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This paper investigates the Multilevel Current Source Converter (MCSC) STATCOM. It proposes a new method of modulation. The new modulation method produces less THD and di/dt at the terminals of the MCSC STATCOM when compared to the widely used Phase-Shifted Carrier SPWM (PSC-SPWM). To ensure the inductors' currents remain balanced, a Current Balancing Algorithm (CBA) is presented. The CBA does not require any controls. It relies on assigning optimum switching states to each CSC module in real-time. In addition, two control strategies are presented in this paper. The first one assumes the STATCOM to be a SISO. Therefore, it only requires one PI controller. However, the gains for the controller must be changed if the STATCOM was to transition from capacitive mode to inductive mode, or vice versa. The second control strategy overcomes this problem by implementing a TITO integral state feedback controller. The contributions of this paper are validated via simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power theories are advancing signal decomposition approaches used for electrical power signal analysis. Currently, they are key tools for designing reliable and efficient power electronic interface controllers. Due to the inherent uncertainty in the power generation within new technology of distributed generation units (such as renewable-based microgrids), most of these theories are not directly applicable in the era of new power engineering systems. Furthermore, the traditional formulations are not appropriate once we face the nonlinearity in the consumption along a weak grid that may not maintain steady voltage or frequency. Therefore, a new signal decomposition method with a higher level of selectivity must be developed to modify the traditional power theories and improve the control strategies from a design viewpoint. This paper describes a novel formulation of an instantaneous power theory, enhanced instantaneous power theory (EIPT), for unbalanced and nonlinear three-phase power systems. EIPT establishes a proper decomposition of current components for cases of balanced, unbalanced, and distorted voltage sources. In addition to mathematical analysis, this research provides comprehensive simulations under different loads and source conditions, which supports the performance of the EIPT in the active filtering methods. Moreover, the performance of the proposed method is compared with the state-of-the-art approach widely known as the conservative power theory. Our results indicate that this new comprehensive approach is helpful in optimizing control strategies for power electronic interfaces and power quality compensators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the use of a cascaded multilevel converter for flexible power conditioning in smart-grid applications. The main feature of the proposed scheme is the use of independent dc links with reduced voltages, which makes such a topology an ideal candidate for medium- and high-power applications with increased reliability. The developed control strategy regulates independent dc-link voltages in each H-bridge cell, and allows the selective and flexible compensation of disturbing currents under a variety of voltage conditions without requiring any reference frame transformation. The selective control strategies are based on the decompositions proposed in the conservative power theory, which result in several current-related terms associated with specific load characteristics. These current components are independent of each other and may be used to define different compensation strategies, which can be selective in minimizing particular effects of disturbing loads. Experimental results are provided to validate the possibilities and performance of the proposed control strategies, considering ideal and deteriorated voltage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A multifunctional control strategy for a single-phase asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (ACHMI), suitable for microgrid systems with nonlinear loads, is presented. The primary advantage of ACHMI is to produce a staircase output voltage with low harmonic content utilizing unequal dc voltages on the individual H-bridge cells. In a grid-connected mode of operation, the control strategy of the ACHMI is based on the conservative power theory, providing selective disturbing current compensation besides injecting its available energy. In autonomous mode of operation, two different control methods along with a damping resistor in the filter circuit are developed for regulation of the ACHMI instantaneous output voltage in a variety of load conditions. The first method is a single-loop voltage control scheme without the need of any current measurement. The second one is a multiloop voltage control scheme with a load current feedforward compensation strategy and preservation of the grid-connected current control scheme. The steady-state response and stability of both voltage control schemes are analyzed, and based on the application requirement, the control schemes are implemented individually. The effectiveness of each control strategy is experimentally verified using a hardware-in-the-loop setup with the control algorithm implemented in the TMSF28335 DSP microcontroller. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Smart grid (SG) technology reshapes the traditional power grid into a dynamical network with a layer of information that flows along the energy system. Recorded data from a variety of parameters in SGs can improve the analysis of different supervisory problems, but an important issue is their cost and power efficiency in data analysis procedures. This paper develops an efficient solution for power network topology identification and monitoring activities in SG. The basic idea combines optimization-based sparse-recovery techniques with a graph theory foundation. The power network (PN) is modeled as a large interconnected graph, which can be evaluated with the dc power-flow model. It has been shown that topology identification for such a system can mathematically be reformulated as a sparse-recovery problem (SRP), and the corresponding SRP can efficiently be solved using SRP solvers. In this study, we especially exploit the concentration of nonzero elements in the corresponding sparse vectors around the main diagonal in the nodal admittance or structure matrix of the PN to improve the results. The network models have been generated with the MATPOWER toolbox, and MATLAB-based simulation results have indicated the promising performance of the proposed method for real-time topology identification (TI) in SGs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The increasing implementation of nonlinear devices within residential homes may have a significant impact on feeder-level harmonic distortion. Within this paper, the long-term distortion possibilities on a distribution feeder due to a large number of residential customers producing harmonic currents near and above the IEEE Std. 519 limits are analyzed. To enhance the accuracy of the analysis, field measurements were utilized to define the relationship between the harmonic current produced by a single customer and their corresponding harmonic impedance. To evaluate how increases in harmonic demand over time will affect feeder-level harmonic voltage, the current injection method was applied to models of an actual 13.2-kV distribution feeder and an expanded version of the 4-kV IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder. Residential customers were represented by a Norton equivalent circuit with the developed harmonic impedance function. The evaluation results provide insight into future harmonic distortion levels while also establishing a structure for forecasting feeder-level harmonic distortion based upon system impedance and the existing levels of harmonic demand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The use of power converters is very important in maximizing the power transfer from renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, or even a hydrogen-based fuel cell to the utility grid. An LCL filter is often used to interconnect an inverter to the utility grid in order to filter the harmonics produced by the inverter. Although there is an extensive amount of literature available describing LCL filters, there has been a gap in providing a systematic design methodology. Furthermore, there has been a lack of a state-space mathematical modeling approach that considers practical cases of delta- and wye-connected capacitors showing their effects on possible grounding alternatives. This paper describes a design methodology of an LCL filter for grid-interconnected inverters along with a comprehensive study of how to mitigate harmonics. The procedures and techniques described in this paper may be used in small-scale renewable energy conversion systems and may be also retrofitted for medium- and large-scale grid-connected systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents the modeling approach for a quasi-2-D tubular anode-supported solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) for real-time control implementation. The proposed system considers a multidomain electrochemical, fluidic, and thermal dynamic modeling and it is experimentally validated against a SOFC real world implementation. Implicit iterative algebraic equations have been introduced and implemented in C language in order to have fast real-time execution. The methodology for implementing such an iterative solver is discussed in details and the results demonstrate practical feasibilities in advancing real-time control of SOFC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a parametric optimization of a flux-switching electrical machine customized for a wind turbine application with a typical operating range for average and low-power wind energy sites. Statistics of wind resources are taken into consideration for the machine design for definition of the turbine power envelope. Both copper and iron losses for three different machine designs are evaluated. A very important consideration taken in this design is the elimination of gearbox requirements for coupling to the turbine. Although the developed approach makes the machine somewhat voluminous, the overall performance is highly improved because a direct-drive flux-switching electrical generator becomes very competitive for small-scale wind turbines. The design methodology presented in this paper will support widespread application of small-scale wind turbines for rural systems, farms, and villages. This paper concludes by demonstrating that a very cost-effective distributed wind system can be approached with this design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses historical and technical events in the U.S. and Europe over the last few years that are aimed at modernizing the electric power grid. The U.S. federal government has ratified the “smart grid initiative” as the official policy for modernizing the electricity grid including unprecedented provisions for timely information and control options to consumers and deployment of “smart” technologies. European countries are unified in researching and developing related technologies through various structures supported by the European Union. This paper presents the development of smart grids and an analysis of the methodologies, milestones, and expected evolutions of grid technologies that will transform society in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, a supervisor system, able to diagnose different types of faults during the operation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is introduced. The diagnosis is developed by applying Bayesian networks, which qualify and quantify the cause–effect relationship among the variables of the process. The fault diagnosis is based on the on-line monitoring of variables easy to measure in the machine such as voltage, electric current, and temperature. The equipment is a fuel cell system which can operate even when a fault occurs. The fault effects are based on experiments on the fault tolerant fuel cell, which are reproduced in a fuel cell model. A database of fault records is constructed from the fuel cell model, improving the generation time and avoiding permanent damage to the equipment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper considers the effects of different types of faults on a proton exchange membrane fuel cell model (PEMFC). Using databases (which record the fault effects) and probabilistic methods (such as the Bayesian-Score and Markov Chain Monte Carlo), a graphical–probabilistic structure for fault diagnosis is constructed. The graphical model defines the cause-effect relationship among the variables, and the probabilistic method captures the numerical dependence among these variables. Finally, the Bayesian network (i.e. the graphical–probabilistic structure) is used to execute the diagnosis of fault causes in the PEMFC model based on the effects observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper shows fundamentals and applications of the parametric cerebellar model arithmetic computer (P-CMAC) network: a neural structure derived from the A!bus CMAC algorithm and Takagi-Sugeno-Kang parametric fuzzy inference systems. It resembles the original CMAC proposed by Albus in the sense that it is a local network, (i.e., for a given input vector, only a few of the networks nodes--or neurons--will be active and will effectively contribute to the corresponding network output). The internal mapping structure is built in such a way that it implements. for each CMAC memory location, one linear parametric equation of the network input strengths. This mapping can be corresponded to a hidden layer in a multilayer perceptron (MLP) structure. The output of the active equations are then weighted and averaged to generate the actual outputs to the network. A practical comparison between the proposed network and other structures is, thus, accomplished. P-CMAC, MLP, and CMAC networks are applied to approximate a nonlinear function. Results show advantages of the proposed algorithm based on the computational efforts needed by each network to perform nonlinear function approximation. Also, P-CMAC is used to solve a practical problem at mobile telephony, approximating an RF mapping at a given region to help operational people while maintaining service quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses a study in which acoustic waves are used to transmit data to the surface through the pipeline column of the oil well, making up a wireless transmission system. Description of the pipeline acoustic transmission; Competitive learning fundamentals; Input signal preprocessing for counterpropagation network.

Describes the control strategy development, design and experimental performance evaluation of a fuzzy-logic-based variable-speed wind generation system that uses a cage-type induction generator and double-sided pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) converters. Fuzzy-logic-based control block diagram of the wind generation system; System operation indicating performance of fuzzy controllers; Coordination of system control; Experimental study; Conclusions.

Describes a variable speed wind generation system where fuzzy logic principles are used for efficiency optimization and performance enhancement control. Converter system; Turbine characteristics; Control system.

A comprehensive control of a wind turbine system connected to an industrial plant is discussed in this paper, where an algorithm has been developed allowing a control structure that utilizes a four-leg inverter connected to the grid side to inject the available energy, as well as to work as an active power filter mitigating load current disturbances and enhancing power quality. A four-wire system is considered with three-phase and single-phase linear and nonlinear loads. During the connection of the wind turbine, the utility-side controller is designed to compensate the disturbances caused in presence of reactive, nonlinear, and/or unbalanced single- and intra-phase loads, in addition to providing active and reactive power as required. When there is no wind power available, the controller is intended to improve the power quality using the dc-link capacitor with the power converter attached to the grid. The main difference of the proposed methodology with respect to others in the literature is that the proposed control structure is based on the conservative power theory decompositions. This choice provides decoupled power and current references for the inverter control, offering very flexible, selective, and powerful functionalities. Real-time software benchmarking has been conducted in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed control algorithm for full real-time implementation. The control methodology is implemented and validated in hardware-in-the-loop based on the real time simulator “Opal-RT” and a TMSF28335 DSP microcontroller. The results corroborated our power quality enhancement control and allowed to exclude passive filters, contributing to a more compact, flexible, and reliable electronic implementation of a smart-grid based control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive filters are widely used in electrical system for power quality improvements. Their first installations from 1940 s and their advantages make them an attractive and standard solution up to nowadays. However, passive filters have their filtering characteristics deteriorated due to parameter variation caused by aging or temperature. In addition, a capacitor bank for power factor correction is designed for specific loads and may not supply the right amount of reactive power when loads keep being added or changed. When these issues make the passive filter and the capacitor bank incapable to keep the system operating within acceptable level of power quality, an inconvenience arises and a solution must be provided. A common one is to replace both of them either by new elements or by active power compensators. However, replacing the passive filter and the capacitor bank may not be economically feasible, because they belong to a past investment. This paper presents a solution to overcome such inconvenience keeping the passive filter and the capacitor bank installed and unchanged. It consists of installing two shunt compensators specially designed for performing what the passive filter and the capacitor bank are incapable to do. The result is a reduced processed power in the compensators. The generation of the references is based on conservative power theory (CPT). A case study is presented to prove the compensators’ efficacy and the power quality improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article focuses on the implementation of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading and planning of a grid-connected multi-microgrid system based on an advanced optimization approach. The proposed architecture is comprised of three microgrids (MGs) with combinations of distributed energy resources (DERs), including wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, and storage batteries, to meet the load requirement. A game theory technique, Nash equilibrium, is used to structure the proposed model for multiobjective optimization, where the main objectives are used to determine the correct sizing of DERs and optimum payoff values. Due to the variability of DERs, to maintain lower energy costs, the reliability index (IR) and levelized cost of energy are the benchmarks considered for optimization. The proposed model is analyzed, and rigorous comparison is carried out for both peer-to-grid and P2P energy trading schemes, considering the Australian profiles for wind speed, solar irradiation, and residential load. The simulation model is built in MATLAB software, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm is exploited for the optimization. The results illustrate that P2P energy trading reduces the payoff value of the multiobjective function (MOF) to 36%. The robustness of MOF is validated and analyzed with different combinations of constant coefficients K1 and K2. In the end, the most economical and suitable models with DERs are proposed for each MG, and the results are verified with sensitivity analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the use of a series capacitor increases the transmission line (TL) capacity, it inverts the voltage/current and creates a sub-harmonic frequency that results in unintended operation of the protection devices, which further decreases the transient stability under fault conditions. Restoring the transient stability requires an accurate diagnosis of faults in TLs, which further requires exploration of in-depth features. This imposes challenges for the existing approaches as they demand a large amount of data. In this paper, a self-attentive weight-sharing capsule network (WSCN) is proposed to achieve robust and high classification performance while utilizing a limited amount of data. The capsule network, with the weight-sharing mechanism delivers robust performance in detecting and classifying the faults in the TL domain. Simultaneously, the self-attention layer highlights the more dominant features that make the network work upon the limited data effectively. A Western-System-Coordinating-Council WSCC 9-bus and 3-machine test model, which was modified with the series capacitor was studied to quantify the robustness of the self-attention WSCN. The results were compared with those of others networks to confirm the explicit classification ability of the proposed network. A study on real-world data obtained from power network was also conducted to validate the proposed self-attention WSCN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building energy management systems (BEMS) must consider energy utilization efficiency improvement, energy cost reduction, and renewable energy technology utilization in order to serve local energy loads in building structures with dispersed resources. The distributed management of building energy system proposed in this paper utilizes a semi-centralized decision-making methodology using multi-agent systems for BEMS for electrical, heating, and cooling energy zones with combined heat and power system optimizations aimed at improving energy efficiency and reducing energy costs. A case study is presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed energy management scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a multiphysical proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack model, which is suitable for real-time emulation is presented. The model covers three physical domains: electrical, fluidic, and thermal. A Ballard 1.2 kW 47 cells fuel cell stack model is introduced. The corresponding fuel cell system auxiliary models are given based on experimental tests. Based on the modeling equations, the fuel cell dynamic phenomena in different physical domains are analyzed and the corresponding time constant expressions are given. Using the real-time stack model, a fuel cell stack emulator based on a buck converter is used to emulate the fuel cell stack electrical part. The experimental results show that the emulator can reproduce the real-stack behavior with a great agreement. Such a fuel cell stack emulator can be used for hardware-in-the-loop applications, in order to test and validate the fuel cell system design. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Summary: The application of photovoltaic systems in urban environments is affected by partial shading, which causes decreasing converted power. The relationship between the position and the number of shaded modules versus the energy captured by a photovoltaic panel under degraded conditions has not been explored. This paper shows a novel approach that identifies and establishes the relationship and relevant conditions to the partial shading of photovoltaic module connections. The methodology consists of the analytical examination of the electrical parameters of a photovoltaic cell and connections of these cells under shaded conditions. In this work, a computational analysis of the photovoltaic cell, module, and panel under shading conditions using electric modeling for the solar cells is proposed. There are experimental results confirming the analytical and computational methodology carried out with identification of the relationship between the shading position over the photovoltaic panel and its generated power. It was verified that the magnitude of the negative effects caused by shading, that is, loss in output power, is directly and mainly related to the position of shaded modules in the shaded panel. The number of shaded modules causes, on a minority basis, a decrease on the output power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The staircase modulation strategy is the best choice for asymmetric cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (ACMI) because it makes the output voltage to present a high number of levels and makes one of the ACMI modules to operate at low frequency. However, the staircase modulation is usually employed without giving its deserved attention. This paper presents a clear understanding of the staircase modulation strategy and its applications in both isolated and grid-connected ACMI.  The main novelty of this paper is the obtaining of the switching function for each module. The principle of operation is carefully described, also indicating how to command the ACMI transistors. The output voltage of the two superior modules is evaluated for different values of iterations. Special attention is given to the power distribution among the ACMI modules when the staircase modulation is applied. It is demonstrated on how the power is processed in each module considering an ACMI with three modules. The analysis is presented showing the staircase modulation within a closed-loop control strategy for isolated and grid-connected modes of operation, showing that the content of this paper is valid for both modes. Experimental results clarify and show the efficacy of the content presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time power line outage detection (POD) and localization is an important monitoring task for the modern smart grid. Reliable monitoring of power lines status plays a critical role in the system-wide blackout prevention. In this paper, the main aim is to address the multiple POD problems by exploiting the compressive system identification—a time-efficient approach in a complex network analysis. A typical power network is considered as a single graph, and the mathematical formulation of the POD problem is initialized using the dc power-flow model and graph theory concepts. Next, a sparse representation-based formulation for this problem (POD-SRP) is reported and further improved and generalized in case of multiple large-scale outages. Practical and technical challenges associated with this sparse recovery problem are partially addressed by developing new SRP solvers. Furthermore, a new sparse-based mathematical formulation for POD is introduced and termed as “Binary-POD-SRP,” which specifically deals with two particular issues, namely, the high coherence and the signal dynamic outrange. Finally, the identification performance of the proposed framework is evaluated by a variety of case studies, which are modeled using IEEE standard test-beds. We specifically discuss how the inherent challenges within large-scale multiple-outages can be solved by applying these new techniques and formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservative power theory (CPT) is a time-domain theory applicable to any periodic signal single- or polyphase system with or without a neutral conductor. The principle operation is the orthogonal decomposition of electrical variables, resulting in electrical quantities with physical meaning. An important feature of the CPT is the current decomposition. It consists of decomposing any current into five parts. The label of these parts is active current, reactive current, scattered active current, scattered reactive current, and generated current. This paper proposes the application of the current decomposition of the CPT in distributed energy resources (DERs). A supervisory controller (SC) uses the current decomposition in a load power-sharing strategy. The combination of these two issues is the main contribution of this paper. Moreover, the proposal of this paper is more attractive than the conventional droop strategy since the DERs follow their current reference in a current-controlled mode, making the load sharing faster, more reliable, and more accurate. A clear understanding of how the CPT decomposes load currents into its parts is presented, as well as the drawback found in droop strategy when dealing with load power sharing. Later, the SC load power-sharing strategy is described, indicating that the proposal of this paper makes an SC to have a broad option when managing a smart grid with dispatchable DERs. A case study with experimental results shows the efficacy of applying current decomposition of the CPT in load power-sharing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a simplified small-signal model for output voltage control of a single-phase asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (ACHMI). The ACHMI is an n-series connected H-bridge converter, each one with a unique value at the dc link and usually scaled at 1:2:6:… or 1:3:9:…. By assuming that the small-signal variation component is equal in all n converter terminal ports, a simplified small-signal model is obtained. This assumption is carefully described and justified. To verify the veracity of the proposed model, two distinct control strategies are applied. One is a single-loop control scheme based on a modified proportional-integral (PI) controller. The other one is a double-loop control scheme based on a PI controller with feedforward action of the load current. Both controllers are tuned based on the dynamic behavior of the proposed model. Since the designed controllers based on the simplified model make the ACHMI output voltage to follow the reference without steady-state error, the proposed simplified model truly represents the inverter. Experimental results show the efficacy of the simplified model of the ACHMI through the two mentioned control strategies as well as the ACHMI installed in a microgrid. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Electric vehicle technology has been adopting fuel cells (FCs) for hybrid applications over the past few years. Therefore, the development of advanced power electronic systems for the integration of fuel cells with on-board energy management is fundamental for achieving high-performance systems. An FC for vehicular applications is usually a low-voltage current-source like device that produces electricity and heat directly from input hydrogen and oxygen. Most often, it is required that the FCs be stacked for high-voltage dc-link in order to supply the input power for the drivetrain and electric motor drive system. The FC has a nonlinear nature, and it must be controlled to operate in the high-efficiency operating range. Hybrid electric vehicles have physical constraints such as volume and weight under limited cost and expected lifetime. There is a need for high-voltage input/output ratio of dc-dc boost converters to be connected between the FC to the motor drive dc-link. In addition, it is necessary to have low input ripple at the dc-dc boost converter in order to maximize the FC lifetime, and the traditional dc-dc boost converter topologies have poor performance on these specifications. This paper proposes a new dc-dc converter family of topologies aimed at improving the application to electric vehicle power control. This family is defined as floating-interleaving boost converters (FIBCs). The paper will thoroughly show analysis and experimental verification of FIBC's, and they will be compared with conventional boost converter characteristics. The paper supports how performance figures related to the passive components, i.e., the inductor and capacitor, will have better volume and weight, extremely low input current ripple, and improved efficiency and transfer ratio. The analysis presented in this paper shows how to choose the most suitable topology in order to achieve the desired specifications. The selected topology is fully validated experimentally using advanced nonlinear sliding mode control, which has the additional feature of operating even in faulty conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents guidelines for simulation of fuel-cell stacks by using a computer-controlled high-power converter. Motivations to emulate a fuel-cell system; Formulation of the model; Components of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack power system simulator.

• This paper exposes two special AC machines adaptable for electric vehicle application. • Their mathematical models are described and defined. • Their corresponding field oriented vector control topology was designed and verified through simulation steps. There has been a rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), and the industry has been looking for the most enhanced traction system to improve performance and reliability. Such specifications are mostly dependent on the magnetic materials for brushless DC or AC machines, and typically EVs are manufactured with those machines. In the past two decades, there have also been improved performance ratings of power electronic devices. On one hand, making possible AC motors more suitable for EVs. On the other hand, it allows further advanced topology circuits to fit machines with two rotors or two stators. This paper shows two configurations of electrical machine control for EVs, discuss the pros and cons, and corresponding mathematical models have been developed in order to enhance a Field Oriented Control (FOC) strategy, which has been analyzed and studied through MATLAB based simulations, allowing novel design based on the analytical models developed by the authors. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]