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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a widely researched industrial crop with a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food, cosmetic, textile, and materials industries. Although many of these applications are related to its chemical composition, the chemical diversity of the hemp metabolome has not been explored in detail and new metabolites with unknown properties are likely to be discovered. In the current study, we explored the chemical diversity of the hemp seed metabolome through an untargeted metabolomic study of 52 germplasm accessions to 1) identify new metabolites and 2) link the presence of biologically important molecules to specific accessions on which to focus on in future studies. Multivariate analysis of mass spectral data demonstrated large variability of the polar chemistry profile between accessions. Five main groups were annotated based on their similar metabolic fingerprints. The investigation also led to the discovery of a new compound and four structural analogues, belonging to a previously unknown chemical class in hemp seeds: cinnamic acid glycosyl sulphates. Although variability in the fatty acid profiles was not as marked as the polar components, some accessions had a higher yield of fatty acids, and variation in the ratio of linoleic acid to a-linolenic acid was also observed, with some varieties closer to 3:1 (reported as optimal for human nutrition). We found that that cinnamic acid amides and lignanamides, the main chemical classes of bioactive metabolites in hemp seed, were more concentrated in the Spanish accession Kongo Hanf (CAN58) and the French accession CAN37, while the Italian cultivar Eletta Campana (CAN48) demonstrated the greatest yield of fatty acids. Our results indicate that the high variability of bioactive and novel metabolites across the studied hemp seed accessions may influence claims associated with their commercialization and inform breeding programs in cultivar development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Damage to hair by UV is relevant to most people, and for many, it is a major source of hair damage. Prevention of UV damage is of high interest to cosmetic companies. Objectives: Describe UV damage mechanisms and link these mechanisms to measurable changes in hair protein composition and color changes resulting from breakdown of yellow‐colored kynurenines. Test the power of botanical antioxidants, specifically Camellia sinensis (tea) extracts to prevent this protein damage and color change. Link specific phytochemistry of extract samples to hair performance. Methods: Camellia sinensis (tea) extracts were analyzed by LC‐MS to identify the key composition chemistries. ORAC (Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity) was used to measure ability of the extract to react with a peroxyl radical via a hydrogen abstraction mechanism. Hair protein structural damage was measured by quantification of a biomarker peptide that is specific to UV‐induced damage and hair color changes were measured with a spectrophotometer. Results: Levels of key phytochemistry in the extracts, specifically the catechins, correlated with prevention of UV‐induced protein damage and prevention of color changes due to kynurenine breakdown. Extracts with higher phytochemistry levels also had higher ORAC scores indicating that they were more effective antioxidants. Conclusions: Camellia sinensis (tea) extracts can be used as effective protective treatments for hair protection but this efficacy is linked to extract concentrations of key chemistries (catechins). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific studies of Aloe vera have tentatively explained therapeutic claims from a mechanistic perspective. Furthermore, in vitro outcomes demonstrate that the breakage of acemannan chains into smaller fragments enhances biological effects. These fragments can intravenously boost vaccine efficacy or entrain the immune system to attack cancer cells by mannose receptor agonism of macrophage or dendritic cells. With oral consumption, epithelialisation also occurs at injured sites in the small intestine or colon. The main advantage of dietary acemannan is the attenuation of the digestive process, increasing satiety, and slowing the release of sugars from starches. In the colon, acemannan is digested by microbes into short‐chain fatty acids that are absorbed and augment the sensation of satiety and confer a host of other health benefits. In topical applications, an acemannan/chitosan combination accelerates the closure of wounds by promoting granular tissue formation, which creates a barrier between macrophages or neutrophils and the wound dressing. This causes M2 polarisation, reversal of inflammation, and acceleration of the re‐epithelialisation process. This review summarises and explains the current pharmacodynamic paradigm in the context of acemannan in topical, oral, and intravenous applications. However, due to contradictory results in the literature, further research is required to provide scientific evidence to confirm or nullify these claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage to hair by UV radiation is relevant to most people, and for many, it is a major source of hair damage. The chemistry is complex, and studying all of the detailed reactions is extremely challenging. The objective of this work was to create a model system that allows for the study of one key mechanism involved in UV damage: the oxidation of tyrosine. A colloidal system to study the reactivity and chemistry of tyrosine was tracked by monitoring tyrosine decomposition and dityrosine formation by fluorescence spectroscopy. Experiments showed both the important role of oxygen in the decomposition of tyrosine and how the addition of redox metals such as iron can accelerate this decomposition. Finally, an antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene, was demonstrated to reduce this oxidation through the interception of reactive oxygen species. These findings suggested two possible strategies for reducing UV-induced radical damage to hair: removal of redox metals and addition of a radical scavenger to react with reactive oxygen species formed. The second strategy was confirmed by testing selected extracts from tea (Camellia sinensis), which is well known to have antioxidant properties. An oxygen radical antioxidant capacity assay was used as a screening tool to identify which tea extracts have the highest antioxidant efficacy, and these extracts were shown to reduce UV-induced protein damage in hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]