes, odds ratio y sus intervalos de confianza al 95 %. Resultados: la prevalencia acumulada de síntomas de eczema, fue referida en aproximadamente 4 de cada 10 niños: 38,3 % (IC 33,8-42,7) y en 2 de cada 10 adolescentes: 22,5 % (IC 20,1-25,0); la prevalencia actual en los niños y adolescentes fue 22,2 % (IC 19,0-25,5) y 14,1 % (IC 12,4-16,1) respectivamente. En los primeros 2 años de vida, el 50 % de los niños inició los síntomas, que fueron más severos en 2 de cada 10 escolares. Los niños con síntomas de eczema, tuvieron hasta 4 veces más riesgo de padecer rinitis (OR 1,9 IC 95 % 1,1-3,5) o asma (OR 2,4 IC 95 % 1,6-3,6); en los adolescentes el riesgo de padecer rinitis se elevó hasta 5 (OR 2,6 IC 95 % 1,4-4,9). Conclusiones: se evidenció una alta prevalencia de dermatitis atópica y su relevancia como problema de salud. Los resultados constituyeron una línea de base para la comparación con los de otras ciudades del país y con los de otras latitudes; permitieron documentar tendencias a escala poblacional y evaluar el impacto de futuras intervenciones.Objectives: to determine the prevalence of atopic eczema and to describe its features in children and adolescents of La Habana, as well as its relation to asthma and rhinitis. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted applying the ISAAC methodology (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in the Childhood) adapted to national context. Included are 1 803 children (6-7 years) and 3 023 adolescents (13-14 years) from the urban students of Playa and Marianao municipalities during 2002-2003. Information was obtained from interviews with parents of children and adolescents. In analysis authors used the absolute and relative frequency in percentages, odds ratio and its 95 % confidence intervals. Results: prevalence accumulated of eczema symptoms was referred in approximately 4 of each 10 children: 38.3 % (CI 33.8-42.7) and in 2 of each 10 adolescents: 22.5 % (CI 20.1-25.0); the present prevalence in children and adolescents was of 22.2 % (CI 19.0-25.5) and 14.1 % (CI 12.4-16.1), respectively. During the first two years of life the 50 % of children start with the symptoms, which were more severe in 2 of each 10 students. The children presenting with symptoms of eczema had four times more risk of rhinitis (OR 1.9 CI 95 % 1.1-3.5) or asthma (OR 2.4 CI 95 % 1.6-3.6); in adolescents the risk of rhinitis increased up to 5 (OR 2.6 CI 95 % 1.4-4.9). Conclusions: it was evidenced a high prevalence of atopic dermatitis and its relevance as a health problem. Results were a basic guide to compare it with other cities of our country and with those of other regions; allowing to document trends at population scale and to assess the impact of future interventions.

Introduction: Diabetes is a serious and chronic condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are high because the body cannot produce insulin or its amount is insufficient. It is an important and independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and other damages. Objective: To describe the prevalence and mortality from diabetes in Cuba during the decade 2010-2019. Material and Methods: A descriptive ecological study on diabetes in Cuba was carried out. Dispensarization and gross mortality rates due to the disease in the 2010-2019 decade were taken into account. The statistical yearbooks published by the Directorate of Medical Records and Health Statistics of the Ministry of Public Health those years were used as a source of information. Results: The prevalence of diabetes in Cuba in the decade tended to increase from 4,04 % in 2010, to 6,67 % in 2019. It was more frequent in women. Crude mortality rates decreased in that period from 23,9 to 20,6 per 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: The annual prevalence rates of diabetes reported in Cuba were higher in females. In the decade, the general prevalence of diabetes showed an increase, while the trend in gross mortality from this disease was related to the decrease. Women were more likely to die than men.

Introduction: High blood pressure was the main factor associated with premature mortality, causing almost 10 million deaths and more than 200 million disability-adjusted life years in the world, also being the factor that causes the majority of deaths due to cardiovascular causes. It is a silent disease that rarely causes symptoms in early stages of the disease. It is usually not diagnosed promptly. Objective: To characterize the prevalence and mortality due to arterial hypertension in Cuba in the decade 2009-2018. Material and methods: An ecological study was carried out on arterial hypertension in Cuba. Dispensarization, gross mortality rates due to diseases of the circulatory system, heart diseases and hypertensive diseases were taken into account in the decade 2009-2018. The source of information was made up by the statistical yearbooks corresponding to those years published by the National Directorate of Statistics of the Ministry of Public Health. Results: The total prevalence of arterial hypertension in Cuba presented a slight increase in the decade. It was more frequent in the female sex. Mortality rates from hypertensive diseases exhibited an increasing trend. Conclusions: The prevalence rates of arterial hypertension reported in Cuba in the first level of health care were in the intermediate range between the world figures and the region of the Americas. In the decade, its general prevalence showed a slight increase, while mortality from hypertensive diseases almost doubled, which suggests the need to optimize the active screening for arterial hypertension.