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Assesmen Nasional Berbasis Komputer (ANBK) merupakan program nasional dari pemerintah dengan tujuan untuk pemetaan mutu pendidikan sekolah dasar dan menengah yang ada di seluruh Indonesia. Dengan adanya perubahan ini banyak guru dan siswa membutuhkan waktu untuk penyesuaian dengan menggunakan metode baru yakni menggunakan komputer. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kesiapan guru dan siswa dalam menghadapi Assesmen Nasional Berbasis Komputer (ANBK) di daerah 3T. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan subjek penelitian adalah siswa dan guru tingkat gugus yang terdiri dari empat sekolah di daerah yang tergolong 3T. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kesiapan asesemen nasional berbasis computer (ANBK) di daerah 3T ialah bahwa belum sepenuhnya siap. Hal itu terlihat dari 1), guru sebagai pendamping belum siap karena sebagaian guru tidak mampu mengoperasikan computer, 2) kesiapan mental siswa dalam mengikuti ANBK karena hal baru berhadapan dengan komupter, 3) keterbatasan sarana dan prasarana computer sebagai penunjang terlaksananya ANBK.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode observasi, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesulitann guru dalam menerapkan pembelajaran tematik. Subjek penelitian adalah kepala sekolah dan guru-guru kelas I, II, dan III pada SDN Watuwara. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa 1) dalam perencanan guru merasa kesulitan ketika memadukan materi pelajaran dalam langkah-langkah pembelajaran pada saat penyusunan RPP. 2) dalam pelaksanaan yakni guru merasa pembelajaran tematik membutuhkan waktu yang lebih banyak, karena isi pembelajaran tidak hanya mencakup satu mata pelajaran saja dan pembelajaran tematik masih berpusat pada guru. 3) dalam evaluasi, guru-guru merasa kesulitan dalam menilai rana afektif karena perbedaan karakterisitik dari setiap siswa berbeda dan guru kesulitan ketika mengisi laporan hasil belajar siswa karena penilaiannya sesuai mata pelajaran. Adapun upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kesulitan guru yakni kepala sekolah mengikutsertakan guru-guru dalam seminar, pelatihan-pelatihan yang berkaitan dengan pembelajaran tematik untuk meningkatkan kualitas para guru.

The sarpras component is part of the school system and part of school accreditation. The existence of infrastructure management can support learning in schools to be effective and efficient. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative with the aim of exploring information data related to the benefits and maintenance of infrastructure facilities in elementary schools. The subjects used in this research were school principals, infrastructure managers, educators, and students. As for data collection techniques obtained by observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. In addition, researchers analyze data using steps such as reducing data, displaying data, and drawing conclusions. From the needs analysis and self-assessment conducted at SD Harapan Bangsa Trilingual Elementary School, there are facilities such as: Adequate shelves/storage cabinets. books, textbooks, and props. As well as the process of analysis and evaluation of facilities and infrastructure that has been carefully thought out so that the facilities and infrastructure at the SD are good. All school members must carry out maintenance work to keep the facilities and infrastructure in good condition so that they can be used by teachers and students. Abstrak: Komponen sarpras yaitu bagian dari sistem di sekolah dan bagian dari akreditasi sekolah. Adanya manajemen sarpras dapat menunjang pembelajaran di sekolah menjadi efektif dan efisien. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kualitatif deskriptif memiliki tujuan untuk menggali data informasi terkait manfaat dan perawatan sarpras pada sekolah dasar. Subjek yang digunakan penelitian yaitu kepala sekolah, pengelola sarpras, pendidik, peserta didik. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data diperoleh observasi, wawancara mendalam, serta dokumentasi. Selain itu, peneliti menganalisis data menggunakan langkah-langkah seperti merreduksi data, mendisplay data, serta menarik kesimpulan. Dari analisis kebutuhan dan penilaian diri SD Harapan Bangsa Tribahasa yang dilakukan terdapat fasilitas seperti: Rak/lemari penyimpanan yang memadai. buku, buku teks, dan alat peraga. Serta adanya proses analisis dan evaluasi sarana dan prasarana telah dipikirkan dengan matang sehingga sarana dan prasana di SD tersebut telah baik. Semua warga sekolah harus melakukan pekerjaan pemeliharaan untuk menjaga sarana dan prasarana dalam kondisi baik agar dapat digunakan untuk guru dan siswa.

Crystalline silicon becomes photosensitive and absorbing in the sub-bandgap spectral region if hyperdoped, i.e. supersaturated to a level above the solubility limit in thermal equilibrium, by deep impurities, such as sulfur. Here we apply femtosecond laserpulses to crystalline silicon in a SF6 atmosphere as hyperdoping method. The ultrashort laser pulses cause crystal damage and amorphous phases that would decrease quantum efficiency in a potential optoelectronic device application. We investigate five different post-hyperdoping methods: three etching techniques (ion beam etching IBE, reactive ion etching RIE, and wet-chemical etching HNA) as well as ns-annealing and minute-long thermal annealing and study their impact on crystallinity by Raman spectroscopy and absorptance in the visible and near infrared wavelength regime. We use femtosecond laser hyperdoped silicon (fs-hSi) with two different levels of surface roughness to study a potential dependence on the impact of post-treatments. In our investigation, ns-annealing leads to the best results, characterized by a high Raman crystallinity and a high remaining absorptance in the sub-bandgap spectral region of silicon. Within the used etching methods IBE outperforms the other etching methods above a certain level of fs-hSi surface roughness. We relate this to the specific anisotropic material removal behavior of the IBE technique and back this up with simulations of the effect of the various etching processes.

Since e-Mobility is on the rise worldwide, large charging infrastructure networks are required to satisfy the upcoming charging demand. Planning these networks not only involves different objectives from grid operators, drivers and Charging Station (CS) operators alike but it also underlies spatial and temporal uncertainties of the upcoming charging demand. Here, we aim at showing these uncertainties and assess different levers to enable the integration of e-Mobility. Therefore, we introduce an Agent-based model assessing regional charging demand and infrastructure networks with the interactions between charging infrastructure and electric vehicles. A global sensitivity analysis is applied to derive general guidelines for integrating e-Mobility effectively within a region by considering the grid impact, the economic viability and the Service Quality of the deployed Charging Infrastructure (SQCI). We show that an improved macro-economic framework should enable infrastructure investments across different types of locations such as public, highway and work to utilize cross-locational charging peak reduction effects. Since the height of the residential charging peak depends up to 18% on public charger availability, supporting public charging infrastructure investments especially in highly utilized power grid regions is recommended.

Ultrashort pulse laser processed sulfur hyperdoped black silicon represents a promising silicon-based material for infrared optoelectronic applications due to its high sub-bandgap optical absorptance. Non-thermal melting and resolidification processes associated with such laser processing, however, result in amorphous and polycrystalline phases which may be detrimental for this purpose. Furthermore, the sulfur impurities are electrically inactive, impeding the formation of a rectifying junction. This work demonstrates an ultrafast laser heating process based on heat accumulation with laser pulses of 10 ps pulse duration at high repetition rates of 41 MHz and peak fluences between 33% and 66% of the ablation threshold as a method to (i) recrystallize the material and (ii) electrically activate the sulfur dopants while (iii) maintaining the sub-bandgap absorption. Furthermore, laser heating recovers the optical activity of sulfur states that have been previously deactivated by thermal annealing. The demonstrated process can have versatile applications in material functionalization due to its highly localized heat input accompanied by high cooling rates.

D-01 was an exploration well requiring a Plug-and-Abandonment (P&A) procedure with sustained casing pressure up to 2,000 psi on the B annulus. The presence of Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP) is one of the major technical challenges to decommission and abandon the well safely. Several attempts to secure the well using the perforation-and-squeeze method were performed – but failed. It was decided to perform section milling operations to create a viable rock-to-rock barrier. In this operation, the key factor in determining success, is selecting the correct depth to mill safely and secure the annular pressure source. A comprehensive approach was taken to determine the optimum depth for the section milling by evaluating existing open-hole and cased-hole data. Additionally, triple-detector Pulsed Neutron Log (PNL) was also performed prior to the section milling operation. The triple-detector PNL tool offered not only behind casing porosity (TPHI) and sigma (SIGM) measurement, but also a relatively new measurement in the oil and gas industry called Fast Neutron Cross Section (FNXS), which were expected to provide more accurate gas detection and gauge the condition near the borehole. By combining all the logs and reservoir data, the milling interval was selected and the section milling and subsequent cement plug operations were performed. Evaluation of existing open-hole and cased-hole logs provided geological and petrophysical insights which were useful in determining the hydrocarbon source charging the B-annulus. Further analysis on PNL data provided indication of possible gas pockets in the B-annulus. This information was used to distinguish between shallower formation sources or gas pockets that were not yet bled off. The operation on D-01 successfully resolved the B-annulus issue and the well was properly abandoned per regulatory requirements. Considering the complexity and high cost of section milling operations, a thorough review of data and pre-job logging increases the probability of selecting the optimum intervals needed to successfully complete P&A operations on SCP wellbores.

In order to reach the goals of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, a stepwise reduction of energy related greenhouse gas emissions as well as an increase in the share of renewable energies is necessary. For a successful realization of these changes in energy supply, an integrated view of multiple energy sectors is necessary. The coupling of different energy sectors is seen as an option to achieve the climate goals in a cost-effective way. In this paper, a methodical approach for multi-modal energy system planning and technology impact evaluation is presented. A key feature of the model is a coupled consideration of the sectors electricity, heat, fuel and mobility. The modeling framework enables system planners to optimally plan future investments in a detailed transition pathway of the energy system of a country, considering politically defined climate goals. Based on these calculations, in-depth analyses of energy markets as well as electrical transmission and distribution grids can be performed using the presented optimization models. Energy demands, conversion and storage technologies in households, the Commerce, Trade and Services (CTS) area and the industry are modeled employing a bottom-up modeling approach. The results for the optimal planning of the German energy system until 2050 show that the combination of an increased share of renewable energies and the direct electrification of heat and mobility sectors together with the use of synthetic fuels are the main drivers to achieve the climate goals in a cost-efficient way.

We set up an analytical optical model to emulate the absorptance spectra of light scattering, sulfur-hyperdoped silicon that we fabricate by using femtosecond laser pulses. The model allows us to distinguish between contributions to the absolute sub-bandgap absorptance from the path length enhancement of photons due to laser-induced surface roughness, on the one hand, and from the actual hyperdoped layer, on the other hand. Both effects are quantified via the two free parameters of the model. By varying the laser fluence and the areal pulse density, we create a range from almost planar to heavily structured hyperdoped Si samples that we show to behave almost like a Lambertian scatterer. The optical depth a1, i.e., the product of the absorption coefficient close to the Si bandgap energy and the effective thickness of the hyperdoped layer, scales with the surface area enhancement, which we identify as the main driving force for large sub-bandgap absorptances of this material type. It reaches maximum values of nearly a1 = 0.4, which refers to an absolute absorptance of 82% at a wavelength of 1450 nm. We furthermore discuss, quantify, and reduce possible error sources when determining the absorptance of such optically rough, hyperdoped samples with a spectrophotometer.

Since E-Mobility is on the rise worldwide, large Charging Infrastructure (CI) networks are required to satisfy the upcoming Charging Demand (CD). Understanding this CD with its spatial and temporal uncertainties is important for grid operators to quantify the grid impact of Electric Vehicle integration and for Charging Station (CS) operators to assess long-term CI investments. Hence, we introduce an Agent-based E-Mobility Model assessing regional CI systems with their multi-directional interactions between CSs and vehicles. A Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) is applied to quantify the impact of 11 technical levers on 17 relevant charging system outputs. The GSA evaluates the E-Mobility integration in terms of grid impact, economic viability of CSs and Service Quality of the deployed Charging Infrastructure (SQCI). Based on this impact assessment we derive general guidelines for E-Mobility integration into regional systems. We found, inter alia, that CI policies should aim at allocating CSs across different types of locations to utilize cross-locational effects such as CSs at public locations affecting the charging peak in residential areas by up to 18%. Additionally, while improving the highway charging network is an effective lever to increase the SQCI in urban areas, public charging is an even stronger lever in rural areas.

This paper includes an approach to summarize energy systems of countries worldwide in energy system archetypes. These archetypes are generated by a clustering algorithm and modeled in an energy system optimization model by standardized rules. The results show that archetypes provide an opportunity to compare decarbonization pathways of different countries on a global level. Furthermore, they can be used to simplify data collection and elaborate the potential of new technologies in different energy systems.

Innovative Solutions for Energy Transitions / Edited by Jinyue Yan, Hong-xing Yang, Hailong Li, Xi Chen 10th International Conference on Applied Energy, ICAE2018, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 22 Aug 2018 - 25 Aug 2018; Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier, Energy Procedia 158, 3482-3487 (2018). doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.923, Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam [u.a.]

Global challenges as decarbonization, the integration of renewables or an increasing electrification are confronting countries worldwide. Based on an analysis of different energy system models, archetypes of country energy systems are identified as an approach to simplify modeling the global challenges for most countries around the world. Applying a modified K-means algorithm to a broad and transparent data basis of socio-economic, geographic/climatic and energy-related data leads to the definition of the archetypes. An exemplary clustering of 140 countries generating 15 archetypes underlines the existence of patterns in energy systems, which can e.g. be characterized by the climatic circumstances or the energy mix. Overall the archetypes represent a possibility to summarize countries on a global level, leading to a simplified modeling process of countries in energy system models, providing a common data basis for models and identifying common challenges of different countries.

Energy system models help to find the optimal technology mixes for decarbonization strategies in countries worldwide. To reduce the modeling effort and analyze as many countries as possible, this paper proposes a novel approach of energy system archetypes which can be directly evaluated. These archetypes classify similar countries worldwide independently from their geographic location. Advantages of this idea are the setup of a transferable global database allowing for data reconstruction between countries, market size estimations, and the ability to compare peer countries facing similar challenges. To enable such modeling, a framework is developed in which the archetypes are defined, standardized modeling rules are developed, and the results are evaluated for validation. In a benchmark against simple geographic classifications, the presented clustering approach, which results in 15 archetypes, improves the variance between all countries and their corresponding archetypes by 44% compared to the variance between the countries and their geographic sub-regions. The model results of these archetypes state the need of balancing technologies for the daily cycle of photovoltaic generation and the general importance of flexibility in future decarbonized energy systems. Overall, the results confirm that archetypes are an adequate approach to derive the set of solutions for the decarbonization of worldwide countries.

Rogowski coils (RC) intended for high-accuracy contactless current measurement ask for precise sensor geometry and specific conditions, such as a centered primary conductor. To release these constraints, we propose in this paper a recently patented continuous calibration system which features a reference conductor added coaxially to the primary conductor and a proportional-integral controller integrated in CMOS technology. The chip is mounted on a board with a precise shunt and a AC reference signal generator. The magnitude of this reference signal may exhibit slow variations, only its frequency needs to be accurate, which is a great advantage. The architecture of the chip is described as well as the experimental setup. Experimental results obtained with commercial flexible RC show that the sensor immunity to the conductor position, as well as the dispersion between several RC, is reduced to ?0.1 %, i.e. a 0.1 class measurement. In addition, the system may ensure an absolute calibration of the RC current transducer, avoiding any costly calibration procedure at the end of the sensor manufacturing.

The enactment of the Energy Concept by the German Government in 2010 set ambitious targets for the future energy transition in Germany. The most prominent goals include a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction of the economy and an increase in the share of renewable energy in the whole energy sector. Since the long run effects of these policy measures are hard to assess, science-based policy evaluation methods are needed to identify weak points and areas with a need for action. This paper presents the results of the German Energy Reference Forecast with a focus on the electricity sector. It is based on an investment and dispatch model for the European electricity sector over the planning horizon of the ‘Energiewende’ up to 2050, with an emphasis on the time period up to 2030. We find that almost all targets of the German ‘Energiewende’ are not reached, for the case in which no further measures are undertaken. In particular reductions in GHG emissions fall short to the target value. Contrary to the negative results, e.g., regarding GHG-emissions as well as gross electricity consumption, generation from renewable energy sources will exceed the policy's target value.

The increasing amount of self-produced energy reduces the customer base of network utilities. Assuming constant grid costs, network charges have to be increased in systems applying volumetric network tariffs. In order to understand the cost recovery problem of utilities, it is crucial to analyze consumers' PV investment and operation decisions as sources of self-produced energy. This work proposes a mathematical framework that determines PV investment by consumers subject to the day-ahead market. Volumetric and capacity network tariffs are considered, which are altered by consumers' day-ahead market demand. The optimal PV investment from a central planner's perspective serves as a benchmark. The results show that a volumetric network tariff incentivizes inefficient investments in distributed PV systems, which causes all consumers' energy costs to increase. In contrast, a capacity network tariff reduces these incentives as consumers cannot offset their expected burden of network costs by installing PV systems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of nursing students in relation to the use of preceptors to improve their clinical competence at the School of Nursing at the University of Namibia. Thus, the objectives of the study were to assess and describe the perceptions of nursing students regarding the use of preceptors to improve their clinical competence with a view to make recommendations based on the findings of the study. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional design was used with a total of 100 nursing students from all four cohorts for the Bachelor of Nursing (Honours) (Clinical) at one of the university campuses being conveniently to participate in the study. Self-administered questionnaire were used to collect the data from the participants. The data derived from the questionnaire was analysed using SPSS version 24. The findings from the study revealed, inter alia, that 70% of the participants indicated that the use of preceptors has a positive effect on the students’ clinical competence. The study therefore recommended sustainment and strengthening of preceptorship strategies for clinical accompaniment of students. Notwithstanding positive findings, the study also recommends improvement of skills for teaching and time management skill, punctual report on duty and efficient utilization of clinical time for preceptors for more efficient implementation of student teaching during clinical accompaniment.

Unter Berucksichtigung des starken Ausbaus regenerativer Energien in den letzten Jahren wurde die Umlage zur Forderung der Stromerzeugung aus Erneuerbaren (EEG-Umlage) auf 5,277 ct/kWh fur die umlagepflichtigen Endverbraucher in 2013 festgelegt (UNB, Pressemitteilung der Ubertragungsnetzbetreiber zur veroffentlichten EEG-Umlage 2013, 2012a). Um die zukunftige Kostenbelastung der Verbraucher abzuschatzen, werden anhand von drei Szenarien mogliche Entwicklungspfade der Forderkosten und der EEG-Umlage unter Berucksichtigung verschiedener Ausbaupfade der Erneuerbaren, der Stromnachfrage sowie des Groshandelspreises herausgearbeitet. Aufgrund der Unsicherheit uber die Entwicklung der wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren ergibt sich in den Szenarien eine relativ grose Bandbreite fur die Entwicklung der EEG-Umlage. Dabei ist unter Berucksichtigung steigender Groshandelspreise auch eine Reduktion der EEG-Umlage moglich. Allerdings deuten die Szenarien bis 2018 einen weiteren Anstieg der Umlage an, wobei die Hohe stark von dem Ausbau der Erneuerbaren sowie der Entwicklung der Groshandelspreise abhangig ist. Wesentlicher Treiber dieser Entwicklung ist weiterhin der Ausbau von Solaranlagen (PV) trotz der reduzierten Vergutungssatze. Um einen weiteren Kostenanstieg zu begrenzen, ohne die Erneuerbaren-Ziele infrage zu stellen, konnte der Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien starker auf vergleichsweise kostengunstige Technologien konzentriert werden.

This paper presents an on-chip analog Proportional Integral controller for continuous calibration of contactless Rogowski coil current transducers. Experimental results show that the proposed system ensures a sensor sensitivity deviation lower than ±0.1% whatever the position of the coil around the primary conductor in which the current flows. In addition, it has the ability to ensure an absolute calibration of the sensor. Although this feature is not filled by the system prototype yet, a simple architecture improvement is proposed to solve the issue.

Rogowski coils (RC) used for high-accuracy contact-less current measurement ask for precise sensor geometry and specific conditions, such as a centered primary conductor. To relax these constraints, we propose here a recently patented continuous calibration system which features a reference conductor added coaxially to the primary conductor and a proportionalintegral controller integrated in CMOS technology. Experimental results obtained with commercial flexible and rigid RC show that the sensor immunity to the conductor position, as well as the dispersion between RC, is reduced to +/−0.1%, i.e. a 0.1 class measurement. In addition, the system may ensure an absolute calibration of the RC current transducer, avoiding any costly calibration procedure at the end of the sensor manufacturing.

The Rogowski coil is a traditional current-to-voltage transducer. To use it for high-accuracy measurement of low frequency AC current, it is necessary to have a very precise sensor geometry and very specific conditions, such as a stable temperature and a centered primary conductor in order to minimize errors. Conversely, it is also possible to compensate for these errors by using a sensor calibration. This paper presents a new continuous calibration system for Rogowski coil current transducer (RCCT). It features a reference conductor added close to the primary conductor and a calibration circuit which has been integrated in CMOS technology. First experimental results obtained with a homemade RCCT show that we drastically improve the immunity of the sensor to the primary conductor position with an error below ±2 % when the calibration is active against −8% to +4% without calibration. Limitations of the method are also discussed.